Research

15 pages, 1362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Volunteering, Neighbourhood Deprivation and Mental Wellbeing across Four British Birth Cohorts: Evidence from 10 Years of the UK Household Longitudinal Study

by Hei Wan Mak, Rory Coulter and Daisy Fancourt

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1531; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19031531 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3292

Abstract

Volunteering is associated with greater mental, physical and social wellbeing. However, less is known about whether the health benefits of volunteering vary with two sets of factors known to shape population health and health-related behaviours: (1) age and birth cohort, and (2) place [...] Read more.

Volunteering is associated with greater mental, physical and social wellbeing. However, less is known about whether the health benefits of volunteering vary with two sets of factors known to shape population health and health-related behaviours: (1) age and birth cohort, and (2) place of residence. This study examined how these factors influence the relationship between volunteering and self-reported mental health using five waves of data from Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) enriched with information on neighbourhood deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015). Two self-reported mental health and wellbeing outcomes were examined: mental distress (GHQ-12) and health-related quality of life (SF-12). The sample was stratified by cohort: pre-1945 (born before 1945), Baby Boomers (born 1945–1964), Gen X (born 1965–1979), and Millennials (born from 1980). Fixed-effects regressions revealed that volunteering was associated with reduced levels of mental distress and greater levels of health-related quality of life in older generations, but not amongst younger generations. No moderating effect of area deprivation was found. This study suggests that generational social attitudes and changes in how volunteering is portrayed and delivered could influence not only whether people volunteer, but also whether doing so bolsters health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

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15 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study

by Mark A. Green, Matthew Hobbs, Ding Ding, Michael Widener, John Murray, Lindsey Reece and Alex Singleton

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13212; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182413212 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2716

Abstract

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal data to explore if the association between the retail fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 [...] Read more.

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal data to explore if the association between the retail fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 (ages 11/12; 2011/12; n = 13,469) and 6 (ages 14/15; 2014/15; n = 11,884). Our outcome variable was overweight/obesity defined using age and sex-specific International Obesity Task Force cut points. Individuals were linked, based on their residential location, to data on the density of fast food outlets and neighbourhood deprivation. Structural Equation Models were used to model associations and test for observed confounding. A small positive association was initially detected between fast food outlets and overweight (e.g., at age 11/12, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.0006, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.0002–1.0009). Following adjusting for the confounding role of neighbourhood deprivation, this association was non-significant. Individuals who resided in the most deprived neighbourhoods had higher odds of overweight than individuals in the least deprived neighbourhoods (e.g., at age 11/12 OR = 1.95, 95% CIs = 1.64–2.32). Neighbourhood deprivation was also positively associated to the density of fast food outlets (at age 11/12 Incidence Rate Ratio = 3.03, 95% CIs = 2.80–3.28). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

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16 pages, 336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cumulative Exposure to Neighborhood Conditions and Substance Use Initiation among Low-Income Latinx and African American Adolescents

by Eunice Lee and Anna Maria Santiago

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10831; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182010831 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1637

Abstract

Purpose: While previous research underscores the important role that neighborhood contexts play for child and adolescent health and well-being, how these neighborhood contexts influence substance use initiation among adolescents from low-income and ethnic minority families has been understudied. Methods: This study is a [...] Read more.

Purpose: While previous research underscores the important role that neighborhood contexts play for child and adolescent health and well-being, how these neighborhood contexts influence substance use initiation among adolescents from low-income and ethnic minority families has been understudied. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Denver Child Study a retrospective survey that uses a natural experiment aimed at assessing neighborhood effects on developmental outcomes of Latinx and African American adolescents (N = 736). Cox cause-specific hazards models were estimated to test: (1) the effects of cumulative exposure to neighborhood social disorder, neighborhood violent and property crime rates, and neighborhood social capital during preadolescence (ages 8–11) on the likelihood of initiating alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use during adolescence (ages 12–18), after controlling for youth, caregiver, and household factors; and (2) whether the effects of these cumulative neighborhood factors vary by Latinx and African American ethnicity. Results: 5.6% of adolescents in this study initiated cigarette use, 5.4% initiated alcohol use and 5.2% used marijuana for the first time during adolescence. The results indicate that exposure to neighborhood social disorder during preadolescence is a significant risk factor, especially for the initiation of cigarette use (HR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.062–1.745, p = 0.015) particularly among Latinx adolescents (HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.031–1.966, p = 0.032). Conclusions: The findings suggest the need for further research on the relationship between exposure to neighborhood social disorder and adolescent substance use initiation in order to develop and implement community-based prevention and intervention programs to reduce substance use initiation and facilitate healthy adolescent development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

16 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neighborhood and Child Development at Age Five: A UK–US Comparison

by Anthony Buttaro, Jr., Ludovica Gambaro, Heather Joshi and Mary Clare Lennon

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10435; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph181910435 - 04 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1930

Abstract

Early childhood is a critical period in the life course, setting the foundation for future life. Early life contexts—neighborhoods and families—influence developmental outcomes, especially when children are exposed to economic and social disadvantage. Residential mobility, frequent among families with pre-school children, may reduce [...] Read more.

Early childhood is a critical period in the life course, setting the foundation for future life. Early life contexts—neighborhoods and families—influence developmental outcomes, especially when children are exposed to economic and social disadvantage. Residential mobility, frequent among families with pre-school children, may reduce or increase exposure to adverse surroundings. We examine children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes at age five, in relation to neighborhood composition, family circumstances and residential moves, using two longitudinal micro datasets: an urban subsample of the UK Millennium Cohort Study (N up to 7967), and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study in the US (N up to 1820). Each is linked to an index of neighborhood advantage, created to make UK/US comparisons, based on census and administrative information. A series of estimates indicate a strong association, in both countries, between cognitive scores and neighborhood advantage, attenuated but not eliminated by family circumstances. Children’s behavior problems, on the other hand, show less association with neighborhood advantage. There are minor and mixed differences by residential mobility particularly when neighborhood disadvantage changes. Notwithstanding the primacy of the family in predicting preschool development, the findings support the notion of neighborhood as potentially advantageous at least in relation to cognitive outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

13 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Course Neighbourhood Deprivation and Self-Rated Health: Does It Matter Where You Lived in Adolescence and Do Neighbourhood Effects Build Up over Life?

by Stephen Jivraj, Owen Nicholas, Emily T. Murray and Paul Norman

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10311; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph181910311 - 30 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2107

Abstract

There is an overreliance on concurrent neighbourhood deprivation as a determinant of health. Only a small section of the literature focuses on the cumulative exposure of neighbourhood deprivation over the life course. This paper uses data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, [...] Read more.

There is an overreliance on concurrent neighbourhood deprivation as a determinant of health. Only a small section of the literature focuses on the cumulative exposure of neighbourhood deprivation over the life course. This paper uses data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, a British birth cohort study, linked to 1971–2011 Census data at the neighbourhood level to longitudinally model self-rated health between ages 23 and 55 by Townsend deprivation score between ages 16 and 55. Change in self-rated health is analysed using ordinal multilevel models to test the strength of association with neighbourhood deprivation at age 16, concurrently and cumulatively. The results show that greater neighbourhood deprivation at age 16 predicts worsening self-rated health between ages 33 and 50. The association with concurrent neighbourhood deprivation is shown to be stronger compared with the measurement at age 16 when both are adjusted in the model. The concurrent association with change in self-rated health is explained by cumulative neighbourhood deprivation. These findings suggest that neglecting exposure to neighbourhood deprivation over the life course will underestimate the neighbourhood effect. They also have potential implications for public policy suggesting that neighbourhood socioeconomic equality may bring about better population health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

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14 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Conditions on Neurodevelopmental Disorders during Childhood

by Anna Maria Santiago, Kristen A. Berg and Joffré Leroux

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 9041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18179041 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1668

Abstract

Nearly three out of ten neurodevelopmental disabilities in the United States have been linked to environmental conditions, prompting emerging lines of research examining the role of the neighborhood on children’s developmental outcomes. Utilizing data from a natural experiment in Denver, this study quantifies [...] Read more.

Nearly three out of ten neurodevelopmental disabilities in the United States have been linked to environmental conditions, prompting emerging lines of research examining the role of the neighborhood on children’s developmental outcomes. Utilizing data from a natural experiment in Denver, this study quantifies the impact of exposure to varied neighborhood contexts on the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders over the course of childhood. Our analysis is based upon retrospective child, caregiver, household and neighborhood data derived from the Denver Child Study for a sample of approximately 590 Latino and African American children and youth whose families were quasi-randomly assigned to subsidized housing operated by the Denver (CO) Housing Authority during part of their childhood. We employed binary response models with endogenous explanatory variables, estimated using instrumental variables (IV) probit and average marginal effects to identify predictors of a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosis during childhood. We found that multiple dimensions of neighborhood context—especially neighborhood socioeconomic status, older housing stock, residential instability and prevalence of neurological hazards in the ambient air—strongly and robustly predicted the diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder during childhood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

12 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Course Neighborhood Deprivation Effects on Body Mass Index: Quantifying the Importance of Selective Migration

by Emily T Murray, Owen Nicholas, Paul Norman and Stephen Jivraj

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8339; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18168339 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

Neighborhood effects research is plagued by the inability to circumvent selection effects —the process of people sorting into neighborhoods. Data from two British Birth Cohorts, 1958 (ages 16, 23, 33, 42, 55) and 1970 (ages 16, 24, 34, 42), and structural equation modelling, [...] Read more.

Neighborhood effects research is plagued by the inability to circumvent selection effects —the process of people sorting into neighborhoods. Data from two British Birth Cohorts, 1958 (ages 16, 23, 33, 42, 55) and 1970 (ages 16, 24, 34, 42), and structural equation modelling, were used to investigate life course relationships between body mass index (BMI) and area deprivation (addresses at each age linked to the closest census 1971–2011 Townsend score [TOWN], re-calculated to reflect consistent 2011 lower super output area boundaries). Initially, models were examined for: (1) area deprivation only, (2) health selection only and (3) both. In the best-fitting model, all relationships were then tested for effect modification by residential mobility by inclusion of interaction terms. For both cohorts, both BMI and area deprivation strongly tracked across the life course. Health selection, or higher BMI associated with higher area deprivation at the next study wave, was apparent at three intervals: 1958 cohort, BMI at age 23 y and TOWN at age 33 y and BMI at age 33 y and TOWN at age 42 y; 1970 cohort, BMI at age 34 y and TOWN at age 42 y, while paths between area deprivation and BMI at the next interval were seen in both cohorts, over all intervals, except for the association between TOWN at age 23 y and BMI at age 33 y in the 1958 cohort. None of the associations varied by moving status. In conclusion, for BMI, selective migration does not appear to account for associations between area deprivation and BMI across the life course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

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17 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Allostatic Load and Exposure Histories of Disadvantage

by Lucy Prior

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7222; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18147222 - 06 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3100

Abstract

The stress pathway posits that those in disadvantaged circumstances are exposed to a higher degree of stressful experiences over time resulting in an accumulated biological burden which subsequently relates to poorer health. Trajectories of disadvantage, in the form of neighbourhood deprivation and structural [...] Read more.

The stress pathway posits that those in disadvantaged circumstances are exposed to a higher degree of stressful experiences over time resulting in an accumulated biological burden which subsequently relates to poorer health. Trajectories of disadvantage, in the form of neighbourhood deprivation and structural social capital, are evaluated in their relation to allostatic load representing the cumulative “wear and tear” of chronic stress. This paper uses data from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society in a latent class growth analysis. We identify groups of exposure trajectories over time using these classes to predict allostatic load at the final wave. The results show that persistent exposure to higher deprivation is related to worse allostatic load. High structural social capital over time relates to lower allostatic load, in line with a stress buffering effect, though this relationship is not robust to controlling for individual sociodemographic characteristics. By demonstrating a gradient in allostatic load by histories of deprivation, this analysis supports a biological embedding of disadvantage through chronic exposure to stressful environments as an explanation for social health inequalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Course Neighbourhood Effects)

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