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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 9707

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Dr. Yuhan Huang

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Guest Editor

Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
Interests: internal combustion engines; spray combustion; computational fluid dynamics; vehicle emissions; air quality; renewable energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Hwai Chyuan Ong

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Guest Editor

School of Information, Systems, and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
Interests: energy and fuel; renewable energy; environmental sustainability; biomass energy; thermal engineering; green technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Road transport plays a critical role in modern economy, which is and will be largely powered by internal combustion (IC) engines for decades to come. The intensive use of IC engines has caused significant energy and environmental problems. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the transport sector consumes over one quarter of total final energy consumption and is the only major economic sector in which energy use has significantly increased. Meanwhile, engine exhaust is a main source of air pollution in many cities worldwide, posing a serious health hazard to the public. The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) estimated that global transportation emissions contributed 385000 PM_2.5and ozone-attributable premature deaths in 2015, resulting in 7.8 million years of life lost and approximately US$1 trillion in health damages. Therefore, regulations are becoming increasing stringent to reduce both pollutant and GHG emissions from IC engines. IC engines are also facing considerable challenges from battery electric vehicles. Improving fuel efficiency and emission performance has been the goal of engine researchers and manufacturers for years. Various new combustion technologies have been developed or are under development for IC engines, such as engine downsizing, low temperature combustion (e.g. HCCI, PCCI, RCCI, ICCI, PPC and GCI), dual injection/fuel engines, powertrain hybridisation and electrification, cleaner and renewable fuels, exhaust after-treatment technologies, etc.

This Special Issue aims to collect original research and review papers on advanced engines and fuels. All experimental and numerical studies that support higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions of IC engines are welcome.

Dr. Yuhan Huang
Dr. Hwai Chyuan Ong
Guest Editors

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Keywords

advanced engine combustion systems
advanced propulsion strategies
advanced engine trends, challenges & opportunities
cleaner and renewable fuels
clean and efficient combustion
engine downsizing
low temperature combustion
effect of fuel properties on combustion systems
powertrain hybridisation and electrification
fuel economy analysis
emission reduction technologies

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Carbonyls Compound, Ketones and Aldehydes Emissions from CI Diesel Engines Fueled with Pure Diesel/Diesel Methanol Blends

by Hani Al-Rawashdeh, Ahmad O. Hasan, Mohamed R. Gomaa, Ahmad Abu-jrai and Mohammad Shalby

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7933; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15217933 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1146

Abstract

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of chemical species out of CI engine tailpipe emissions fueled with pure diesel and diesel methanol blends, trapped in dinitro phenylhydrazine (DNPH) solutions, were performed. The formed hydrazine was studied using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) accompanied by a detector for ultraviolet (UV). A set of carbonyl-DNPH derivative standards was developed and compared with engine tailpipe gases produced by both fuel modes. An understanding of carbonyl chemical compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein (HCHO, CH₃CHO, and H₂ = CHCHO, respectively) is essential for researchers to know how these chemicals affect human health and the environment. In both fuel modes, acetaldehyde was the main combustible product 25 ppm followed by formaldehyde 17 ppm, croton aldehydes 16 ppm, acrolein 12 ppm, and iso-valerdyhyde 10 ppm. In addition to these species, only a few other chemical species were detected in the exhaust gas. According to this study, carbonyl compounds from blended fuel contribute 15–22% of pure diesel fuel emissions. As shown by the results, engine operating conditions and fuel mode have a strong impact on the total amount of carbonyls released by the engine. Engine performance was highly influenced by different fuel modes and engine speeds. Using pure diesel, the regulated emissions, HC, CO, and NOx, registered high concentrations at a lower speed (1500 rpm) and NOx presented with the highest concentration of 4 g/kWh followed by CO with 1 g/kWh and HC with 0.5 g/kWh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Fuels)

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17 pages, 3064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline on Engine Noise, Cyclic Variations and Combustion Characteristics

by Zhenbin Chen, Jiaojun Deng, Haisheng Zhen, Chenyu Wang and Li Wang

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1760; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15051760 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1546

Abstract

Nowadays, the noise pollution of internal combustion engines is a very important factor influencing human health and is the main noise source of urban environmental noise. Additionally, the main source of gasoline engine noise consists of combustion noise in the cylinder, where the combustion noise is influenced by the combustion processes within the combustion chamber, especially the cyclic variation in the engine combustion. Thus, the inter-relationship between engine noise, cyclic variation and combustion is of great interest to be explored. Moreover, despite the environmental advantages of clean energy, the impact of different fuels on the internal combustion engine’s noise emissions cannot be ignored. As a result, in this work, three blends were prepared and used as test fuels, namely pure gasoline (E0), 10% hydrous ethanol (E10W) and 20% hydrous ethanol (E20W) by volume, accompanied by engine operating at a steady speed of 2000 r/min under various loads. The experimental results show that lower engine noise was observed for both E10W and E20W compared to E0. Upon the addition of hydrous ethanol, the peak in-cylinder pressure increased while the maximum pressure rise rate ((dp/dφ)_max) decreased at the low and medium loads. Furthermore, the coefficients of variation in indicated mean effective pressure (COV_imep) and COV_(dp/dφ)max for the two blended fuels were higher than those for pure gasoline. Compared with those of E20W, E10W has lower COV_imep and COV_(dp/dφ)max at low and medium loads. The (dp/dφ)_max and noise emission have a positive relation when the engine is fueled with the hydrous ethanol–gasoline blends, whereas the cyclic variation parameters vary in the opposite direction of the noise emission level for all the blend mixtures. Moreover, (dp/dφ)_max has an essential effect on the combustion noise from a gasoline engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Fuels)

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20 pages, 2865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of the Pollutant Characteristics of Gasoline Vehicle Emissions under Different Engine, Fuel, and Test Cycles

by Zongyan Lv, Lei Yang, Lin Wu, Jianfei Peng, Qijun Zhang, Meng Sun, Hongjun Mao and Jie Min

Energies 2022, 15(2), 622; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15020622 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

Vehicle exhaust emissions have seriously affected air quality and human health, and understanding the emission characteristics of vehicle pollutants can promote emission reductions. In this study, a chassis dynamometer was used to study the emission characteristics of the pollutants of two gasoline vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) when using six kinds of fuels. The results show that the two tested vehicles had different engine performance under the same test conditions, which led to a significant difference in their emission characteristics. The fuel consumption and pollutant emission factors of the WLTC cycle were higher than those of the NEDC. The research octane number (RON) and ethanol content of fuels have significant effects on pollutant emissions. For the Euro 5 vehicle, CO and particle number (PN) emissions decreased under the WLTC cycle, and NOx emissions decreased with increasing RONs. For the Euro 6 vehicle, CO and NOx emissions decreased and PN emissions increased with increasing RONs. Compared with traditional gasoline, ethanol gasoline (E10) led to decreases in NOx and PN emissions, and increased CO emissions for the Euro 5 vehicle, while it led to higher PN and NOx emissions and lower CO emissions for the Euro 6 vehicle. In addition, the particulate matter emitted was mainly nucleation-mode particulate matter, accounting for more than 70%. There were two peaks in the particle size distribution, which were about 18 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Finally, compared with ethanol–gasoline, gasoline vehicles with high emission standards (Euro 6) are more suitable for the use of traditional gasoline with a high RON. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Fuels)

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28 pages, 7697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Performances of a Diesel Engine Operating on Blended and Emulsified Biofuels from Rapeseed Oil

by Vladimir Anatolyevich Markov, Bowen Sa, Sergey Nikolaevich Devyanin, Anatoly Anatolyevich Zherdev, Pablo Ramon Vallejo Maldonado, Sergey Anatolyevich Zykov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich Denisov and Hewage Chithral Ambawatte

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6661; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206661 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

The article discusses the possibility of using blended biofuels from rapeseed oil (RO) as fuel for a diesel engine. RO blended diesel fuel (DF) and emulsified multicomponent biofuels have been investigated. Fuel physicochemical properties have been analyzed. Experimental tests of a diesel engine D-245 in the operating conditions of the external characteristic curve and the 13-mode test cycle have been conducted to investigate the effect of these fuels on engine performances. CFD simulations of the nozzle inner flow were performed for DF and ethanol-emulsified RO. The possibility of a significant improvement in brake thermal efficiency of the engine has been noted. The efficiency of using blended biofuels from RO as a motor fuel for diesel engines has been evaluated based on the experimental test results. It was shown that in comparison with the presence of RO in emulsified multicomponent biofuel, the presence of water has a more significant effect on NOx emission reduction. The content of RO and the content of water in the investigated emulsified fuels have a comparable influence on exhaust smoke reduction. Nozzle inner flow simulations show that the emulsification of RO changes its flow behaviors and cavitation regime. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Fuels)

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19 pages, 87747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Microwave Pulses on the Morphology and Development of Spark-Ignited Flame Kernel

by Xiaobei Cheng, Xinhua Zhang, Zhaowen Wang, Huimin Wu, Zhaowu Wang and Jyh-Yuan Chen

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6205; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14196205 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

Microwave-assisted spark ignition (MAI) is a promising way to enhance the ignition performance of engines under lean conditions. To understand the effect of microwave-induced flow during MAI, the development and morphology of spark-ignited methane-air flame kernel under various microwave pulse parameters are experimentally studied. Experiments are conducted in a constant volume combustion chamber, and flame development is recorded through a high-speed shadowgraph method. Flame area and deformation index are adopted to evaluate the flame characteristic. Results show that increasing the microwave pulse energy from 0 to 150 mJ exhibits a threshold process for expanding the flame kernel area under 0.2 MPa ambient pressure. When the pulse energy is below the threshold of 90 mJ, the microwave enhancing efficiency is much lower than that beyond the threshold. Increasing microwave pulse repetition frequency (PRF) changes the flow on flame surface and raises the absorption efficiency for microwave energy, and thus helps to improve the MAI performance under higher pressures. Hence, 1 kHz pulses cause more obvious flame deformation than those with higher PRF pulses under 0.2 MPa, while this tendency is reversed as the ambient pressure increases to 0.6 MPa. Besides, microwave pulses of different repetition frequencies lead to different flame kernel morphology, implying the various regimes behind the interaction between a microwave and spark kernel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engine Technologies and Fuels)

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