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Wind Farm Control Systems: Concepts and Structures

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 7431

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Prof. Dr. Olimpo Anaya-Lara

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Guest Editor

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 2TB, UK
Interests: stability and control of power grids with mixed generation; wind turbine/wind farm control; vsc-hvdc transmission
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Dr. John Olav Giæver Tande

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Guest Editor

Chief Scientist, SINTEF Energy Research, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
Interests: wind energy research, with focus on grid integration and offshore technology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wind energy generation is currently a key contributor to the energy mix in various power grids around the world. The technology is becoming more efficient every day, and larger projects comprising of hundreds of multi-MW turbines, some very far from shore, are becoming the common trend. The larger size of the wind energy projects and the higher wind power penetration into the grid introduce new operational challenges that call for enhanced wind farm controllers to enable optimal asset utilization and cost reductions whilst complying with stricter and more demanding system operator requirements. In this context, the typical control objectives in a wind farm controller have evolved considerably and can now include the following:

Power maximization;
Mechanical loads and fatigue minimization;
Reduce wake and electrical losses;
Provide services to the power grid;
Reduce O&M costs;

Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions, survey papers, or tutorials on wind farm control for review for publication in this Special Issue. Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

Wind farm dynamic modelling;
Aerodynamic flow models for wind farm control design;
Wind farm control and optimization;
Multiobjective wind farm control;
State estimation;
Model-based and predictive-control approaches;
Optimization of operation and maintenance;
Data-driven modelling and machine learning;
Real-time control strategies implementations;
Sensors and measurements and communication for wind farm control;
Site-specific historical data for wind farm control;
Validation campaigns.

Prof. Dr. Olimpo Anaya-Lara
Dr. John Olav Giæver Tande
Guest Editors

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Keywords

wind energy
wind farm control
multiobjective control
real-time control
state estimation
wake modelling

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PSO Self-Tuning Power Controllers for Low Voltage Improvements of an Offshore Wind Farm in Taiwan

by Yu-Hsiang Hung, Yi-Wei Chen, Cheng-Han Chuang and Yuan-Yih Hsu

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6670; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206670 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1358

Abstract

A de-loaded real power control strategy is proposed to decrease the real power output and increase the reactive power output of a grid-connected offshore wind farm in order to improve the voltage profile when the wind farm is subject to a grid fault. A simplified linear model of the wind farm is first derived and a fixed-gain proportional-integral (PI) real power controller is designed based on the pole-zero cancellation method. To improve the dynamic voltage response when the system is subject to a major disturbance such as a three-phase fault in the grid, a self-tuning controller based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to adapt the PI controller gains based on the on-line measured system variables. Digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK were performed on an offshore wind farm connected to the power grid in central Taiwan in order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed PSO controller. It is concluded from the simulation results that a better dynamic voltage response can be achieved by the proposed PSO self-tuning controller than the fixed-gain controller when the grid is subject to a three-phase fault. In addition, low voltage ride through (LVRT) requirements of the local utility can be met by the wind farm with the proposed power controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Control Systems: Concepts and Structures)

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15 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surrogate Models for Wind Turbine Electrical Power and Fatigue Loads in Wind Farm

by Georgios Gasparis, Wai Hou Lio and Fanzhong Meng

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6360; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13236360 - 02 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2055

Abstract

Fatigue damage of turbine components is typically computed by running a rain-flow counting algorithm on the load signals of the components. This process is not linear and time consuming, thus, it is non-trivial for an application of wind farm control design and optimisation. To compensate this limitation, this paper will develop and compare different types of surrogate models that can predict the short term damage equivalent loads and electrical power of wind turbines, with respect to various wind conditions and down regulation set-points, in a wind farm. More specifically, Linear Regression, Artificial Neural Network and Gaussian Process Regression are the types of the developed surrogate models in this work. The results showed that Gaussian Process Regression outperforms the other types of surrogate models and can effectively estimate the aforementioned target variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Control Systems: Concepts and Structures)

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24 pages, 7739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Offshore Wind Farm Black Start Service Integration: Review and Outlook of Ongoing Research

by Daniela Pagnani, Frede Blaabjerg, Claus Leth Bak, Filipe Miguel Faria da Silva, Łukasz H. Kocewiak and Jesper Hjerrild

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6286; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13236286 - 28 Nov 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

A review of the ongoing research on black start (BS) service integrated with offshore wind farms (OWFs) is presented in this paper. The overall goal is to firstly gain a better understanding of the BS capabilities required by modern power systems. Subsequently, the challenges faced by OWFs as novel BS service providers as well as an outlook on the ongoing research which may provide solutions to these are presented. OWFs have the potential to be a fast and environmentally friendly technology to provide BS services for power system restoration and, therefore, to ensure resiliency after blackouts. As a power electronic-based system, OWFs can be equipped with a self-starter in the system in order to perform BS. The self-start unit could be a synchronous generator (SG) or a power electronic unit such as a grid-forming (GFM) converter. Preliminary BS studies performed in PSCAD/EMTDC are presented in a simplified OWF system via an SG as the self-start unit. Consequently, technical challenges during the BS procedure in an OWF benchmark system are outlined via theoretical discussions and simulations results. This is useful to understand the threats to power electronics during BS. Finally, the most relevant GFM strategies in the state-of-the-art literature are presented and their application to OWF BS is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Control Systems: Concepts and Structures)

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