Research

22 pages, 22874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Energy Storage System with Vehicle Body Integrated Super-Capacitor and Li-Ion Battery: Model, Design and Implementation, for Distributed Energy Storage

by Sekhar Raghu Raman, Ka-Wai (Eric) Cheng, Xiang-Dang Xue, Yat-Chi Fong and Simon Cheung

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6553; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206553 - 12 Oct 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2716

Abstract

In this paper, a distributed energy storage design within an electric vehicle for smarter mobility applications is introduced. Idea of body integrated super-capacitor technology, design concept and its implementation is proposed in the paper. Individual super-capacitor cells are connected in series or parallel [...] Read more.

In this paper, a distributed energy storage design within an electric vehicle for smarter mobility applications is introduced. Idea of body integrated super-capacitor technology, design concept and its implementation is proposed in the paper. Individual super-capacitor cells are connected in series or parallel to form a string connection of super-capacitors with the associated management unit to form a panel. These super-capacitor panels are shaped to fit the alternative concept of vehicle design, and it solves the design issues and prepares for configurable electric vehicles. Body integration of super-capacitors enhances the acceleration, and regenerative braking performances of the electric vehicle increases the operating life of the Li-ion battery and improves space utilization by giving more area for the main energy source, the Li-ion battery. Integrating super-capacitor into the car body involves special packaging technology to minimize space and promotes distributed energy storage within a vehicle. This pioneering design encourages future configurable electric vehicles. Model of both the Li-ion battery and the super-capacitor employed is studied with its series internal resistance determined at various C-rates. Loss and the efficiency analysis of the bi-directional converter, traits of body integrated super-capacitors system and control of the interleaved bi-directional converter to regulate the power-sharing in the hybrid energy storage system is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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23 pages, 12168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Ferrites Structure by Using a New Core-Less Design Algorithm for Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer

by Kaiwen Chen, Jianfei Pan, Yun Yang and Ka Wai Eric Cheng

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2590; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14092590 - 01 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2175

Abstract

In order to improve the customers’ continuous usage of electrical vehicles (EVs) and reduce the weight of the energy storage devices, wireless charging technology has been widely studied, updated, and commercialized in recent decades, regarding to its distinct superiority of great convenience and [...] Read more.

In order to improve the customers’ continuous usage of electrical vehicles (EVs) and reduce the weight of the energy storage devices, wireless charging technology has been widely studied, updated, and commercialized in recent decades, regarding to its distinct superiority of great convenience and low risk. A higher coupling coefficient is the key factor that impacts the transmission efficiency, thus in most medium-power (hundreds of watts) to high-power (several kilowatts) wireless charging systems, ferrites are used to guide the magnetic flux and intensify the magnetic density. However, the weight of the ferrite itself puts an extra burden on the system, and the core loss during operation also reduces the total efficiency and output power. This paper proposes an optimized design algorithm based on a core-less method for the magnetic core, where the core loss and the coupling coefficient are consequently balanced, and the overall weight and efficiency of the system can be optimized. The iteration procedure is applied on the basis of removed ferrite length and thickness in the algorithm. In the simulation, a square coupler with a total volume of 300 mm × 150 mm, a circular coupler of 150 mm × 150 mm and a Double-D (DD) coupler of 300 mm × 150 mm are used to verify the advantages of the proposed method. The optimized ferrite structures are specific for each coupler shape, and the improvement is proved to be universal in current scale by means of 3-D finite element analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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14 pages, 8221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved and Integrated Design of Segmented Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

by Heshou Wang and Ka Wai Eric Cheng

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1975; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14071975 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2203

Abstract

This paper describes improvements in a segmented dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system for electric vehicles (EVs), and aims to offer a stable charging method for high-power applications. An integrated design is presented, including the modified switching sequence, the size of segmented transmitters, [...] Read more.

This paper describes improvements in a segmented dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system for electric vehicles (EVs), and aims to offer a stable charging method for high-power applications. An integrated design is presented, including the modified switching sequence, the size of segmented transmitters, and parallel inverter technology for high-power applications. Three consecutive transmitters mounted on the rail track are energized according to the position of the pickups. This three-consecutive-transmitter group is comprised of a Q-shaped coil, a DD-shaped coil, and a Q-shaped coil again (QDDQ). QDDQ is used as an elementary energized group to optimize the number of energized transmitters and mitigate the output voltage variation. The entire DWPT system is designed with finite element analysis (FEA) and studied with circuit topologies. Overall, an experimental prototype for dynamic charging is built to verify the overall performance, which shows a great agreement with the theoretical analysis. In this prototype, there are five transmitters and one receiver. All dimensions are 500 mm × 500 mm. The proposed system has been validated to realize 500 V constant output voltage with approximately 85% dc-dc efficiency from the 100 Ω to 200 Ω load conditions. A 2.5 kW maximum output power occurs at the 100 Ω load condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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12 pages, 3593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Analysis and Application of Single-Wheel Test Bench for All-Electric Antilock Braking System in Electric Vehicles

by Xiangdang XUE, Ka Wai Eric CHENG, Wing Wa CHAN, Yat Chi FONG, Kin Lung Jerry KAN and Yulong FAN

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1294; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14051294 - 26 Feb 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2413

Abstract

An antilock braking system (ABS) is one of the most important components in a road vehicle, which provides active protection during braking, to prevent the wheels from locking-up and achieve handling stability and steerability. The all-electric ABS without any hydraulic components is a [...] Read more.

An antilock braking system (ABS) is one of the most important components in a road vehicle, which provides active protection during braking, to prevent the wheels from locking-up and achieve handling stability and steerability. The all-electric ABS without any hydraulic components is a potential candidate for electric vehicles. To demonstrate and examine the all-electric ABS algorithms, this article proposes a single-wheel all-electric ABS test bench, which mainly includes the vehicle wheel, the roller, the flywheels, and the electromechanical brake. To simulate dynamic operation of a real vehicle’s wheel, the kinetic energy of the total rotary components in the bench is designed to match the quarter of the one of a commercial car. The vertical force to the wheel is adjustable. The tire-roller contact simulates the real tire-road contact. The roller’s circumferential velocity represents the longitudinal vehicle velocity. The design and analysis of the proposed bench are described in detail. For the developed prototype, the rated clamping force of the electromechanical brake is 11 kN, the maximum vertical force to the wheel reaches 300 kg, and the maximum roller (vehicle) velocity reaches 100 km/h. The measurable bandwidth of the wheel speed is 4 Hz–2 kHz and the motor speed is 2.5 Hz–50 kHz. The measured results including the roller (vehicle) velocity, the wheel velocity, and the wheel slip are satisfactory. This article offers the effective tools to verify all-electric ABS algorithms in a laboratory, hence saving time and cost for the subsequent test on a real road. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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11 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Electric Vehicle Shunt Current Sensing System for Concurrent Revenue Metering and Detection of DC Injection

by Olga Mironenko, Garrett Ejzak and Willett Kempton

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1193; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14041193 - 23 Feb 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2192

Abstract

Certified electric vehicle power converters can inject DC current into the AC grid if they fail. Verification of DC injection by electric vehicle supply equipment can be a cost-effective extra measure to ensure power quality from a variety of plugged-in electric vehicles. As [...] Read more.

Certified electric vehicle power converters can inject DC current into the AC grid if they fail. Verification of DC injection by electric vehicle supply equipment can be a cost-effective extra measure to ensure power quality from a variety of plugged-in electric vehicles. As electric vehicle supply equipment typically performs high-accuracy revenue energy metering, we propose that measurement of AC current and DC injection with a single sensor is the most economically efficient design. This article presents an integrated shunt current sensing system with separation of AC and DC signals for concurrent revenue metering and DC injection detection. It also shows how the combined sensor is integrated into 19.2 kW single-phase electric vehicle supply equipment, and outlines how the design would be extended to 100 kW three-phase electric vehicle supply equipment. The prototype can detect DC injection of ≥400 mA in an AC current up to 80 A in accordance with the IEEE 1547-2018 standard. The prototype can also conduct revenue metering within the 1.0 accuracy class. The prototype does not have high power dissipation at high currents typical for shunt systems. Finally, the prototype is less costly than common electric vehicle supply equipment revenue metering CT systems with the addition of the popular Hall-effect sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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15 pages, 1825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Huber-Based Robust Unscented Kalman Filter Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle State Observation

by Wenkang Wan, Jingan Feng, Bao Song and Xinxin Li

Energies 2021, 14(3), 750; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14030750 - 01 Feb 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2334

Abstract

Accurate and real-time acquisition of vehicle state parameters is key to improving the performance of vehicle control systems. To improve the accuracy of state parameter estimation for distributed drive electric vehicles, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm combined with the Huber method is [...] Read more.

Accurate and real-time acquisition of vehicle state parameters is key to improving the performance of vehicle control systems. To improve the accuracy of state parameter estimation for distributed drive electric vehicles, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm combined with the Huber method is proposed. In this paper, we introduce the nonlinear modified Dugoff tire model, build a nonlinear three-degrees-of-freedom time-varying parametric vehicle dynamics model, and extend the vehicle mass, the height of the center of gravity, and the yaw moment of inertia, which are significantly influenced by the driving state, into the vehicle state vector. The vehicle state parameter observer was designed using an unscented Kalman filter framework. The Huber cost function was introduced to correct the measured noise and state covariance in real-time to improve the robustness of the observer. The simulation verification of a double-lane change and straight-line driving conditions at constant speed was carried out using the Simulink/Carsim platform. The results show that observation using the Huber-based robust unscented Kalman filter (HRUKF) more realistically reflects the vehicle state in real-time, effectively suppresses the influence of abnormal error and noise, and obtains high observation accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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23 pages, 14972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Core Stress Analysis of Amorphous Alloy Transformer for Rail Transit under Different Working Conditions

by Jianwei Shao, Cuidong Xu and Ka Wai Eric Cheng

Energies 2021, 14(1), 164; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14010164 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

The rail transit system is a large electric vehicle system that is strongly dependent on the energy technologies of the power system. The use of new energy-saving amorphous alloy transformers can not only reduce the loss of rail transit power, but also help [...] Read more.

The rail transit system is a large electric vehicle system that is strongly dependent on the energy technologies of the power system. The use of new energy-saving amorphous alloy transformers can not only reduce the loss of rail transit power, but also help alleviate the power shortage situation and electromagnetic emissions. The application of the transformer in the field of rail transit is limited by the problem that amorphous alloy is prone to debris. this paper studied the stress conditions of amorphous alloy transformer cores under different working conditions and determined that the location where the core is prone to fragmentation, which is the key problem of smoothly integrating amorphous alloy distribution transformers on rail transit power supply systems. In this study, we investigate the changes in the electromagnetic field and stress of the amorphous alloy transformer core under different operating conditions. The finite element model of an amorphous alloy transformer is established and verified. The simulation results of the magnetic field and stress of the core under different working conditions are given. The no-load current and no-load loss are simulated and compared with the actual experimental data to verify practicability of amorphous alloy transformers. The biggest influence on the iron core is the overload state and the maximum value is higher than the core stress during short circuit. The core strain caused by the side-phase short circuit is larger than the middle-phase short circuit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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20 pages, 7934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Starting Acceleration Characteristics of a New Mechanical–Electric–Hydraulic Power Coupling Electric Vehicle

by Jian Yang, Tiezhu Zhang, Hongxin Zhang, Jichao Hong and Zewen Meng

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6279; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13236279 - 28 Nov 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2987

Abstract

To simplify the layout of a purely electric vehicle transmission system and improve the acceleration performance of the vehicle, this paper utilizes the characteristics of the large torque of a hydraulic transmission system and proposes a new mechanical–electric–hydraulic dynamic coupling drive system (MEH-DCDS). [...] Read more.

To simplify the layout of a purely electric vehicle transmission system and improve the acceleration performance of the vehicle, this paper utilizes the characteristics of the large torque of a hydraulic transmission system and proposes a new mechanical–electric–hydraulic dynamic coupling drive system (MEH-DCDS). It integrates the traditional motor and the swashplate hydraulic pump/motor into one, which can realize the mutual conversion between the mechanical energy, electrical energy, and hydraulic energy. This article explains its working principle and structural characteristics. At the same time, the mathematical model for the key components is established and the operation mode is divided into various types. Based on AMESim software, the article studies the dynamic characteristics of the MEH-DCDS, and finally proposes a method that combines real-time feedback of the accumulator output torque with PID control to complete the system simulation. The results show that the MEH-DCDS vehicle has a starting time of 4.52 s at ignition, and the starting performance is improved by 40.37% compared to that of a pure motor drive system vehicle; after a PID adjustment, the MEH-DCDS vehicle’s starting time is shortened by 1.04 s, and the acceleration performance is improved by 23.01%. The results indicated the feasibility of the system and the power performance was substantially improved. Finally, the system is integrated into the vehicle and the dynamic performance of the MEH-DCDS under cycle conditions is verified by joint simulation. The results show that the vehicle is able to follow the control speed well when the MEH-DCDS is loaded on the vehicle. The state-of-charge (SOC) consumption rate is reduced by 20.33% compared to an electric vehicle, while the MEH-DCDS has an increased range of 45.7 m compared to the EV. This improves the energy efficiency and increases the driving range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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14 pages, 11108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller for Active Magnetic Bearing

by Xiaoyuan Wang, Yaopeng Zhang and Peng Gao

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5965; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13225965 - 16 Nov 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2201

Abstract

An active magnetic bearing (AMB) is a kind of high-performance bearing that uses controllable electromagnetic force to levitate the rotor. Its control performance directly affects the operation characteristics of high-speed motors and other electromechanical products. The magnetic bearing control model is nonlinear and [...] Read more.

An active magnetic bearing (AMB) is a kind of high-performance bearing that uses controllable electromagnetic force to levitate the rotor. Its control performance directly affects the operation characteristics of high-speed motors and other electromechanical products. The magnetic bearing control model is nonlinear and difficult to control. Sliding mode control algorithm can be used in the magnetic bearing control system, but the traditional sliding mode control has the problem of high-frequency chattering, which affects the operation stability of magnetic bearings. Based on the second-order sliding mode control algorithm, a new second-order sliding mode controller for active magnetic bearing control was designed, and the stability of the designed sliding mode control law was proven by Lyapunov criterion. On the basis of the established active magnetic bearing control model, the numerical analysis of the designed controller was carried out, and the control effect was compared with that obtained by the exponential reaching law for the sliding mode control algorithm. The experimental results show that the designed sliding mode controller has better dynamic performance and stability than the exponential reaching law for the sliding mode controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electric Vehicle Techniques)

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