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Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps
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Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 August 2020) | Viewed by 25695

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Satoru Okamoto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
Interests: advanced thermal and fluids science and technology: flow-induced vibrations; small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps; experimental fluid dynamics; heat transfer; biomedical engineering; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The purpose of this Special Issue is to provide information on innovation, research, development and demonstration related to “Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps.” The main focus of this Special Issue are conventional and non-conventional cooling, heating, and power technologies with gas turbines and heat pumps. Papers are solicited in areas including, but not limited to:

  • Air-conditioning, refrigeration and heat pump systems
  • Ab- and ad-sorption refrigeration machines and heat pumps
  • Combined cycle, CHP, and CCHP with gas turbines
  • Energy storage technology for gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Renewable energy for gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Design and modeling small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Evaluation and optimization of small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Economic and ecological analysis of small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Innovative small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Small-scale energy system applications

Objectives

Authors are invited to contribute to increasing international cooperation, as well as the understanding and promotion of efforts and disciplines in the area of “Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps”. The dissemination of knowledge by presenting research results, new developments, and novel concepts in “Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps” will serve as the foundation from which this area will be developed.

A variety of topics are available for presentations, allowing authors flexibility.

Prof. Emer. Dr. Satoru Okamoto
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Air-conditioning, refrigeration and heat pump systems
  • Ab- and ad-sorption refrigeration machines and heat pumps
  • Combined cycle, CHP, and CCHP with gas turbines
  • Energy storage technology for gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Renewable energy for gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Design and modeling the small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Evaluation and optimization of small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Economic and ecologic analysis of small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Innovative small-scale energy systems with gas turbines and heat pumps
  • Small-scale energy system applications

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 5518 KiB  
Article
Design Analysis of Micro Gas Turbines in Closed Cycles
by Krzysztof Kosowski and Marian Piwowarski
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5790; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13215790 - 05 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2504
Abstract
The problems faced by designers of micro-turbines are connected with a very small volume flow rate of working media which leads to small blade heights and a high rotor speed. In the case of gas turbines this limitation can be overcome by the [...] Read more.
The problems faced by designers of micro-turbines are connected with a very small volume flow rate of working media which leads to small blade heights and a high rotor speed. In the case of gas turbines this limitation can be overcome by the application of a closed cycle with very low pressure at the compressor inlet (lower than atmospheric pressure). In this way we may apply a micro gas turbine unit of accepted efficiency to work in a similar range of temperatures and the same pressure ratios, but in the range of smaller pressure values and smaller mass flow rate. Thus, we can obtain a gas turbine of a very small output but of the efficiency typical of gas turbines with a much higher power. In this paper, the results of the thermodynamic calculations of the turbine cycles are discussed and the designed gas turbine flow parts are presented. Suggestions of the design solutions of micro gas turbines for different values of power output are proposed. This new approach to gas turbine arrangement makes it possible to build a gas turbine unit of a very small output and a high efficiency. The calculations of cycle and gas turbine design were performed for different cycle parameters and different working media (air, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, xenon and carbon dioxide). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps)
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20 pages, 4754 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Fuel Cell—Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle for CO2 Sequestration-Ready Combined Heat and Power
by Rhushikesh Ghotkar, Ellen B. Stechel, Ivan Ermanoski and Ryan J. Milcarek
Energies 2020, 13(19), 5043; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13195043 - 24 Sep 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2381
Abstract
The low prices and its relatively low carbon intensity of natural gas have encouraged the coal replacement with natural gas power generation. Such a replacement reduces greenhouse gases and other emissions. To address the significant energy penalty of carbon dioxide (CO2) [...] Read more.
The low prices and its relatively low carbon intensity of natural gas have encouraged the coal replacement with natural gas power generation. Such a replacement reduces greenhouse gases and other emissions. To address the significant energy penalty of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in gas turbine systems, a novel high efficiency concept is proposed and analyzed, which integrates a flame-assisted fuel cell (FFC) with a supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton cycle air separation. The air separation enables the exhaust from the system to be CO2 sequestration-ready. The FFC provides the heat required for the sCO2 cycle. Heat rejected from the sCO2 cycle provides the heat required for adsorption-desorption pumping to isolate oxygen via air separation. The maximum electrical efficiency of the FFC sCO2 turbine hybrid (FFCTH) without being CO2 sequestration-ready is 60%, with the maximum penalty being 0.68% at a fuel-rich equivalence ratio (Φ) of 2.8, where Φ is proportional to fuel-air ratio. This electrical efficiency is higher than the standard sCO2 cycle by 6.85%. The maximum power-to-heat ratio of the sequestration-ready FFCTH is 233 at a Φ = 2.8. Even after including the air separation penalty, the electrical efficiency is higher than in previous studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps)
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18 pages, 6498 KiB  
Article
Experimental Analysis of an Air Heat Pump for Heating Service Using a “Hardware-In-The-Loop” System
by Paolo Conti, Carlo Bartoli, Alessandro Franco and Daniele Testi
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4498; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13174498 - 01 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3146
Abstract
Estimating and optimizing the dynamic performance of a heat pump system coupled to a building is a paramount yet complex task, especially under intermittent conditions. This paper presents the “hardware-in-the-loop” experimental campaign of an air-source heat pump serving a typical dwelling in Pisa [...] Read more.
Estimating and optimizing the dynamic performance of a heat pump system coupled to a building is a paramount yet complex task, especially under intermittent conditions. This paper presents the “hardware-in-the-loop” experimental campaign of an air-source heat pump serving a typical dwelling in Pisa (Italy). The experimental apparatus uses real pieces of equipment, together with a thermal load emulator controlled by a full energy dynamic simulation of the considered building. Real weather data are continuously collected and used to run the simulation. The experimental campaign was performed from November 2019 to February 2020, measuring the system performances under real climate and load dynamics. With a water set point equal to 40 °C, the average heat pump coefficient of performance was about 3, while the overall building-plant performance was around 2. The deviation between the two performance indexes can be ascribed to the continuous on-off signals given by the zone thermostat due to the oversized capacity of the heat emission system. The overall performance raised to 2.5 thanks to a smoother operation obtained with reduced supply temperature (35 °C) and fan coil speed. The paper demonstrates the relevance of a dynamic analysis of the building-HVAC system and the potential of the “hardware-in-the-loop” approach in assessing actual part-load heat pump performances with respect to the standard stationary methodology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps)
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10 pages, 3550 KiB  
Article
Experimental Methodology and Facility for the J69-Engine Performance and Emissions Evaluation Using Jet A1 and Biodiesel Blends
by Gabriel Talero, Camilo Bayona-Roa, Giovanny Muñoz, Miguel Galindo, Vladimir Silva, Juan Pava and Mauricio Lopez
Energies 2019, 12(23), 4530; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12234530 - 28 Nov 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3177
Abstract
Aeronautic transport is a leading energy consumer that strongly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions due to a significant dependency on fossil fuels. Biodiesel, a substitution of conventional fuels, is considered as an alternative fuel for aircrafts and power generation turbine engines. Unfortunately, experimentation [...] Read more.
Aeronautic transport is a leading energy consumer that strongly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions due to a significant dependency on fossil fuels. Biodiesel, a substitution of conventional fuels, is considered as an alternative fuel for aircrafts and power generation turbine engines. Unfortunately, experimentation has been mostly limited to small scale turbines, and technical challenges remain open regarding operational safety. The current study presents the facility, the instrumentation, and the measured results of experimental tests in a 640 kW full-scale J69-T-25A turbojet engine, operating with blends of Jet A1 and oil palm biodiesel with volume contents from 0% to 10% at different load regimes. Findings are related to the fuel injection system, the engine thrust, and the emissions. The thrust force and the exhaust gas temperature do not expose a significant variation in all the operation regimes with the utilization of up to 10% volume content of biodiesel. A maximum increase of 36% in fuel consumption and 11% in injection pressure are observed at idle operation between B0 and B10. A reduction of the CO and HC emissions is also registered with a maximum variation at the cruise regime (80% Revolutions Per Minute—RPM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps)
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22 pages, 574 KiB  
Article
Computational Simulation of PT6A Gas Turbine Engine Operating with Different Blends of Biodiesel—A Transient-Response Analysis
by Camilo Bayona-Roa, J.S. Solís-Chaves, Javier Bonilla, A.G. Rodriguez-Melendez and Diego Castellanos
Energies 2019, 12(22), 4258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12224258 - 08 Nov 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6307
Abstract
Instead of simplified steady-state models, with modern computers, one can solve the complete aero-thermodynamics happening in gas turbine engines. In the present article, we describe a mathematical model and numerical procedure to represent the transient response of a PT6A gas turbine engine operating [...] Read more.
Instead of simplified steady-state models, with modern computers, one can solve the complete aero-thermodynamics happening in gas turbine engines. In the present article, we describe a mathematical model and numerical procedure to represent the transient response of a PT6A gas turbine engine operating at off-design conditions. The aero-thermal model consists of a set of algebraic and ordinary differential equations that arise from the application of the mass, linear momentum, angular momentum and energy balances in each engine’s component. The solution code has been developed in Matlab-Simulink® using a block-oriented approach. Transient simulations of the PT6A engine start-up have been carried out by changing the original Jet-A1 fuel with biodiesel blends. Time plots of the main thermodynamic variables are shown, especially those regarding the structural integrity of the burner. Numerical results have been validated against reported experimental measurements and GasTurb® simulations. The computer model has been capable to predict acceptable fuel blends, such that the real PT6A engine can be substituted to avoid the risk of damaging it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps)
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19 pages, 5939 KiB  
Article
Gas Turbine Cycle with External Combustion Chamber for Prosumer and Distributed Energy Systems
by Dariusz Mikielewicz, Krzysztof Kosowski, Karol Tucki, Marian Piwowarski, Robert Stępień, Olga Orynycz and Wojciech Włodarski
Energies 2019, 12(18), 3501; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12183501 - 11 Sep 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4198
Abstract
The use of various biofuels, usually of relatively small Lower Heating Value (LHV), affects the gas turbine efficiency. The present paper shows that applying the proposed air by-pass system of the combustor at the turbine exit causes tan increase of efficiency of the [...] Read more.
The use of various biofuels, usually of relatively small Lower Heating Value (LHV), affects the gas turbine efficiency. The present paper shows that applying the proposed air by-pass system of the combustor at the turbine exit causes tan increase of efficiency of the turbine cycle increased by a few points. This solution appears very promising also in combined gas/steam turbine power plants. The comparison of a turbine set operating according to an open cycle with partial bypassing of external combustion chamber at the turbine exit (a new solution) and, for comparison, a turbine set operating according to an open cycle with a regenerator. The calculations were carried out for different fuels: gas from biomass gasification (LHV = 4.4 MJ/kg), biogas (LHV = 17.5 MJ/kg) and methane (LHV = 50 MJ/kg). It is demonstrated that analyzed solution enables construction of several kW power microturbines that might be used on a local scale. Such turbines, operated by prosumer’s type of organizations may change the efficiency of electricity generation on a country-wide scale evidently contributing to the sustainability of power generation, as well as the economy as a whole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps)
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17 pages, 6519 KiB  
Article
Harmonisation of Coolant Flow Pattern with Wake of Stator Vane to Improve Sealing Effectiveness Using a Wave-Shaped Rim Seal
by Seungjin Lee, Daehan Kim and Joong Yull Park
Energies 2019, 12(6), 1060; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12061060 - 19 Mar 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3231
Abstract
The rim seal of the gas turbine is intended to protect the material of the turbine disk from hot combustion gases. The study of the rim seal structure is important to minimise the coolant flow and maximise the sealing effect. In this paper, [...] Read more.
The rim seal of the gas turbine is intended to protect the material of the turbine disk from hot combustion gases. The study of the rim seal structure is important to minimise the coolant flow and maximise the sealing effect. In this paper, a wave-shaped rim seal for stator disks is proposed and its effect is confirmed by numerical analysis. To characterise the flow phenomena near the wave-shaped rim seal, a simplified model of the wave-shaped rim seal (Type 1 model), which excludes the rotor blade and stator vane, is analysed and compared with the conventional rim seal. Then, through analysis of the wave-shaped rim seal geometry (Type 2 model), which includes the rotor blade and stator vane, a reduction in egress and ingress flow was observed owing to the wave-shaped rim seal, and the sealing effectiveness on the stator disk of turbine was increased by up to 3.8%. Implementation of the wave-shape geometry in the radial seal is a novel choice for turbine designers to consider in future for better-performing and more-efficient turbines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Systems with Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps)
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