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Stability Issues and Challenges in Modern Electric Power Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2023) | Viewed by 17813

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mazaher Karimi

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Guest Editor

School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, Wolffintie 34, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland
Interests: distributed generation; inverter-based generation; islanding detection; microgrid; power system stability and control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is focused on power system stability aspects in modern electrical power systems with a high penetration level of converter-interfaced technologies. Worldwide, electric power systems have experienced significant reformation, which has been particularly affected by an increased penetration level of power electronic converter interfaced technologies. These converter-interfaced technologies are mostly used for renewable energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic generation, energy storage systems, etc. Moreover, converter technologies are also used in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), and power electronic loads. In fact, the fast response of converters will affect the dynamic response and behavior of electric power systems.

This Special Issue invites original papers addressing the various topics related to power system stability issues and challenges in modern electric power systems. Furthermore, a wide variety of contributions are welcome from converter-interfaced generations and technologies.

Dr. Mazaher Karimi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

converter-interfaced generation
microgrid
power system stability
renewable energy sources
smart grid

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach for Long-Term Stability Estimation Based on Voltage Profile Assessment for a Power Grid

by Alireza Pourdaryaei, Amidaddin Shahriari, Mohammad Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza Aghamohammadi, Mazaher Karimi and Kimmo Kauhaniemi

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16052508 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1629

Abstract

Load flow solutions refer to the steady-state stability of power systems and have a crucial role in the design and planning of slow-changing elements; e.g., in online tab changing actions, automatic generation control, over-excitation limiters and the power recovery characteristics of a load. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to show the connectivity between load flow analysis and long-term voltage stability using a generator model by introducing a novel voltage stability assessment based on the multi-machine dynamic model along with the load flow study for a power grid. The Euclidean distance (ED) was used to introduce a new voltage stability index based on the voltage phasor profile for real-time monitoring purposes. The effects of reactive power compensation, in addition to load-generation patterns and network topology changes in the system behavior, could be seen clearly on the voltage profiles of the buses. Thus, the increased values for the EDs of the buses’ voltage amplitudes—from 0 to around 1.5 (p.u.)—implied that the system was approaching the voltage collapse point, corresponding to the Jacobian matrix singularity of the load flow equation. Moreover, the weakest load bus with respect to any system change was also identified. Indeed, the criticality of any network interruption was in direct proportion to this voltage stability index. The proposed method was validated using the IEEE 118-bus test system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Issues and Challenges in Modern Electric Power Systems)

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21 pages, 6187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of Node-Red Based Open-Source SCADA Architecture for a Hybrid Power System

by Sayed Arash Omidi, Mirza Jabbar Aziz Baig and Mohammad Tariq Iqbal

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2092; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16052092 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7018

Abstract

At present, hybrid renewable power systems (HRPS) are considered reliable combinations for power generation under various conditions. The challenge facing researchers and engineers today is designing and implementing a reliable, efficient, and applicable SCADA system for adequate monitoring and control of hybrid power systems. In order to analyze, observe, and control the essential parameters of an HRPS, a SCADA system is crucial. As part of this study, a low-cost, low-power, open-source SCADA (Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition) system for hybrid renewable energy systems is presented. The system utilizes two remote terminal units (RTUs), an Arduino Mega2560 and a Wio terminal, to communicate with all actuators and measure vital system characteristics such as voltage, current, and power. Using the Firmata protocol, a laptop serves as the main terminal unit (MTU) to communicate with the Arduino. In addition to being the system’s central component, Node-Red is utilized for processing, analyzing, storing, and displaying data. In contrast, a Wio terminal is used to display the values of all sensors in real-time on its LCD screen. As a whole, the proposed SCADA system is designed to keep the HRPS running smoothly and safely by displaying vital parameters, reporting any significant faults, and controlling the generator so that the batteries can be charged and discharged correctly. This article presents a complete description of all algorithms, experimental setups, testing, and results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Issues and Challenges in Modern Electric Power Systems)

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15 pages, 7072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Network Coordination between High-Voltage DC and High-Voltage AC Transmission Systems Using Flexible AC Transmission System Controllers

by Nomihla Wandile Ndlela and Innocent Ewean Davidson

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7402; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15197402 - 09 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1745

Abstract

The strategic intent of the African Union is to develop a “Smart Integrated African Electric Power Super Grid” driven by modern tools and advances in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) engineering and flexible alternating current technology systems (FACTS), which is central in supporting Africa’s sustained economic growth and development. The southern African region, including South Africa, is beset by the critical challenges of perennial load-shedding, which impedes economic growth and aggravates unemployment. This has led to the insecurity of electricity supplies and degraded the quality of life. The parallel operation of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) and flexible AC technology systems (FACTS) controllers is gaining traction as system conditions become more complex, such as weak power networks which requires increased stability requirements, resulting in load-shedding and power outages. These adversely affect business productivity and adversely affect GDP and economic growth. Thus, the application of innovative technologies such as HVDC links can stabilize weak power systems. It is established that HVDC delivery systems reduce losses in long transmission lines transporting bulk power compared with high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission lines for power wheeling. This paper evaluates the parallel operation of the Cahora Bassa 1414 km bipolar HVDC link and a weak parallel 400/330 kV alternating current (AC) link. It demonstrates the use of FACTS controllers to enhance the technical performance of an existing network, such as voltage control, and technical loss reduction. It combines an HVDC line commutated converter (LCC) and HVAC transmission lines, in hybrid notation to increase the voltage stability of the system by controlling the reactive power with a Static Var Compensator (SVC). These modern tools can increase the transmission power controllability and stability of the power network. In this study, HVDC–LCC was used with a setpoint of 1000 MW in conjunction with the 850 MVAr SVC. The results show that the technical losses were reduced by 0.24% from 84.32 MW to 60.32 MW as Apollo 275 kV SVC was utilized for voltage control. The network analysis was performed using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software that is manufactured by DIgSILENT GmbH at Gomaringen, Germany Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Issues and Challenges in Modern Electric Power Systems)

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23 pages, 3649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Grid Impedance by Broadband Signals in Power Systems with High Harmonics

by Matthias Buchner and Krzysztof Rudion

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7398; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14217398 - 05 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

Grid impedance is an important parameter and is used to perform impedance-based stability analysis for the operation of grid-connected systems, such as power electronics-interfaced solar, wind and other distributed power generation systems. The identification of grid impedance with the help of broadband signals is a popular method, but its robustness depends strongly on the harmonic disturbances caused by non-linear loads or power electronics. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of how harmonics affect the identification of grid impedance while using broadband measurements. Furthermore, a compensation method is proposed to remove the disturbing influences of harmonics on broadband impedance identification. This method is based on exploiting the properties of the used maximum-length binary sequence (MLBS). To explain the methodology of the proposed method, the design basis for the excitation signal is discussed in detail. The analysis from simulations and a real measurement in an industrial power grid shows the effectiveness of the proposed method in compensating the disturbing influences of harmonics on broadband impedance measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Issues and Challenges in Modern Electric Power Systems)

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Review

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36 pages, 8859 KiB

Open AccessReview

Conservation Voltage Reduction in Modern Power Systems: Applications, Implementation, Quantification, and AI-Assisted Techniques

by Alireza Gorjian, Mohsen Eskandari and Mohammad H. Moradi

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2502; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16052502 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2952

Abstract

Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a potentially effective and efficient technique for inertia synthesis and frequency support in modern grids comprising power electronics (PE)-based components, aiming to improve dynamic stability. However, due to the complexities of PE-based grids, implementing the CVR methods cannot be performed using traditional techniques as in conventional power systems. Further, quantifying the CVR impacts in modern grids, while focusing on dynamic time scales, is critical, consequently making the traditional methods deficient. This is an important issue as CVR utilization/quantification depends on grid conditions and CVR applications. Considering these concerns, this work offers a thorough analysis of CVR applications, implementation, and quantification strategies, including data-driven AI-based methods in PE-based modern grids. To assess the CVR applications from a new perspective, aiming to choose the proper implementation and quantification techniques, they are divided into categories depending on various time scales. CVR implementation methods are categorized into techniques applied to PE-based grids and islanded microgrids (MGs) where different control systems are adopted. Additionally, to address the evaluation issues in modern grids, CVR quantification techniques, including machine learning- and deep learning-based techniques and online perturbation-based methods are evaluated and divided based on the CVR application. Concerns with the further utilizing and measuring of CVR impacts in modern power systems are discussed in the future trends section, where new research areas are suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Issues and Challenges in Modern Electric Power Systems)

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26 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Uncertainty Modelling Techniques for Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Renewable-Rich Power Systems

by Ali M. Hakami, Kazi N. Hasan, Mohammed Alzubaidi and Manoj Datta

Energies 2023, 16(1), 112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16010112 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1676

Abstract

In pursuit of identifying the most accurate and efficient uncertainty modelling (UM) techniques, this paper provides an extensive review and classification of the available UM techniques for probabilistic power system stability analysis. The increased penetration of system uncertainties related to renewable energy sources, new types of loads and their fluctuations, and deregulation of the electricity markets necessitates probabilistic power system analysis. The abovementioned factors significantly affect the power system stability, which requires computationally intensive simulation, including frequency, voltage, transient, and small disturbance stability. Altogether 40 UM techniques are collated with their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and application areas, particularly highlighting their accuracy and efficiency (as both are crucial for power system stability applications). This review recommends the most accurate and efficient UM techniques that could be used for probabilistic stability analysis of renewable-rich power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Issues and Challenges in Modern Electric Power Systems)

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