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BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II
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BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 5795

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shuanggen Jin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
Interests: GNSS meteorology; remote sensing; space/planetary exploration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Gino Dardanelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
Interests: Galileo; GLONASS; GPS; GNSS; CORS; remote sensing; geomatics; dam displacements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mariusz Specht

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Transport and Logistics, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
Interests: global navigation satellite systems; civil engineering; geomatics; navigation; hydrography; mapping; earth observation; geospatial science; geoinformation; spatial analysis; geodesy; applied mathematics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As is well known, due to technological development and continuous scientific improvements and advancements, multi-GNSS could become a milestone in future applications in terms of performance, availability, modernization and hybridization.

After the excellent results of the first edition of the Special Issue “BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation” (with 34 papers submitted, 17 of which were accepted and published, constituting a 50% acceptance), a new version is proposed.

Alongside classic topics of scientific applications such as GNSS, NRTK, PPP, Geodesy, Geohazards, GNSS Meteorology, GNSS Ionosphere and GNSS-reflectometry, it was thought that major emerging applications such as those arising from, for example, GNSS-R Earth Remote Sensing from SmallSats (BuFeng-1, CYGNSS, Fengyun-3, FSSCat, HydroGNSS, PRETTY and Spire CubeSats series) might be of interest in the SI, given that small satellites are changing the Earth’s remote sensing parameters by exploiting innovative payloads. ECOSTRESS and SMAP satellite types, for example, were specifically designed to obtain soil moisture information with dense forest cover, and may be an important improvement in this emerging study. The aim of this Special Issue is to present the latest state-of-the-art findings, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Troposphere and ionosphere observations, modeling and assimilation from ground and space receivers;
  • Theories and methods of multi-GNSS NRTK, PPP and PPP-RTK;
  • Analyzing errors, systematic effects and noise in GNSS solutions;
  • Surface-loading GNSS observations from atmosphere, hydrology and loading;
  • GNSS-reflected signals and applications;
  • Geohazard observation and warning from GNSS.

Prof. Dr. Shuanggen Jin
Prof. Dr. Gino Dardanelli
Dr. Mariusz Specht
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • GNSS
  • NRTK
  • PPP
  • geodesy
  • geohazards
  • GNSS meteorology
  • GNSS ionosphere
  • GNSS-reflectometry
  • GNSS small satellite
  • GNSS for autonomous space navigation
  • GNSS to precision farming (PF)
  • GNSS interference detection

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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19 pages, 2869 KiB  
Article
Practical Limitations of Using the Tilt Compensation Function of the GNSS/IMU Receiver
by Jelena Gučević, Siniša Delčev and Olivera Vasović Šimšić
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(8), 1327; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs16081327 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 419
Abstract
The research in this paper is related to the accuracy of the tilt compensation function of the GNSS/IMU receivers, which were examined in an open sky environment. The purpose of the paper is to point out to geodesists the conditions and limitations of [...] Read more.
The research in this paper is related to the accuracy of the tilt compensation function of the GNSS/IMU receivers, which were examined in an open sky environment. The purpose of the paper is to point out to geodesists the conditions and limitations of using GNSS/IMU technology in precise measurements to not jeopardize the coordinate’s accuracy. The environment in which the measurement is made affects the quality of the GNSS signal and can limit the visibility of the satellite, leading to larger errors in the measurement. In this experiment, the current performance of the GNSS/IMU receivers was checked. Seven GNSS/IMU receivers were used for the realization of the experiment. For six receivers the compensation angle was α = 30°, while for one receiver, the compensation angle was α = 45°. The standard uncertainty of GNSS coordinates of the antenna phase center has values less than 9 mm. The standard uncertainty of the IMU component has values less than 31 mm. The measurement uncertainty of the position of the used GNSS receivers is in the range of 18.1 mm to 31.7 mm. The limit values for the differences along the coordinate axes x and y were determined, and their values are from 26 mm to 44 mm. In the conducted experiment, it was confirmed that three GNSS/IMU receivers have a “Satisfactory” result. The results show that GNSS/IMU measurements with a slope greater than 30° significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of GNSS/IMU technology. A slope greater than 45° has a deviation along the coordinate axes of 121.3 mm. The conducted research is particularly important for geodetic works that require high positioning performance. The testing method of the GNSS/IMU receiver presented in this paper can help its users to make correct conclusions regarding the coordinate accuracy of the measured point of interest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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28 pages, 3557 KiB  
Article
An Instrument Error Correlation Model for Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry
by C. E. Powell, Christopher S. Ruf, Darren S. McKague, Tianlin Wang and Anthony Russel
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(5), 742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs16050742 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 487
Abstract
All sensing systems have some inherent error. Often, these errors are systematic, and observations taken within a similar region of space and time can have correlated error structure. However, the data from these systems are frequently assumed to have completely independent and uncorrelated [...] Read more.
All sensing systems have some inherent error. Often, these errors are systematic, and observations taken within a similar region of space and time can have correlated error structure. However, the data from these systems are frequently assumed to have completely independent and uncorrelated error. This work introduces a correlated error model for GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) using observations from NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). We validate our model against near-simultaneous observations between two CYGNSS satellites and double-difference our results with modeled observables to extract the correlated error structure due to the observing system itself. Our results are useful to catalog for future GNSS-R missions and can be applied to construct an error covariance matrix for weather data assimilation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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23 pages, 2990 KiB  
Article
A Novel Approach to Evaluate GNSS-RO Signal Receiver Performance in Terms of Ground-Based Atmospheric Occultation Simulation System
by Wei Li, Yueqiang Sun, Weihua Bai, Qifei Du, Xianyi Wang, Dongwei Wang, Congliang Liu, Fu Li, Shengyu Kang and Hongqing Song
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(1), 87; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs16010087 - 25 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 634
Abstract
The global navigation satellite system radio occultation (GNSS-RO) is an important means of space-based meteorological observation. It is necessary to test the Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation signal receiver on the ground before the deployment of space-based occultation detection systems. The current approach [...] Read more.
The global navigation satellite system radio occultation (GNSS-RO) is an important means of space-based meteorological observation. It is necessary to test the Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation signal receiver on the ground before the deployment of space-based occultation detection systems. The current approach of testing the GNSS signal receiver on the ground is mainly the mountaintop-based testing approach, which has problems such as high cost and large simulation error. In order to overcome the limitations of the mountaintop-based test approach, this paper proposes an accurate, repeatable, and controllable GNSS atmospheric occultation simulation system and builds a load performance evaluation approach based on the ground-based GNSS atmospheric occultation simulation system on the basis of it. The GNSS atmospheric occultation simulation system consists of the visualization and interaction module, the GNSS-RO simulation signal generation module, the GNSS-RO simulator module, the GNSS-RO signal receiver module, and the GNSS-RO inversion and evaluation module, combined with the preset atmospheric model to generate GNSS-RO simulation signals with a high degree of simulation, and comparing the atmospheric parameters of the inversion performance of the GNSS-RO signal receiver with the parameters of the preset atmospheric model to obtain the error data. The overall performance of the GNSS-RO signal receiver can be evaluated based on the error information. The novel approach to evaluate the GNSS-RO signal receiver performance proposed in this paper is validated by using the FY-3E (FengYun-3E) receiver qualification parts that have been verified in orbit, and the results confirm that the approach can meet the requirements of the GNSS-RO receiver performance test. This study shows that the novel approach to evaluate the GNSS-RO signal receiver performance in terms of the ground-based atmospheric occultation simulation system can efficiently and accurately be used to carry out the receiver test and provides an effective solution for the ground-based test of GNSS-RO signal receivers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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19 pages, 3243 KiB  
Article
Estimation and Evaluation of Zenith Tropospheric Delay from Single and Multiple GNSS Observations
by Sai Xia, Shuanggen Jin and Xuzhan Jin
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(23), 5457; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs15235457 - 22 Nov 2023
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Multi-Global Navigation Satellite Systems (multi-GNSS) (including GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS) provide a significant opportunity for high-quality zenith tropospheric delay estimation and its applications in meteorology. However, the performance of zenith total delay (ZTD) retrieval from single- or multi-GNSS observations is not clear, [...] Read more.
Multi-Global Navigation Satellite Systems (multi-GNSS) (including GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS) provide a significant opportunity for high-quality zenith tropospheric delay estimation and its applications in meteorology. However, the performance of zenith total delay (ZTD) retrieval from single- or multi-GNSS observations is not clear, particularly from the new, fully operating BDS-3. In this paper, zenith tropospheric delay is estimated using the single-, dual-, triple-, or four-GNSS Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique from 55 Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations over one year. The performance of GNSS ZTD estimation is evaluated using the International GNSS Service (IGS) standard tropospheric products, radiosonde, and the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5). The results show that the GPS-derived ZTD time series is more consistent and reliable than those derived from BDS-only, Galileo-only, and GLONASS-only solutions. The performance of the single-GNSS ZTD solution can be enhanced with better accuracy and stability by combining multi-GNSS observations. The accuracy of the ZTD from multi-GNSS observations is improved by 13.8%, 43.8%, 27.6%, and 22.9% with respect to IGS products for the single-system solution (GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS), respectively. The ZTD from multi-GNSS observations presents higher accuracy and a significant improvement with respect to radiosonde and ERA5 data when compared to the single-system solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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23 pages, 17870 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Validation of GNSS-Derived Global Ionosphere Maps Using 16 Years of Jason Satellites Observations
by Mateusz Poniatowski, Grzegorz Nykiel, Claudia Borries and Jędrzej Szmytkowski
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(20), 5053; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs15205053 - 21 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1247
Abstract
Existing ionospheric models perform very well in mapping the calm state of the ionosphere. However, the problem is accurately determining the total electron content (TEC) for disturbed days. Knowledge of the exact electron density is essential for single−frequency receivers, which cannot eliminate the [...] Read more.
Existing ionospheric models perform very well in mapping the calm state of the ionosphere. However, the problem is accurately determining the total electron content (TEC) for disturbed days. Knowledge of the exact electron density is essential for single−frequency receivers, which cannot eliminate the ionospheric delay. This study aims to investigate temporal and spatial variability in the distribution of TEC based on differences between maps of individual Ionospheric Associated Analysis Centers (IAACs) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and aligned altimetry−TEC from 2005–2021. Based on the temporal distribution, we have observed a significant effect of solar activity on the mean and standard deviation behavior of the differences between global ionospheric maps (GIMs) and Jason−derived TEC. We determined the biases for the entire calculation period, through which it can be concluded that the upcg-Jason and igsg-Jason differences have the lowest standard deviation (±1.81 TECU). In addition, the temporal analysis made it possible to detect annual, semi−annual, and 117-day oscillations occurring in the Jason−TEC data, as well as 121-day oscillations in the GIMs. It also allowed us to analyze the potential sources of these cyclicities, solar and geomagnetic activity, in the case of the annual and semi−annual periodicities. When considering spatial variations, we have observed that the most significant average differences are in the intertropical areas. In contrast, the smallest differences were recorded in the southern hemisphere, below the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S). However, the slightest variations were noted for the northern hemisphere above the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N). Our research presented in this paper allows a better understanding of how different methods of GNSS TEC approximation affect the model’s accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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18 pages, 4203 KiB  
Article
The Selection of Basic Functions for a Time-Varying Model of Unmodeled Errors in Medium and Long GNSS Baselines
by Jiafu Wang, Xianwen Yu, Angela Aragon-Angel, Adria Rovira-Garcia and Hao Wang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(20), 5022; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs15205022 - 19 Oct 2023
Viewed by 638
Abstract
Unmodeled errors play a critical role in improving the positioning accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Few studies have addressed unmodeled errors in medium and long baselines using their time correlation, which is highly beneficial for achieving a precise and real-time solution. However, [...] Read more.
Unmodeled errors play a critical role in improving the positioning accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Few studies have addressed unmodeled errors in medium and long baselines using their time correlation, which is highly beneficial for achieving a precise and real-time solution. However, before tackling unmodeled errors, it is first necessary to determine reasonable basic functions to fit such unmodeled errors. Therefore, we study the selection of basic functions for time-varying unmodeled errors in two positioning modes: estimating atmospheric delays and using an IF combination. We choose three basic functions: polynomials, sinusoidal functions, and combinatorial functions. Fitting experiments and positioning experiments are conducted using the unmodeled error data provided by four baselines ranging from 30 to 220 km. The Root Mean Square Errors fitted by the second order are approximately 2 mm. The corresponding residuals generally converge to 3 mm in about 30 s. After correcting the observations using the fitted unmodeled errors of the second-order polynomial, the positioning results show improvements of about 40% to 80% in all directions. We conclude that the second-order polynomial is the optimal basic function in all two positioning modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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12 pages, 5666 KiB  
Technical Note
Ionosphere Total Electron Content Modeling and Multi-Type Differential Code Bias Estimation Using Multi-Mode and Multi-Frequency Global Navigation Satellite System Observations
by Qisheng Wang, Jiaru Zhu and Feng Hu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(18), 4607; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs15184607 - 19 Sep 2023
Viewed by 720
Abstract
With the rapid development of multi-mode and multi-frequency GNSSs (including GPS, GLONASS, BDS, Galileo, and QZSS), more observations for research on ionosphere can be provided. The Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) products are generated based on the observation of multi-mode and multi-frequency GNSSs, and [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of multi-mode and multi-frequency GNSSs (including GPS, GLONASS, BDS, Galileo, and QZSS), more observations for research on ionosphere can be provided. The Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) products are generated based on the observation of multi-mode and multi-frequency GNSSs, and comparisons with other GIMs provided by the ionosphere analysis centers are provided in this paper. Taking the CODE (Center of Orbit Determination in Europe) GIM as a reference during 30 days in January 2019, for the GIMs from JPL (Jet Puls Laboratory), UPC (Technical University of Catalonia), ESA (European Space Agency), WHU (Wuhan University), CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and MMG (The multi-mode and multi-frequency GNSS observations used in this paper), the mean bias with respect to CODE products is 1.87, 1.30, −0.10, 0.01, −0.02, and −0.71 TECu, and the RMS is 2.12, 2.00, 1.33, 0.88, 0.88, and 1.30 TECu, respectively. The estimated multi-type DCB is also in good agreement with the DCB products provided by the MGEX. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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