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Energies
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Electric Machinery and Transformers II
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Electric Machinery and Transformers II

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 December 2023) | Viewed by 9380

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Huseyin Hiziroglu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504, USA
Interests: transformer design; induction motor design; brushless DC motor design; synchronous machine design; gaseous, solid, and nanocomposite insulating materials used in electric machines and transformers; partial discharges in electric machine insulation; inrush current in transformers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are glad to share the great success of our Special Issue “Electric Machinery and Transformers”.

We now seek to launch the second volume of this Special Issue “Electric Machinery and Transformers II".

With rapid developments in materials and semiconductor devices, electric machines and transformers have evolved considerably over the past 10 years and have found new applications such as e-mobility, aerospace, renewable energy production, etc., where such stringent requirements as high power density, low weight, compact size, and low cost should be met. Thus, it is a necessity to establish new paradigms to design, construct, select materials and drive systems for electric machines and transformers. Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to facilitate a platform for disseminating new findings on any aspect of electric machines and transformers.

Topics of interest for publication may include but not be limited to:

  • New materials used in electric machines and transformers;
  • Novel design of electric machines (synchronous motors and generators, brushless DC motors, induction motors and conventional DC motors) for such applications as drive-by-wire, fly-by-wire, renewable energy production from wind farms, precision control systems, etc.;
  • Design of low-frequency, high-frequency, and pulse transformers for various applications;
  • Development of mathematical models to investigate the performance of electric machines and transformers at dynamic as well as steady state;
  • Discussion of new methods for design optimization of electric machines and transformers;
  • Novel drive systems to increase the performance of electric machine operation;
  • Prediction of time-to-failure of the insulation in large electric machines and transformers;
  • Study of thermal behavior of electric machines and transformers for various applications;
  • Acoustic analysis of electric machines and transformers due to vibrations;
  • Continuous monitoring of the state of magnetic as well as insulating materials in electric machine and transformers during operation.

Prof. Dr. Huseyin Hiziroglu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric machines
  • transformers
  • synchronous machines
  • brushless DC motors
  • induction motors
  • materials for electric machines and transformers

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 7021 KiB  
Article
Increasing the Efficiency of Diagnostics in the Brush-Commutator Assembly of a Direct Current Electric Motor
by Olga A. Filina, Nikita V. Martyushev, Boris V. Malozyomov, Vadim Sergeevich Tynchenko, Viktor Alekseevich Kukartsev, Kirill Aleksandrovich Bashmur, Pavel P. Pavlov and Tatyana Aleksandrovna Panfilova
Energies 2024, 17(1), 17; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17010017 - 19 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 784
Abstract
Increasing the productivity and reliability of mining infrastructure facilities is an important task in achieving future goals. Mining dump trucks are an important part of coal mine infrastructure. In this article, to determine the reliability indicators in a brush–commutator unit and the residual [...] Read more.
Increasing the productivity and reliability of mining infrastructure facilities is an important task in achieving future goals. Mining dump trucks are an important part of coal mine infrastructure. In this article, to determine the reliability indicators in a brush–commutator unit and the residual life of electric motor brushes, a mathematical model for processing statistical data has been developed, which allows for the classification of types of failures and, unlike existing models, the determination of the life of the brushes according to the maximum extent of their wear. A method for predicting the residual life of an electric brush in a DC electric motor is presented, which contains a list of controlled reliability indicators, included a mathematical model. The described model improves the accuracy of the prediction and detection of DC motor failures. The derivation of the general formula for calculating the residual life of electric brushes is given. Based on the proposed mathematical model, we studied and calculated the reliability of the brush–commutator unit, the minimum height of the brush during operation, the average rate of its wear, the standard deviation and the mathematical expectation of brush wear. A nomogram of the failure-free operation time of the brush–commutator unit in a DC electric motor was modeled using the height of the brush during operation. Output parameters after the implementation of this monitoring system include the reliability of the electric motor operation. At the same time, diagnostic characteristics are improved twofold, and the residual life of the brush-switching unit is increased by 28–30%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers II)
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15 pages, 4848 KiB  
Article
Bubble Effect Phenomenon in Modern Transformer Insulation Systems Using Aramid-Based Materials and Alternative Insulating Liquids
by Kamil Lewandowski, Hubert Moranda and Radoslaw Szewczyk
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5297; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16145297 - 11 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1008
Abstract
One of the possible causes of transformer failures is high moisture in the winding insulation system. In an extreme case, when the critical temperature is exceeded, a sudden release of water vapor from the transformer insulation, called the bubble effect, can occur. This [...] Read more.
One of the possible causes of transformer failures is high moisture in the winding insulation system. In an extreme case, when the critical temperature is exceeded, a sudden release of water vapor from the transformer insulation, called the bubble effect, can occur. This article analyzes the initiation temperature of the bubble phenomenon in various solid insulation materials (Kraft cellulose paper and aramid-based high-temperature papers such as Nomex® 910 and Nomex® 926) immersed in two electro-insulating liquids (mineral oil and Midel 7131 synthetic ester). The initiation temperature of the bubble effect depends mainly on the moisture content of the solid insulation, but it was found to be slightly lower for high-temperature materials than for cellulose. However, after taking into account the differences related to uneven water absorption of the tested materials, the differences in the initiation temperature of individual solid materials are very small. Synthetic ester, compared to mineral oil, slightly increases the bubble initiation temperature, regardless of the solid material used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers II)
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17 pages, 10934 KiB  
Article
A Modeling Framework to Develop Materials with Improved Noise and Vibration Performance for Electric Vehicles
by Seyed Jamaleddin Mostafavi Yazdi, Seongchan Pack, Foroogh Rouhollahi and Javad Baqersad
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3880; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16093880 - 03 May 2023
Viewed by 1422
Abstract
The automotive and aerospace industries increasingly use lightweight materials to improve performance while reducing fuel consumption. Lightweight materials are frequently used in electric vehicles (EVs). However, using these materials can increase airborne and structure-borne noise. Furthermore, EV noise occurs at high frequencies, and [...] Read more.
The automotive and aerospace industries increasingly use lightweight materials to improve performance while reducing fuel consumption. Lightweight materials are frequently used in electric vehicles (EVs). However, using these materials can increase airborne and structure-borne noise. Furthermore, EV noise occurs at high frequencies, and conventional materials have small damping. Thus, there is an increasing need for procedures that help design new materials and coatings to reduce the transferred and radiated noise at desired frequencies. This study pioneered new techniques for microstructure modeling of coated and uncoated materials with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. This work uses the microstructure of materials to study their vibration-damping capacity. Images from an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) show the microstructure of a sample polymer and its coating. Tensile tests and experimental modal analysis were used to obtain the material properties of the polymer for microstructure modeling. The current work investigates how different microstructure parameters, such as fiberglass volume fraction and orientation, can change the vibration performance of materials. The damping ratio in the study was found to be affected by changes in both the direction and volume ratio of fiberglass. Furthermore, the effects of the coating are investigated in this work. Through modal analysis, it was observed that increasing the thickness of aluminum and aluminum bronze coatings caused a rightward shift in resonance frequency. Coatings with a thickness of 2 mm were found to perform better than those with lower thicknesses. Furthermore, the aluminum coating resulted in a greater shift in frequency than the aluminum bronze coating. Additionally, the coating with a higher damping ratio (i.e., aluminum bronze) significantly reduced the amplitude of surface velocity due to excitation, particularly at higher frequencies. This study provides engineers with an understanding of the effects of layer coating on the NVH performance of components and a modeling approach that can be used to design vehicles with enhanced noise and vibration performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers II)
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17 pages, 11870 KiB  
Article
Design, Implementation and Test of a Novel Cylindrical Permanent Magnet DC Linear Motor
by Ziya Demirkol, Ugur Hasirci and Recep Demirci
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3491; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16083491 - 17 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1446
Abstract
Electric motors that convert electrical energy into motion are one of the basic components of automation systems. In these systems, either linear or circular motion is needed. Linear motion can be obtained either from motors that generate circular motion with the help of [...] Read more.
Electric motors that convert electrical energy into motion are one of the basic components of automation systems. In these systems, either linear or circular motion is needed. Linear motion can be obtained either from motors that generate circular motion with the help of ancillary equipment or directly by the means of a linear motor. Obtaining linear motion from motors that produce rotary motion leads to additional costs and reduced efficiency. Linear motors, on the other hand, eliminate the need for conversion mechanisms. Despite this advantage, linear motors have some disadvantages, such as length limitation and low force/current ratio. In this study, a novel Cylindrical Direct Current Linear Motor (CDCLM) with high force/current ratio and no length limitation (long stroke) has been developed. Analyses of the developed motor has been performed with an analytical method. In addition, detailed numerical analyses have been carried out in an Ansys-Maxwell environment. A prototype of the designed DC linear motor has been implemented in a laboratory environment and experimental analyses have been carried out. The results of analytical, numerical and experimental analyses have been compared. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers II)
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25 pages, 6680 KiB  
Article
Fault Identification and Classification of Asynchronous Motor Drive Using Optimization Approach with Improved Reliability
by Gopu Venugopal, Arun Kumar Udayakumar, Adhavan Balashanmugham, Mohamad Abou Houran, Faisal Alsaif, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, Kannadasan Raju and Mohammed H. Alsharif
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2660; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16062660 - 12 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1503
Abstract
This article aims to provide a technique for identifying and categorizing interturn insulation problems in variable-speed motor drives by combining Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO) with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The goal of the proposed technique is to detect and classify Asynchronous Motor faults [...] Read more.
This article aims to provide a technique for identifying and categorizing interturn insulation problems in variable-speed motor drives by combining Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO) with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The goal of the proposed technique is to detect and classify Asynchronous Motor faults at their early stages, under both normal and abnormal operating conditions. The proposed technique uses a recurrent neural network in two phases to identify and label interturn insulation concerns, with the first phase being utilised to establish whether or not the motors are healthy. In the second step, it discovers and categorises potentially dangerous interturn errors. The SSO approach is used in the second phase of the recurrent neural network learning procedure, with the goal function of minimizing error in mind. The proposed CSSRN technique simplifies the system for detecting and categorizing the interturn insulation issue, resulting in increased system precision. In addition, the proposed model is implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink, where metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and specificity may be analysed. Similarly, existing methods such as Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and Salp Swarm Algorithm Artificial Neural Network (SSAANN) are utilised to evaluate metrics such as Root mean squared error (RMSE), Mean bias error (MBE), Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), consumption, and execution time for comparative analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers II)
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Review

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16 pages, 8751 KiB  
Review
DC Circuit Breaker Evolution, Design, and Analysis
by Mehdi Moradian, Tek Tjing Lie and Kosala Gunawardane
Energies 2023, 16(17), 6130; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16176130 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1112
Abstract
While traditional AC mechanical circuit breakers can protect AC circuits, many other DC power distribution technologies, such as DC microgrids (MGs), yield superior disruption performance, e.g., faster and more reliable switching speeds. However, novel DC circuit breaker (DCCB) designs are challenging due to [...] Read more.
While traditional AC mechanical circuit breakers can protect AC circuits, many other DC power distribution technologies, such as DC microgrids (MGs), yield superior disruption performance, e.g., faster and more reliable switching speeds. However, novel DC circuit breaker (DCCB) designs are challenging due to the need to quickly break high currents within milliseconds, caused by the high fault current rise in DC grids compared to AC grids. In DC grids, the circuit breaker must not provide any current crossing and must absorb surges, since the arc is not naturally extinguished by the system. Additionally, the DC breaker must mitigate the magnetic energy stored in the system inductance and withstand residual overvoltages after current interruption. These challenges require a fundamentally different topology for DCCBs, which are typically made using solid-state semiconductor technology, metal oxide varistors (MOVs), and ultra-fast switches. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the development, design, and performance of DCCBs and an analysis of internal topology, the energy absorption path, and subcircuits in solid-state (SS)-based DCCBs. The research explores various novel designs that introduce different structures for an energy dissipation solution. The classification of these designs is based on the fundamental principles of surge mitigation and a detailed analysis of the techniques employed in DCCBs. In addition, our framework offers an advantageous reference point for the future evolution of SS circuit breakers in numerous developing power delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers II)
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16 pages, 1106 KiB  
Review
Planning and Optimizing the Replacement Strategies of Power Transformers: Literature Review
by Jefferson Zuñiga Balanta, Sergio Rivera, Andrés A. Romero and Gustavo Coria
Energies 2023, 16(11), 4448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16114448 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1468
Abstract
The power transformer is one of the most critical assets in power systems; therefore, planning and optimizing the economic investment for its replacement is crucial for the financial efficiency of the utility. A compilation of the main approaches reported in the literature for [...] Read more.
The power transformer is one of the most critical assets in power systems; therefore, planning and optimizing the economic investment for its replacement is crucial for the financial efficiency of the utility. A compilation of the main approaches reported in the literature for the replacement of oil-immersed power transformers is presented in this article. A chronological description of procedures presented in the literature for the determination of risk index, useful life evaluation, and transformer replacements is provided. Methodologies that use the theoretical basis of the degree of polymerization of the solid insulation of the units through the oxidation aging process to estimate their condition bring together the best tools currently available to achieve this objective. However, it is important and pertinent to complement these methodologies by considering the aging processes by pyrolysis and hydrolysis together and by incorporating economic analyses for appropriate replacement and management of these aged units. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers II)
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