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Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2024 | Viewed by 11382

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Bruno Ando

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering (DIEEI), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Interests: smart sensing systems and readout electronics; assistive technologies; nano and micro sensors; µ-fluidics; bio-sensors; inkjet printed sensors and flexible sensors; sensors exploiting innovative materials (ferrofluids, ferroelectrics and multiferroics); sensor networks; smart signal processing and nonlinear techniques (including stochastic resonance and dithering) to improve performances of sensors and bio-receptors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Pietro Siciliano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
Interests: materials and devices for sensors and micro/nanosystems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Luca Francioso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CNR-IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Lecce, Italy
Interests: chemical and physical sensors; MEMS; micro and nanofabrication technologies; wearable devices; energy harvesting; organ on chip
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue comprises papers presented at the EUROSENSORS 2023 Conference, held on 10–13 September 2023 in Lecce, Italy. This is the 35th Edition of the highly successful EUROSENSORS conference series (held for the very first time 1987 in Cambridge, UK). This is Europe’s largest conference offering the opportunity for the presentation of updated results related to both theoretical and applied research in the field of sensors, actuators, micro- and nanosystems, as well as related materials and fabrication technologies.

A total of 410 papers were submitted to this year’s conference, which resulted in 254 contributed talks and 77 posters, with an acceptance rate of 83%. Four plenary talks and five invited talks complemented the excellent scientific programme. More than 400 participants from academia, research institutes and companies join this year’s EUROSENSORS 2023 conference!

We are proud to announce our agreement with MDPI to publish a Special Issue on EUROSENSORS 2023 and cordially invite all contributors to publish a full paper of their EUROSENSORS 2023 contribution in this Special Issue of the journal Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220; Impact Factor 3.9; https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/journal/sensors) published online by MDPI, Switzerland. According to the publishing rules, the full paper should be based on your conference presentation and four-page extended abstracts and should be expanded to the size of a research article (add about 50% new materials).

Sensors will apply an APC discount for the selected paper from Eurosensors 2023, consequently, the final APC will be CHF 1800 for the accepted papers.

Dr. Bruno Ando
Prof. Dr. Pietro Siciliano
Dr. Luca Francioso
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2106 KiB  
Article
Applications of Chipless RFID Humidity Sensors to Smart Packaging Solutions
by Viviana Mulloni, Giada Marchi, Andrea Gaiardo, Matteo Valt, Massimo Donelli and Leandro Lorenzelli
Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2879; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24092879 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Packaging solutions have recently evolved to become smart and intelligent thanks to technologies such as RFID tracking and communication systems, but the integration of sensing functionality in these systems is still under active development. In this paper, chipless RFID humidity sensors suitable for [...] Read more.
Packaging solutions have recently evolved to become smart and intelligent thanks to technologies such as RFID tracking and communication systems, but the integration of sensing functionality in these systems is still under active development. In this paper, chipless RFID humidity sensors suitable for smart packaging are proposed together with a novel strategy to tune their performances and their operating range. The sensors are flexible, fast, low-cost and easy to fabricate and can be read wirelessly. The sensitivity and the humidity range where they can be used are adjustable by changing one of the sensor’s structural parameters. Moreover, these sensors are proposed as double parameter sensors, using both the frequency shift and the intensity variation of the resonance peak for the measure of the relative humidity. The results show that the sensitivity can vary remarkably among the sensors proposed, together with the operative range. The sensor suitability in two specific smart packaging applications is discussed. In the first case, a threshold sensor in the low-humidity range for package integrity verification is analyzed, and in the second case, a more complex measurement of humidity in non-hermetic packages is investigated. The discussion shows that the sensor configuration can easily be adapted to the different application needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
12 pages, 2325 KiB  
Article
Concept Drift Mitigation in Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Networks
by Gerardo D’Elia, Matteo Ferro, Paolo Sommella, Sergio Ferlito, Saverio De Vito and Girolamo Di Francia
Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2786; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24092786 - 27 Apr 2024
Viewed by 235
Abstract
Future air quality monitoring networks will integrate fleets of low-cost gas and particulate matter sensors that are calibrated using machine learning techniques. Unfortunately, it is well known that concept drift is one of the primary causes of data quality loss in machine learning [...] Read more.
Future air quality monitoring networks will integrate fleets of low-cost gas and particulate matter sensors that are calibrated using machine learning techniques. Unfortunately, it is well known that concept drift is one of the primary causes of data quality loss in machine learning application operational scenarios. The present study focuses on addressing the calibration model update of low-cost NO2 sensors once they are triggered by a concept drift detector. It also defines which data are the most appropriate to use in the model updating process to gain compliance with the relative expanded uncertainty (REU) limits established by the European Directive. As the examined methodologies, the general/global and the importance weighting calibration models were applied for concept drift effects mitigation. Overall, for all the devices under test, the experimental results show the inadequacy of both models when performed independently. On the other hand, the results from the application of both models through a stacking ensemble strategy were able to extend the temporal validity of the used calibration model by three weeks at least for all the sensor devices under test. Thus, the usefulness of the whole information content gathered throughout the original co-location process was maximized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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15 pages, 3116 KiB  
Article
Measuring Surface Electromyography with Textile Electrodes in a Smart Leg Sleeve
by Federica Amitrano, Armando Coccia, Gaetano Pagano, Arcangelo Biancardi, Giuseppe Tombolini, Vito Marsico and Giovanni D’Addio
Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2763; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24092763 - 26 Apr 2024
Viewed by 185
Abstract
This paper presents the design, development, and validation of a novel e-textile leg sleeve for non-invasive Surface Electromyography (sEMG) monitoring. This wearable device incorporates e-textile sensors for sEMG signal acquisition from the lower limb muscles, specifically the anterior tibialis and lateral gastrocnemius. Validation [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design, development, and validation of a novel e-textile leg sleeve for non-invasive Surface Electromyography (sEMG) monitoring. This wearable device incorporates e-textile sensors for sEMG signal acquisition from the lower limb muscles, specifically the anterior tibialis and lateral gastrocnemius. Validation was conducted by performing a comparative study with eleven healthy volunteers to evaluate the performance of the e-textile sleeve in acquiring sEMG signals compared to traditional Ag/AgCl electrodes. The results demonstrated strong agreement between the e-textile and conventional methods in measuring descriptive metrics of the signals, including area, power, mean, and root mean square. The paired data t-test did not reveal any statistically significant differences, and the Bland–Altman analysis indicated negligible bias between the measures recorded using the two methods. In addition, this study evaluated the wearability and comfort of the e-textile sleeve using the Comfort Rating Scale (CRS). Overall, the scores confirmed that the proposed device is highly wearable and comfortable, highlighting its suitability for everyday use in patient care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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13 pages, 4708 KiB  
Article
On the Influence of Humidity on a Thermal Conductivity Sensor for the Detection of Hydrogen
by Sophie Emperhoff, Matthias Eberl, Tim Dwertmann and Jürgen Wöllenstein
Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2697; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24092697 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 283
Abstract
Thermal conductivity sensors face an omnipresent cross-influence through varying humidity levels in real-life applications. We present the results of investigations on the influence of humidity on a hydrogen thermal conductivity sensor and approaches for predicting the behavior of thermal conductivity towards humidity. A [...] Read more.
Thermal conductivity sensors face an omnipresent cross-influence through varying humidity levels in real-life applications. We present the results of investigations on the influence of humidity on a hydrogen thermal conductivity sensor and approaches for predicting the behavior of thermal conductivity towards humidity. A literature search and comparison of different mixing equations for binary gas mixtures were carried out. The theoretical results were compared with experimental results from three different thermal conductivity sensors with mixtures of water vapor in nitrogen. The mixing equations show a large discrepancy between each other. Some of the models predict a continuously decreasing thermal conductivity and some predict an increasing thermal conductivity for increasing levels of humidity. Our measurements indicate an increase in thermal conductivity followed by a decrease after reaching a peak value. It is shown that the measured behavior is reproducible with different sensors. Depending on the sensor, this corresponds to an error up to 2 vol.% in the measured hydrogen value. The measured behavior is consistent with only one of the three models. Compared to this model, our own sensor shows a maximum deviation of 1.4%. Mixing equations for gas mixtures must be chosen carefully, taking into consideration whether mixing partners include polar or non-polar molecules. Some simplified mixing equations cannot be used to calculate the thermal conductivity of water vapor in air or nitrogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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14 pages, 5354 KiB  
Article
Co3O4-Based Materials as Potential Catalysts for Methane Detection in Catalytic Gas Sensors
by Olena Yurchenko, Patrick Diehle, Frank Altmann, Katrin Schmitt and Jürgen Wöllenstein
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2599; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24082599 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 351
Abstract
The present work deals with the development of Co3O4-based catalysts for potential application in catalytic gas sensors for methane (CH4) detection. Among the transition-metal oxide catalysts, Co3O4 exhibits the highest activity in catalytic combustion. [...] Read more.
The present work deals with the development of Co3O4-based catalysts for potential application in catalytic gas sensors for methane (CH4) detection. Among the transition-metal oxide catalysts, Co3O4 exhibits the highest activity in catalytic combustion. Doping Co3O4 with another metal can further improve its catalytic performance. Despite their promising properties, Co3O4 materials have rarely been tested for use in catalytic gas sensors. In our study, the influence of catalyst morphology and Ni doping on the catalytic activity and thermal stability of Co3O4-based catalysts was analyzed by differential calorimetry by measuring the thermal response to 1% CH4. The morphology of two Co3O4 catalysts and two NixCo3−xO4 with a Ni:Co molar ratio of 1:2 and 1:5 was studied using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The catalysts were synthesized by (co)precipitation with KOH solution. The investigations showed that Ni doping can improve the catalytic activity of Co3O4 catalysts. The thermal response of Ni-doped catalysts was increased by more than 20% at 400 °C and 450 °C compared to one of the studied Co3O4 oxides. However, the thermal response of the other Co3O4 was even higher than that of NixCo3−xO4 catalysts (8% at 400 °C). Furthermore, the modification of Co3O4 with Ni simultaneously brings stability problems at higher operating temperatures (≥400 °C) due to the observed inhomogeneous Ni distribution in the structure of NixCo3−xO4. In particular, the NixCo3−xO4 with high Ni content (Ni:Co ratio 1:2) showed apparent NiO separation and thus a strong decrease in thermal response of 8% after 24 h of heat treatment at 400 °C. The reaction of the Co3O4 catalysts remained quite stable. Therefore, controlling the structure and morphology of Co3O4 achieved more promising results, demonstrating its applicability as a catalyst for gas sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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17 pages, 12651 KiB  
Article
Self-Diagnostic and Self-Compensation Methods for Resistive Displacement Sensors Tailored for In-Field Implementation
by Federico Mazzoli, Davide Alghisi and Vittorio Ferrari
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2594; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24082594 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 334
Abstract
This paper presents a suitably general model for resistive displacement sensors where the model parameters depend on the current sensor conditions, thereby capturing wearout and failure, and proposes a novel fault detection method that can be seamlessly applied during sensor operation, providing self-diagnostic [...] Read more.
This paper presents a suitably general model for resistive displacement sensors where the model parameters depend on the current sensor conditions, thereby capturing wearout and failure, and proposes a novel fault detection method that can be seamlessly applied during sensor operation, providing self-diagnostic capabilities. On the basis of the estimation of model parameters, an innovative self-compensation method is derived to increase the accuracy of sensors subject to progressive wearout. The proposed model and methods have been validated by both numerical simulations and experimental tests on two real resistive displacement sensors, placed in undamaged and faulty conditions, respectively. The fault detection method has shown an accuracy of 97.2%. The position estimation error is < ±0.2% of the full-scale span for the undamaged sensor, while the self-compensation method successfully reduces the position estimation error from ±15% to approximately ±2% of the full-scale span for the faulty sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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12 pages, 1868 KiB  
Article
Improving Aerosol Characterization Using an Optical Particle Counter Coupled with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with an Integrated Microheater
by Emiliano Zampetti, Maria Aurora Mancuso, Alessandro Capocecera, Paolo Papa and Antonella Macagnano
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2500; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24082500 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 565
Abstract
Aerosols, as well as suspended particulate matter, impact atmospheric pollution, the climate, and human health, directly or indirectly. Particle size, chemical composition, and other aerosol characteristics are determinant factors for atmospheric pollution dynamics and more. In the last decade, low-cost devices have been [...] Read more.
Aerosols, as well as suspended particulate matter, impact atmospheric pollution, the climate, and human health, directly or indirectly. Particle size, chemical composition, and other aerosol characteristics are determinant factors for atmospheric pollution dynamics and more. In the last decade, low-cost devices have been widely used in instrumentation to measure aerosols. However, they present some issues, such as the problem of discriminating whether the aerosol is composed of liquid particles or solid. This issue could lead to errors in the estimation of mass concentration in monitoring environments where there is fog. In this study, we investigate the use of an optical particle counter (OPC) coupled to a quartz crystal microbalance with an integrated microheater (H-QCM) to enhance measurement performances. The H-QCM was used not only to measure the collected mass on its surface but also, by using the integrated microheater, it was able to heat the collected mass by performing heating cycles. In particular, we tested the developed system with aerosolized saline solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), with three decreasing concentrations of salt and three electronic cigarette solutions (e-liquid), with different concentrations of propylene glycol and glycerin mixtures. The results showed that the OPC coherently counted the salt dilution effects, and the H-QCM output confirmed the presence of liquid and solid particles in the aerosols. In the case of e-liquid aerosols, the OPC counted the particles, and the HQCM output highlighted that in the aerosol, there were no solid particles but a liquid phase only. These findings contribute to the refinement of aerosol measurement methodologies by low-cost sensors, fostering a more comprehensive understanding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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16 pages, 3602 KiB  
Article
Exploring Aesthetic Perception in Impaired Aging: A Multimodal Brain—Computer Interface Study
by Livio Clemente, Marianna La Rocca, Giulia Paparella, Marianna Delussi, Giusy Tancredi, Katia Ricci, Giuseppe Procida, Alessandro Introna, Antonio Brunetti, Paolo Taurisano, Vitoantonio Bevilacqua and Marina de Tommaso
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2329; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24072329 - 06 Apr 2024
Viewed by 484
Abstract
In the field of neuroscience, brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are used to connect the human brain with external devices, providing insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes, including aesthetic perception. Non-invasive BCIs, such as EEG and fNIRS, are critical for studying central nervous [...] Read more.
In the field of neuroscience, brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are used to connect the human brain with external devices, providing insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes, including aesthetic perception. Non-invasive BCIs, such as EEG and fNIRS, are critical for studying central nervous system activity and understanding how individuals with cognitive deficits process and respond to aesthetic stimuli. This study assessed twenty participants who were divided into control and impaired aging (AI) groups based on MMSE scores. EEG and fNIRS were used to measure their neurophysiological responses to aesthetic stimuli that varied in pleasantness and dynamism. Significant differences were identified between the groups in P300 amplitude and late positive potential (LPP), with controls showing greater reactivity. AI subjects showed an increase in oxyhemoglobin in response to pleasurable stimuli, suggesting hemodynamic compensation. This study highlights the effectiveness of multimodal BCIs in identifying the neural basis of aesthetic appreciation and impaired aging. Despite its limitations, such as sample size and the subjective nature of aesthetic appreciation, this research lays the groundwork for cognitive rehabilitation tailored to aesthetic perception, improving the comprehension of cognitive disorders through integrated BCI methodologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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10 pages, 3706 KiB  
Communication
Correction of 2π Phase Jumps for Silicon Photonic Sensors Based on Mach Zehnder Interferometers with Application in Gas and Biosensing
by Loic Laplatine, Sonia Messaoudene, Nicolas Gaignebet, Cyril Herrier and Thierry Livache
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1712; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24051712 - 06 Mar 2024
Viewed by 780
Abstract
Silicon photonic sensors based on Mach Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) have applications spanning from biological and olfactory sensors to temperature and ultrasound sensors. Although a coherent detection scheme can solve the issues of sensitivity fading and ambiguity in phase direction, the measured phase remains [...] Read more.
Silicon photonic sensors based on Mach Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) have applications spanning from biological and olfactory sensors to temperature and ultrasound sensors. Although a coherent detection scheme can solve the issues of sensitivity fading and ambiguity in phase direction, the measured phase remains 2π periodic. This implies that the acquisition frequency should ensure a phase shift lower than π between each measurement point to prevent 2π phase jumps. Here, we describe and experimentally characterize two methods based on reference MZIs with lower sensitivities to alleviate this drawback. These solutions improve the measurement robustness and allow the lowering of the acquisition frequency. The first method is based on the phase derivative sign comparison. When a discrepancy is detected, the reference MZI is used to choose whether 2π should be added or removed from the nominal MZI. It can correct 2π phase jumps regardless of the sensitivity ratio, so that a single reference MZI can be used to correct multiple nominal MZIs. This first method relaxes the acquisition frequency requirement by a factor of almost two. However, it cannot correct phase jumps of 4π, 6π or higher between two measurement points. The second method is based on the comparison between the measured phase from the nominal MZI and the phase expected from the reference MZI. It can correct multiple 2π phase jumps but requires at least one reference MZI per biofunctionalization. It will also constrain the corrected phase to lie in a limited interval of [−π, +π] around the expected value, and might fail to correct phase shifts above a few tens of radians depending on the disparity of the nominal sensors responses. Nonetheless, for phase shift lower than typically 20 radians, this method allows the lowering of the acquisition frequency almost arbitrarily. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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11 pages, 8249 KiB  
Article
Highly Selective Tilted Triangular Springs with Constant Force Reaction
by Lisa Schmitt, Philip Schmitt and Martin Hoffmann
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1677; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24051677 - 05 Mar 2024
Viewed by 482
Abstract
Guiding mechanisms are among the most elementary components of MEMS. Usually, a spring is required to be compliant in only one direction and stiff in all other directions. We introduce triangular springs with a preset tilting angle. The tilting angle lowers the reaction [...] Read more.
Guiding mechanisms are among the most elementary components of MEMS. Usually, a spring is required to be compliant in only one direction and stiff in all other directions. We introduce triangular springs with a preset tilting angle. The tilting angle lowers the reaction force and implements a constant reaction force. We show the influence of the tilting angle on the reaction force, on the spring stiffness and spring selectivity. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of the different spring geometry parameters on the spring reaction force. We experimentally show tilted triangular springs exhibiting constant force reactions in a large deflection range and a comb-drive actuator guided by tilted triangular springs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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10 pages, 2428 KiB  
Article
Quantification of UV Light-Induced Spectral Response Degradation of CMOS-Based Photodetectors
by Pablo F. Siles and Daniel Gäbler
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1535; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24051535 - 27 Feb 2024
Viewed by 552
Abstract
High-energy radiation is known to potentially impact the optical performance of silicon-based sensors adversely. Nevertheless, a proper characterization and quantification of possible spectral response degradation effects due to UV stress is technically challenging. On one hand, typical illumination methods via UV lamps provide [...] Read more.
High-energy radiation is known to potentially impact the optical performance of silicon-based sensors adversely. Nevertheless, a proper characterization and quantification of possible spectral response degradation effects due to UV stress is technically challenging. On one hand, typical illumination methods via UV lamps provide a poorly defined energy spectrum. On the other hand, a standardized measurement methodology is also missing. This work provides an approach where well-defined energy spectrum UV stress conditions are guaranteed via a customized optical set up, including a laser driven light source, a monochromator, and a non-solarizing optical fiber. The test methodology proposed here allows performing a controlled UV stress between 200 nm and 400 nm with well-defined energy conditions and offers a quantitative overview of the impact on the optical performance in CMOS-based photodiodes, along a wavelength range from 200 to 1100 nm and 1 nm step. This is of great importance for the characterization and development of new sensors with a high and stable UV spectral response, as well as for implementation of practical applications such as UV light sensing and UV-based sterilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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18 pages, 7657 KiB  
Article
Classification in Early Fire Detection Using Multi-Sensor Nodes—A Transfer Learning Approach
by Pascal Vorwerk, Jörg Kelleter, Steffen Müller and Ulrich Krause
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1428; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24051428 - 22 Feb 2024
Viewed by 607
Abstract
Effective early fire detection is crucial for preventing damage to people and buildings, especially in fire-prone historic structures. However, due to the infrequent occurrence of fire events throughout a building’s lifespan, real-world data for training models are often sparse. In this study, we [...] Read more.
Effective early fire detection is crucial for preventing damage to people and buildings, especially in fire-prone historic structures. However, due to the infrequent occurrence of fire events throughout a building’s lifespan, real-world data for training models are often sparse. In this study, we applied feature representation transfer and instance transfer in the context of early fire detection using multi-sensor nodes. The goal was to investigate whether training data from a small-scale setup (source domain) can be used to identify various incipient fire scenarios in their early stages within a full-scale test room (target domain). In a first step, we employed Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to create a new feature space solely based on the source domain data and predicted four different fire types (smoldering wood, smoldering cotton, smoldering cable and candle fire) in the target domain with a classification rate up to 69% and a Cohen’s Kappa of 0.58. Notably, lower classification performance was observed for sensor node positions close to the wall in the full-scale test room. In a second experiment, we applied the TrAdaBoost algorithm as a common instance transfer technique to adapt the model to the target domain, assuming that sparse information from the target domain is available. Boosting the data from 1% to 30% was utilized for individual sensor node positions in the target domain to adapt the model to the target domain. We found that additional boosting improved the classification performance (average classification rate of 73% and an average Cohen’s Kappa of 0.63). However, it was noted that excessively boosting the data could lead to overfitting to a specific sensor node position in the target domain, resulting in a reduction in the overall classification performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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19 pages, 11259 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Deposition Rate and Uniformity in 3D Gold Microelectrode Arrays via Ultrasonic-Enhanced Template-Assisted Electrodeposition
by Neeraj Yadav, Flavio Giacomozzi, Alessandro Cian, Damiano Giubertoni and Leandro Lorenzelli
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24041251 - 15 Feb 2024
Viewed by 593
Abstract
In the pursuit of refining the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode arrays (MEAs), this study investigates the application of ultrasonic vibrations in template-assisted electrodeposition. This was driven by the need to overcome limitations in the deposition rate and the height uniformity of microstructures [...] Read more.
In the pursuit of refining the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode arrays (MEAs), this study investigates the application of ultrasonic vibrations in template-assisted electrodeposition. This was driven by the need to overcome limitations in the deposition rate and the height uniformity of microstructures developed using conventional electrodeposition methods, particularly in the field of in vitro electrophysiological investigations. This study employs a template-assisted electrodeposition approach coupled with ultrasonic vibrations to enhance the deposition process. The method involves utilizing a polymeric hard mask to define the shape of electrodeposited microstructures (i.e., micro-pillars). The results show that the integration of ultrasonic vibrations significantly increases the deposition rate by up to 5 times and substantially improves the uniformity in 3D MEAs. The key conclusion drawn is that ultrasonic-enhanced template-assisted electrodeposition emerges as a powerful technique and enables the development of 3D MEAs at a higher rate and with a superior uniformity. This advancement holds promising implications for the precision of selective electrodeposition applications and signifies a significant stride in developing micro- and nanofabrication methodologies for biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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10 pages, 3157 KiB  
Article
Experimental In Vitro Microfluidic Calorimetric Chip Data towards the Early Detection of Infection on Implant Surfaces
by Signe L. K. Vehusheia, Cosmin I. Roman, Markus Arnoldini and Christofer Hierold
Sensors 2024, 24(3), 1019; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24031019 - 05 Feb 2024
Viewed by 745
Abstract
Heat flux measurement shows potential for the early detection of infectious growth. Our research is motivated by the possibility of using heat flux sensors for the early detection of infection on aortic vascular grafts by measuring the onset of bacterial growth. Applying heat [...] Read more.
Heat flux measurement shows potential for the early detection of infectious growth. Our research is motivated by the possibility of using heat flux sensors for the early detection of infection on aortic vascular grafts by measuring the onset of bacterial growth. Applying heat flux measurement as an infectious marker on implant surfaces is yet to be experimentally explored. We have previously shown the measurement of the exponential growth curve of a bacterial population in a thermally stabilized laboratory environment. In this work, we further explore the limits of the microcalorimetric measurements via heat flux sensors in a microfluidic chip in a thermally fluctuating environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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13 pages, 3159 KiB  
Article
Waste Material Classification: A Short-Wave Infrared Discrete-Light-Source Approach Based on Light-Emitting Diodes
by Anju Manakkakudy, Andrea De Iacovo, Emanuele Maiorana, Federica Mitri and Lorenzo Colace
Sensors 2024, 24(3), 809; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24030809 - 26 Jan 2024
Viewed by 761
Abstract
Waste material classification is a challenging yet important task in waste management. The realization of low-cost waste classification systems and methods is critical to meet the ever-increasing demand for efficient waste management and recycling. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple, compact and [...] Read more.
Waste material classification is a challenging yet important task in waste management. The realization of low-cost waste classification systems and methods is critical to meet the ever-increasing demand for efficient waste management and recycling. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple, compact and low-cost classification system based on optical reflectance measurements in the short-wave infrared for the segregation of waste materials such as plastics, paper, glass, and aluminium. The system comprises a small set of LEDs and one single broadband photodetector. All devices are controlled through low-cost and low-power electronics, and data are gathered and managed via a computer interface. The proposed system reaches accuracy levels as high as 94.3% when considering seven distinct materials and 97.0% when excluding the most difficult to classify, thus representing a valuable proof-of-concept for future system developments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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13 pages, 11404 KiB  
Article
A Flexible Printed Circuit Board Based Microelectromechanical Field Mill with a Vertical Movement Shutter Driven by an Electrostatic Actuator
by Tao Chen and Cyrus Shafai
Sensors 2024, 24(2), 439; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24020439 - 11 Jan 2024
Viewed by 990
Abstract
Micromachined electric field mills have received much interest for the measurement of DC fields; however, conventional designs with lateral moving shutters could have shutter lifting in the presence of strong fields, which affects their performance. This paper presents a MEMS electric field mill [...] Read more.
Micromachined electric field mills have received much interest for the measurement of DC fields; however, conventional designs with lateral moving shutters could have shutter lifting in the presence of strong fields, which affects their performance. This paper presents a MEMS electric field mill utilizing a vertical movement shutter to address this issue. The sensor is designed and fabricated based on a flexible PCB substrate and is released using a laser-cutting process. The movement of the shutter is driven by an electrostatic actuator. When the driving signal is a sine wave, the shutter moves in the same direction during both the positive and negative half-periods. This facilitates the application of a lock-in amplifier to synchronize with the signal at twice the frequency of the driving signal. In experimental testing, when the vertical shutter is driven at a resonance of 840 Hz, the highest sensitivity of the sensor is achieved and is measured to be 5.1 V/kVm−1. The sensor also demonstrates a good linearity of 1.1% for measuring DC electric fields in the range of 1.25 kV/m to 25 kV/m. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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10 pages, 3383 KiB  
Article
Thermal Behavior of Biaxial Piezoelectric MEMS-Scanners
by Laurent Mollard, Christel Dieppedale, Antoine Hamelin, Gwenael Le Rhun, Jean Hue, Laurent Frey and Gael Castellan
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9538; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23239538 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 628
Abstract
This paper presents the thermal behavior of non-resonant (quasi-static) piezoelectric biaxial MEMS scanners with Bragg reflectors. These scanners were developed for LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) applications using a pulsed 1550 nm laser with an average power of 2 W. At this power, [...] Read more.
This paper presents the thermal behavior of non-resonant (quasi-static) piezoelectric biaxial MEMS scanners with Bragg reflectors. These scanners were developed for LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) applications using a pulsed 1550 nm laser with an average power of 2 W. At this power, a standard metal (gold) reflector can overheat and be damaged. The Bragg reflector developed here has up to 24 times lower absorption than gold, which limits heating of the mirror. However, the use of such a reflector involves a technological process completely different from that used for gold and induces, for example, different final stresses on the mirror. In view of the high requirements for optical power, the behavior of this reflector in the event of an increase in temperature needs to be studied and compared with the results of previous studies using gold reflectors. This paper shows that the Bragg reflector remains functional as the temperature rises and undergoes no detrimental deformation even when heated to 200 °C. In addition, the 2D-projection model revealed a 5% variation in optical angle at temperatures up to 150 °C and stability of 2D scanning during one hour of continuous use at 150 °C. The results of this study demonstrate that a biaxial piezoelectric MEMS scanner equipped with Bragg reflector technology can reach a maximum temperature of 150 °C, which is of the same order of magnitude as can be reached by scanners with gold reflectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eurosensors 2023 Selected Papers)
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