Research

27 pages, 8024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Tohoku-Oki 3.11 M9.0 Earthquake on the Fault Slip Potential of the Active Quaternary Faults in Beijing City: New Insights from In Situ Stress Monitoring Data

by Yulu Fan, Chengjun Feng, Peng Zhang, Bangshen Qi, Jing Meng and Chengxuan Tan

Sensors 2022, 22(13), 4888; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22134888 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1602

Abstract

In order to ascertain the impact of the Tohoku-Oki 3.11 M9.0 earthquake on the stability of the faults in the Beijing Plain, we investigated the adjustment of the in situ stress field of the Beijing Plain after this earthquake based on in situ [...] Read more.

In order to ascertain the impact of the Tohoku-Oki 3.11 M9.0 earthquake on the stability of the faults in the Beijing Plain, we investigated the adjustment of the in situ stress field of the Beijing Plain after this earthquake based on in situ stress monitoring data. Then, we analyzed the stability of the five main faults in each adjustment stage of the in situ stress field based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria and Byerlee’s law. Finally, we studied the fault slip potential (FSP) of the main faults under the current in situ stress field. The research results show that (1) after the Tohoku-Oki 3.11 M9.0 earthquake, the tectonic environment of the Beijing Plain area changed rapidly from nearly EW extrusion to nearly EW extension, and this state was maintained until June 2012. After this, it began to gradually adjust to the state present before the earthquake. As of September 2019, the tectonic environment has not recovered to the state present before the earthquake. (2) The ratios of shear stress to normal stress on the fault plane of the fault subsections in the three time periods before the Tohoku-Oki 3.11 M9.0 earthquake, 6 June 2012 and 8 September 2019 were 0.1–0.34, 0.28–0.52, and 0.06–0.29, respectively. It shows that the stress accumulation level of faults in the Beijing Plain area increased in a short time after the earthquake and then gradually decreased. (3) Under the current in situ stress field, most of the subsections of the five main faults have a low FSP (<5%). The areas with high FSP are mainly concentrated in the central and southeastern parts of the Beijing Plain, including the Nankou-Sunhe fault, the northern section of the Xiadian fault, and the areas where the five faults intersect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Creep Behavior of Soft Soils by Utilizing Multisensor Data Combined with Machine Learning

by Meho Saša Kovačević, Mario Bačić, Lovorka Librić and Kenneth Gavin

Sensors 2022, 22(8), 2888; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22082888 - 09 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1981

Abstract

To identify the unknown values of the parameters of Burger’s constitutive law, commonly used for the evaluation of the creep behavior of the soft soils, this paper demonstrates a procedure relying on the data obtained from multiple sensors, where each sensor is used [...] Read more.

To identify the unknown values of the parameters of Burger’s constitutive law, commonly used for the evaluation of the creep behavior of the soft soils, this paper demonstrates a procedure relying on the data obtained from multiple sensors, where each sensor is used to its best advantage. The geophysical, geotechnical, and unmanned aerial vehicle data are used for the development of a numerical model whose results feed into the custom-architecture neural network, which then provides information about on the complex relationships between the creep characteristics and soil displacements. By utilizing InSAR and GPS monitoring data, particle swarm algorithm identifies the most probable set of Burger’s creep parameters, eventually providing a reliable estimation of the long-term behavior of soft soils. The validation of methodology is conducted for the Oostmolendijk embankment in the Netherlands, constructed on the soft clay and peat layers. The validation results show that the application of the proposed methodology, which relies on multisensor data, can overcome the high cost and long duration issues of laboratory tests for the determination of the creep parameters and can provide reliable estimates of the long-term behavior of geotechnical structures constructed on soft soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 9581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CPT—DMT Correlations on Regional Soils from Croatia

by Kristijan Grabar, Stjepan Strelec, Miljenko Špiranec and Filip Dodigović

Sensors 2022, 22(3), 934; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22030934 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2393

Abstract

This paper was prepared based on in situ measurements carried out by the authors using the CPTu and DMT static penetration probes. The list of study sites includes seven specific locations in the northern parts of Croatia and one study site on the [...] Read more.

This paper was prepared based on in situ measurements carried out by the authors using the CPTu and DMT static penetration probes. The list of study sites includes seven specific locations in the northern parts of Croatia and one study site on the southern border of the country. The sites were selected based on the criterion of soil type, which falls into the category of soft to firm, slightly over-consolidated silty clays and silty sands. Intermediate soils are prevalent in the wider region, and most engineers deal with them in their everyday practice. For this reason, local characterization is of most importance for engineering purposes. In this investigation, results of in-situ tests are compared in order to validate the quality of the constrained modulus obtained from a CPT test to the one obtained by a DMT flat dilatometer. A comparison was made between the CPT test cone resistance

Q_{t 1}

and two DMT parameters—normalized modulus

E_{D} / {σ^{'}}_{v 0}

and horizontal stress index

K_{D}

. Dependencies were analyzed for the main soil groups and intermediate data groups. Clay soils were divided into two subgroups based on the identification parameter

I_{D}

, while silty soils were analyzed in three subgroups. The results for each subgroup differed significantly, and the analyses showed deviations from published values, especially for the intermediate soil groups. The usefulness of the application is demonstrated with examples at two sites, showing improvements over the most commonly used formula for the constrained modulus from the CPT test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 17803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Level Sensing Technologies in Landslide Research—Hrvatska Kostajnica Case Study, Croatia

by Laszlo Podolszki, Ivan Kosović, Tomislav Novosel and Tomislav Kurečić

Sensors 2022, 22(1), 177; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22010177 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1993

Abstract

In March 2018, a landslide in Hrvatska Kostajnica completely destroyed multiple households. The damage was extensive, and lives were endangered. The question remains: Can it happen again? To enhance the knowledge and understanding of the soil and rock behaviour before, during, and after [...] Read more.

In March 2018, a landslide in Hrvatska Kostajnica completely destroyed multiple households. The damage was extensive, and lives were endangered. The question remains: Can it happen again? To enhance the knowledge and understanding of the soil and rock behaviour before, during, and after this geo-hazard event, multi-level sensing technologies in landslide research were applied. Day after the event field mapping and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data were collected with the inspection of available orthophoto and “geo” data. For the landslide, a new geological column was developed with mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The application of differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) for detecting ground surface displacement was undertaken in order to determine pre-failure behaviour and to give indications about post-failure deformations. In 2020, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in the landslide body was undertaken to determine the depth of the landslide surface, and in 2021 ERT measurements in the vicinity of the landslide area were performed to obtain undisturbed material properties. Moreover, in 2021, detailed light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data were acquired for the area. All these different level data sets are being analyzed in order to develop a reliable landslide model as a first step towards answering the aforementioned question. Based on applied multi-level sensing technologies and acquired data, the landslide model is taking shape. However, further detailed research is still recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 6720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor Applications in Geotechnical Monitoring

by Aldo Minardo, Luigi Zeni, Agnese Coscetta, Ester Catalano, Giovanni Zeni, Emilia Damiano, Martina De Cristofaro and Lucio Olivares

Sensors 2021, 21(22), 7514; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21227514 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

We report the experimental application of distributed optical fiber sensors, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), to the monitoring of a small-scale granular slope reconstituted in an instrumented flume and subjected to artificial rainfall until failure, and to the monitoring of a volcanic [...] Read more.

We report the experimental application of distributed optical fiber sensors, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), to the monitoring of a small-scale granular slope reconstituted in an instrumented flume and subjected to artificial rainfall until failure, and to the monitoring of a volcanic rock slope. The experiments demonstrate the sensors’ ability to reveal the sudden increase in soil strain that foreruns the failure in a debris flow phenomenon, as well as to monitor the fractures in the tuff rocks. This study offers an important perspective on the use of distributed optical fiber sensors in the setting up of early warning systems for landslides in both rock and unconsolidated materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 11148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Recharging Wells, Sanitary Collectors and Rain Drainage on Increase Temperature in Pumping Wells on the Groundwater Heat Pump System

by Stjepan Strelec, Kristijan Grabar, Jasmin Jug and Nikola Kranjčić

Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7175; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21217175 - 28 Oct 2021

Viewed by 2081

Abstract

The utilization of groundwater is becoming increasingly popular for heating and cooling buildings, as well as to regulate the temperature needs of industrial processes. Groundwater has excellent energy potential from various factors, of which environmental acceptability stands out, as groundwater is considered a [...] Read more.

The utilization of groundwater is becoming increasingly popular for heating and cooling buildings, as well as to regulate the temperature needs of industrial processes. Groundwater has excellent energy potential from various factors, of which environmental acceptability stands out, as groundwater is considered a source of renewable energy. Due to the water table depth below the surface, atmospheric conditions have a negligible effect on the temperature of groundwater, resulting only in minor annual temperature variations, thus also making groundwater a source of reliable renewable energy. This paper presents some aspects of the groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system’s design and addresses a particular problem on the influence of recharge temperature field as well as local utility lines on the pumping well water temperature. An example is given of a system designed for a production hall in the northern part of Croatia. Geological and hydrogeological conditions at the site are highly favourable regarding the groundwater temperature and aquifer parameters. For the needs of this research, precise electronic sensors with data loggers were installed inside the wells. Probe type GSR 120 NT manufactured by Eltratec, Slovenia, is capable of monitoring level, temperature, and electrical conductivity, including telemetric data transfer to the remote server. Mapping the obtained data revealed significant temperature breakthroughs from the recharge wells, as well as local temperature field deviation near the sanitary and precipitation drainage collectors. Utility installation seepage influence was differentiated by the increase in groundwater electrical conductivity measured at the pumping wells. Results show that not only distance between the wells, as the main parameter that affects the system, but also industrial utility lines can have an influence on thermal field breakthrough. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Monitoring of a Tunnel in a Landslide Prone Area by Brillouin-Based Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors

by Aldo Minardo, Ester Catalano, Agnese Coscetta, Giovanni Zeni, Caterina Di Maio, Roberto Vassallo, Luciano Picarelli, Roberto Coviello, Giuseppe Macchia and Luigi Zeni

Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21217032 - 23 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2420

Abstract

This paper shows the results of the monitoring of the deformations of a tunnel, carried out using a distributed optical fiber strain sensor based on stimulated Brillouin scattering. The artificial tunnel of the national railway crosses the accumulation zone of an active landslide, [...] Read more.

This paper shows the results of the monitoring of the deformations of a tunnel, carried out using a distributed optical fiber strain sensor based on stimulated Brillouin scattering. The artificial tunnel of the national railway crosses the accumulation zone of an active landslide, the Varco d’Izzo earthflow, in the southern Italian Apennines. Severely damaged by the landslide movements, the tunnel was demolished and rebuilt in 1992 as a reinforced concrete box flanked by two deep sheet pile walls. In order to detect the onset of potentially dangerous strains of the tunnel structure and follow their time trend, the internal deformations of the tunnel are also monitored by a distributed fiber-optic strain sensor since 2016. The results of the monitoring activity show that the deformation profiles are characterized by strain peaks in correspondence of the structural joints. Furthermore, the elongation of the fiber strands crossing the joints is consistent with the data derived by other measurement systems. Experiments revealed an increase in the time rate of the fiber deformation in the first and last part of the monitoring period when the inclinometers of the area also recorded an acceleration in the landslide movements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 15448 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Design of a New Acoustic Logging While Drilling Tool

by Kai Zhang, Baohai Tan, Wenxiu Zhang, Yuntao Sun, Jian Zheng, Yuanda Su, Xutang Liu, Gaofu Wu and Shoutao Xin

Sensors 2021, 21(13), 4385; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21134385 - 26 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2746

Abstract

To obtain qualified logging while drilling (LWD) data, a new acoustic LWD tool was designed. Its overall design is introduced here, including the physical construction, electronic structure, and operation flowchart. Thereafter, core technologies adopted in this tool are presented, such as dominant exciting [...] Read more.

To obtain qualified logging while drilling (LWD) data, a new acoustic LWD tool was designed. Its overall design is introduced here, including the physical construction, electronic structure, and operation flowchart. Thereafter, core technologies adopted in this tool are presented, such as dominant exciting wave bands of dipole source, a sine wave pulse excitation circuit, broadband impedance matching, and an intellectualized active reception transducer. Lastly, we tested this tool in the azimuthal anisotropy module well, calibration well, and normal well, working in the model of the cable, sliding eye, and logging while drilling. Experiments showed that the core technologies achieved ideal results and that the LWD tool obtained qualified data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Advanced Sensing Technologies in Geotechnical Engineering

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (8 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI