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Energies
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Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems
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Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (7 September 2023) | Viewed by 6498

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Srđan Skok

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, University North, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
Interests: power system monitoring; protection and control; synchronized measurements; power system stability; power transmission; generation and distribution; renewable sources; electric power industry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Liberalization of the electricity market, generation from distributed renewable energy sources (RES), and continuous growth in energy consumption set economic profit ahead of technological requirements as a determining factor in strategic decisions of power system development. The consequences are as far reaching as fewer investments into the construction of new facilities, which results in questionable protection and control with lowered protection margins. This challenge requires new technological solutions that will be able to meet the demands of real-time monitoring, protection, and control.

The aim of many experts all over the world is research and development of an intelligent system for protection and control of the power system (both transmission and distribution) as well as its deployment. The modern power system requires the creation of adequate monitoring, protection, and control architecture with algorithms.

Wide area monitoring, protection and control (WAMPAC) is a concept that uses synchronized measurement technology (SMT) to counteract the propagation of large disturbances. The wide area monitoring system (WAMS) is the main function currently implemented in power systems, but with the development of protection and control schemes, WAMPAC is expected to improve security and reliability of power system operation in addition to mitigating disturbances and preventing blackout.

WAMPAC offers multiple benefits such as stability, reliability, and safety of supply. In addition, it has an economical effect if the system is operated closer to the grid’s stability and capacity limits, which leads to increased energy transfer.

The general trend is to operate the power grid close to its stability limits in order to increase power transfer capacity, consequently decreasing safety margins and increasing disturbances and blackout risk. Realistic solutions can be found in real-time wide area monitoring, which is based on synchronized phasor measurements (amplitude and phasor angle) of voltages and currents and their frequencies.

WAMPAC measurement data enable real-time monitoring, and it can be used as an early warning system – i.e., as a system with fast diagnostics that gives the operator enough time to make the steps required for system stability in order to limit the range and impact of disturbances and prevent power system blackouts.

Therefore, it is necessary to develop innovative solutions (both hardware and software) provided to system operators in order to maintain system integrity and preserve system resilience. The aim of this Special Issue is to present advanced and innovative technical solutions which will emphasize the monitoring, protection, and control of modern power systems.

More specifically, topics of interest for the Special Issue include (but are not limited to):

  • Synchronized measurements and applications
  • System integrity protection schemes
  • Power system monitoring protection and control
  • Industry experience in deploying smart grid technologies for power transmission
  • Regulation of mixed generation
  • Ancillary services of distributed generation
  • Information and communication technologies for smart grids, interoperability, and cybersecurity
  • Dynamic modeling of transmission and distribution systems
  • Interoperability between transmission system operator and distribution system operator
  • Hybrid SCADA/EMS applications
  • System integration of distributed energy resources, islanding, and hosting capacity
  • Transmission system technologies, HVDC, FACTS, SVC, and energy storage
  • Planning and management of transmission grid assets
  • Power electronics, control, and protection systems for transmission grid applications
  • Transmission grid monitoring and advanced metering infrastructures
  • Diagnostics, maintenance, risks, reliability, vulnerability, and self-healing of transmission grids
  • Demand side management
  • Transmission grid planning, forecasting, and operation
  • Regulations, standards, and codes for modern transmission grids
  • Machine learning
  • Big data analysis
  • Smart transmission grid impacts on electricity markets
  • Business models for transmission grids
Prof. Dr. Srđan Skok
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Wide area monitoring, protection and control (WAMPAC)
  • Smart transmission and distribution power system
  • Synchronized measurements
  • Phasor measurement unit (PMU)
  • System integrity protection scheme (SIPS)
  • Distributed generation
  • Power system stability
  • Smart power system resilience
  • Time synchronization
  • Adaptive protection
  • Real-time control and protection
  • Machine learning

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 4749 KiB  
Article
Controlled Islanding under Complete and Partial False Data Injection Attack Uncertainties against Phasor Measurement Units
by Sagnik Basumallik, Sara Eftekharnejad and Makan Fardad
Energies 2022, 15(15), 5723; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155723 - 06 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1443
Abstract
The widespread application of phasor measurement units has improved grid operational reliability. However, this has increased the risk of cyber threats such as false data injection attack that mislead time-critical measurements, which may lead to incorrect operator actions. While a single incorrect operator [...] Read more.
The widespread application of phasor measurement units has improved grid operational reliability. However, this has increased the risk of cyber threats such as false data injection attack that mislead time-critical measurements, which may lead to incorrect operator actions. While a single incorrect operator action might not result in a cascading failure, a series of actions impacting critical lines and transformers, combined with pre-existing faults or scheduled maintenance, might lead to widespread outages. To prevent cascading failures, controlled islanding strategies are traditionally implemented. However, islanding is effective only when the received data are trustworthy. This paper investigates two multi-objective controlled islanding strategies to accommodate data uncertainties under scenarios of lack of or partial knowledge of false data injection attacks. When attack information is not available, the optimization problem maximizes island observability using a minimum number of phasor measurement units for a more accurate state estimation. When partial attack information is available, vulnerable phasor measurement units are isolated to a smaller island to minimize the impacts of attacks. Additional objectives ensure steady-state and transient-state stability of the islands. Simulations are performed on 200-bus, 500-bus, and 2000-bus systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems)
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34 pages, 53240 KiB  
Article
Application of IIA Method and Virtual Bus Theory for Backup Protection of a Zone Using PMU Data in a WAMPAC System
by Aníbal Antonio Prada Hurtado, Eduardo Martinez Carrasco, Maria Teresa Villén Martínez and Jose Saldana
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3470; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15093470 - 09 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2119
Abstract
Many wide area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) systems are being deployed by grid operators to deal with critical operational conditions that may occur in power systems. Thanks to the real-time measurements provided by a set of distributed phasor measurement units (PMUs), different [...] Read more.
Many wide area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) systems are being deployed by grid operators to deal with critical operational conditions that may occur in power systems. Thanks to the real-time measurements provided by a set of distributed phasor measurement units (PMUs), different protection algorithms can be run in a central location. In this context, this article presents and validates a novel method that can be used as a backup protection for a selected area in a power system. It merges the integrated impedance angle (IIA) protection method with the theory of virtual buses in wide area electrical power systems. The backup protection works this way: once a fault is detected (pickup time), another delay (added to the pickup time) is defined in order to wait for the primary protection to act. If this does not happen, the algorithm generates its backup trip. The proposed method has been called the zone integrated impedance angle (Zone IIA). A real-time PMU laboratory has been used to test the proposed algorithm using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The algorithm has been programmed in a real-time automation controller (RTAC). It has been tested in two different simulated setups: first, a 400 kV transmission system, with and without the use of renewable energy sources (RES); second, a 150 kV submarine line between the Greece mainland and an island, which is currently the longest submarine alternating current connection in the world. The results obtained during the tests have yielded tripping times for area protection in the order of 48 ms, if no time delay is used between the fault detection and the trip order. According to the test results, the proposed method is stable, reliable, obedient, and secure, also with RES installed in the power system. Additionally, the method is selective, i.e., during the tests no trip was executed for external faults, no trip was executed in no-fault condition, and all the applied internal faults were detected and tripped correctly. Finally, the protection method is easy to implement. The method is also applicable to protection against short circuits in distribution systems. According to the trip times observed during the tests, it is clear that these algorithms are well suited to implement backup protections in transmission grids, even in scenarios with high penetration of renewable energies. Considering that backup trip times in transmission grids are usually set between 400 and 1000 ms, and that the actuation times obtained by the proposed algorithm are under 100 ms, the method is suitable for its use as a backup protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems)
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16 pages, 2977 KiB  
Article
Repair Priority in Distribution Systems Considering Resilience Enhancement
by In-Su Bae, Sung-Yul Kim and Dong-Min Kim
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1190; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15031190 - 06 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1253
Abstract
When a meteorological disaster occurs and equipment becomes damaged, a significant amount of time is required to repair the damaged components as it is impossible to repair several components simultaneously. Therefore, the determination of repair priority is a significant aspect of a distribution [...] Read more.
When a meteorological disaster occurs and equipment becomes damaged, a significant amount of time is required to repair the damaged components as it is impossible to repair several components simultaneously. Therefore, the determination of repair priority is a significant aspect of a distribution system’s resilience. This study proposes a technique to identify the unserved areas of a radial distribution system based on the bus injection to the branch current (BIBC) matrix, as opposed to a complex optimization technique, for evaluating the repair priority determination strategy for all the possible disaster scenarios. Generally, most resilience metrics include the concept of duration; therefore, the strategy for resilience enhancement must optimize the recovery priority using an objective function that consists of the recovered capacity increment, rather than the recovered capacity. To verify the proposed method, in this paper, the resilience is evaluated under all the disaster scenarios that can occur in contingencies from N-2 to N-5. Since complex restoration or repair strategies could be simplified using the proposed method, it is expected that this study will make a significant contribution to the resilience enhancement in distribution systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems)
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