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Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Transportation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2023) | Viewed by 29793

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Prof. Dr. Luca D’Acierno

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Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: transportation planning; transportation network design; simulation of transport systems; mass transit systems; rail transportation; energy-saving strategies; pricing policy analysis
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

From a sustainability perspective, the promotion of public transport is one of the main tools to reduce the negative impacts related to private-car transport (pollution, congestion, accidents, etc.).

In this context, railway systems in all their forms (metro, regional, and high-speed services) represent the backbone for the development of a sustainable mobility model.

Since a user is a rational decision-maker who maximizes their utility, abandoning private transport in favor of public transport may take place if and only if the latter is more efficient and more reliable. Therefore, the development of methodologies and techniques to ensure reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety both in an operational and maintenance context of railway systems is a relevant issue for promoting environmental sustainability today.

In light of the above, this Special Issue calls for reviews and original research articles related to the main aspects concerning, but not limited to, the promotion, analysis, and optimization of railway systems in a sustainable perspective by investigating theoretical, methodological, energetical, operational, implemental, and technological aspects.

Prof. Dr. Luca D’Acierno
Guest Editor

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Keywords

sustainable rail-based mobility
freight rail-based transport
footprint analysis of (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro systems
advanced simulation models and methods for (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro systems
reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety (rams) in (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro systems
railway traffic optimization, control, and management
energy-saving, energy recovery, and energy-efficient strategies and technologies
artificial neural network adoption
data-driven approaches
advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in the (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro contexts
advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) in the (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro contexts
micro-mobility effects on (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro systems
mobility as a service (MaaS) and related implications on (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro systems
innovative propulsion systems for (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro systems
sustainable improvements of tractive power systems based on fossil fuels in the case of (regional and/or high-speed) railway and metro systems
effects of pantograph-catenary dynamics on rail-based systems performance
effects of wheel-rail contact on rail-based system performance

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Detailing Concept to Assess Railway Functional Safety

by Iryna Bondarenko, Tiziana Campisi, Giovanni Tesoriere and Larysa Neduzha

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 18; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15010018 - 20 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1176

Abstract

The ability to assess the risks of the functional safety of railway tracks allows harmonizing characteristics of track elements under certain operating conditions under certain maintenance for the efficient use of the track structure throughout its life cycle. The concept of detailing conditions of the interaction of the rolling stock and railway track was used for the productive solution of tasks of infrastructure functional safety assessment. The paper formed an approach to the analytical solution of determination problems of deformability parameters over time using the elastic waves theory. The formation method of interconnections between the technical and economic aspects of the operation of railway infrastructure was proposed. The criteria of deformability work and intensity of use were utilized for the effective use of the track structure through its life cycle. The results of calculations are presented to assess changes in the deformability behaviour of the track elements and structure when the force and speed parameters of the operating conditions change, as well as the algorithm of the method for estimating the operation deformability of the railway track. Thus, the proposed approach can be adapted to optimize objects by railway functional safety assessment at the stage of object operation simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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28 pages, 3685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Procedures for the Evaluation of Infrastructural Measures for Increasing the Capacity of Railway Lines

by Zdenka Bulková, Jozef Gašparík, Jaroslav Mašek and Vladislav Zitrický

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142114430 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

The issues that determine the capacity of railway infrastructure are topical in situations that are reaching operating limits. According to the objectives of the European transport policy, it is assumed that up to 30% of road freight over 300 km should shift to other modes such as rail or waterborne transport by 2030. The transport system should become more competitive and efficient in the use of resources. This places high demands on the railway infrastructure, which is mainly operated in a mixed transport mode, with both passengers and freight. It is necessary to increase the capacity of these lines as a priority. The intent of this paper is to propose procedures that will simply and accurately determine the quantification of benefits for increasing the throughput performance of the line. For the initial estimates and assessments of investment measures, it is advantageous to use analytical methods to determine the throughput performance. The methodological approach for determining the throughput performance in the anticipated timetable and case study were approximated on the example of the rail freight corridor marked “Amber” that passes through Slovakia. Analytical procedures have been proposed according to the methodology used on the railways of Slovakia, and the quality issues were assessed using a new approach for determining the optimal and critical throughput performance. The mentioned procedures are advantageous for assessing infrastructural measures from the point of view of a railway infrastructure manager. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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19 pages, 4705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Evolution and Community Detection of China Rail Transit Route Network

by Rui Ding, Jun Fu, Yiming Du, Linyu Du, Tao Zhou, Yilin Zhang, Siwei Shen, Yuqi Zhu and Shihui Chen

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12342; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su141912342 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1370

Abstract

How to improve the partial or overall performance of rail transit route network, strengthen the connection between different rail network stations, and form corresponding communities to resist the impact of sudden or long-term external factors has earned a lot of attention recently. However, the corresponding research studies are mostly based on the rail network structure, and the analysis and exploration of the community formed by the stations and its robustness are not enough. In this article, the evolution of the China rail transit route network (CRTRN) from 2009 to 2022 is taken as the research object, and its complex network characteristics, BGLL model-based community division, and multi disturbance strategies for network robustness are analyzed in depth to better understand and optimize the rail network structure to further effectively improve the efficiency of the public transport system. It is found that CRTRN is gradually expanding following the southwest direction (with the migration distance of nearly 200 km), the distribution of routes is more balanced, and the number of network communities is steadily decreasing (it dropped from 30 communities in 2009 to 25 in 2019), making various regions become closely connected. However, it can also be found that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the CRTRN is strongly affected, and the network structure becomes relatively loose and chaotic (the number of communities became 30). To protect the railway networks, the CRTRN system should pay more attention to stations with high node degree values; if they get disturbed, more areas will be affected. The corresponding research conclusions can provide some theoretical and practical support for the construction of the rail transit network in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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18 pages, 35480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seeking Ways for Dealing with the Impacts of Sandstorms on the Railway Network in Saudi Arabia

by Hamad Almujibah, Ahmed Elamary and Mamdooh Alwetaishi

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9436; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14159436 - 01 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4633

Abstract

Sandstorms that cause shifting dunes are a huge technical challenge in the development of the railway network in Saudi Arabia, and are known as one of the most concerning atmospheric aspects. In this case, the weather or climate change makes railways more problematic and costly in Saudi Arabia compared to other countries. The purpose of this article is to develop Saudi Arabia’s rail system in order to overcome environmental difficulties and obstacles such as wind–sand flow behavior and other impediments (e.g., camels) by constructing obstructions such as protective walls and dykes. Theoretical analysis is used to investigate the major components that influence wind velocity and density. The wind velocity in the majority of the locations in Saudi Arabia was employed as a control value in this study, which was based on the Saudi building standard SBC301. Sandstorm protection is best achieved by combining four different building solutions, including ditches, dykes, trees, and concrete barriers. The site parameters, such as sand particle size, air velocity, and the required downwind strip distance, all influence which of the four recommended approaches is optimal. From this study, it is concluded that the wind speed at the height of interest (barrier height) should be calculated using wind shear exponents ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 depending on the topography and surface roughness aspects. A new equation based on two parameters,

Q_{1}

and n, as a function of the wind shear exponent is suggested to predict the percentage of wind velocity increase (

V_{i n c %}

) over the barriers. This study found that the protected distance between the downwind strip and the receiver might be anywhere between 20 and 40 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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27 pages, 8241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Graphical Method for Designing the Horizontal Alignment and the Cant in High-Speed Railway Lines Aimed at Mixed-Speed Traffic

by Ali Alqatawna, Santos Sánchez-Cambronero, Inmaculada Gallego and Juan Miguel López-Morales

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8377; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14148377 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

To realize the design of mixed-traffic railway lines, the choice of radius must ensure a comfortable ride for passenger vehicles, safe freight transport, and acceptable maintenance costs of vehicle wheels and railway infrastructure. This is not a straightforward task, and what is worse, there is a worldwide lack of clear criteria to limit the design parameters involved in the geometric definition of high-speed railway lines. The proof of this is the great number of technical standards (or recommendations) that are applied depending on the period of time, the administrations involved, or the technicians in charge. If the line is going to be aimed at mixed-speed traffic, this indetermination is even more severe, as the different type of trains that are forecasted to use the tracks (with different loads, speeds, etc.) should affect the limits of the design parameters. To begin to solve this problem, this paper aimed (1) to analyze the design parameters and limitation defined in several technical standards that are used to design high-speed railway lines, (2) to propose a graphical method for designing the horizontal alignment (the cant, the radius, and the clothoid), and (3) to apply the method to a real example to compare our proposed design with the original project for a case study in Spain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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12 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ticket Allocation Optimization of Fuxing Train Based on Overcrowding Control: An Empirical Study from China

by Yu Wang, Xinghua Shan, Hongye Wang, Junfeng Zhang, Xiaoyan Lv and Jinfei Wu

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7055; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14127055 - 09 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1246

Abstract

At the peak of passenger flow, some passengers extend travel sections, which will be likely to lead to overcrowding of high-speed railway (HSR) trains. Therefore, the problem of train overcrowding control needs to be considered in ticket allocation. Firstly, by simulating the passenger demand function and utility function, an optimization model of ticket allocation for multiple trains and multiple stops with the goal of maximizing revenue is constructed. Secondly, the concepts of the travel extension coefficient and risk coefficient are introduced, the number of passengers is estimated under the risk coefficient as the probability, and the total number of passengers on the train arriving at any station is obtained. Thus, preventing the number of passengers on the train from exceeding the train capacity is introduced to the ticket allocation optimization model of multiple trains and multiple stops as a constraint. Finally, this model is solved by the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The research results show that the idea of controlling passenger numbers so as not to exceed train capacity based on ticket allocation proposed in this paper has strong practical feasibility. By reasonably and accurately allocating the tickets to the departure terminal section and long-distance terminal sections, it can ensure that, even if there are some passengers extending their travel section, the train will not be overcrowded under a certain probability, improving the train safety and passenger travel experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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18 pages, 3472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination and Comparative Analysis of Critical Velocity for Five Objects of Railway Vehicle Class

by Krzysztof Zboinski and Milena Golofit-Stawinska

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6649; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14116649 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1218

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to determine the critical velocities for five railway vehicle objects and to find possible generalizations of these results. It is done in the context of increasing the safety of travel on modern railways. The article discusses four methods of determining these velocities, and then the results obtained, mainly using one of the methods, are presented in tabular and graphical form. The chosen method is supplemented with the second one when higher accuracy or certainty is necessary. Finally, the results are discussed and the similarities and differences between them for different groups of railway vehicle class objects are shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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15 pages, 1644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Railway Market Liberalisation: European Union Perspective

by Kristijan Solina and Borna Abramović

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4657; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14084657 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3837

Abstract

Network activities are an essential part of the economy. They represent services of general economic interest and include electronic communication, electricity, postal and railway services. At the end of the 1980s, the European Commission brought forward legislative proposals to open the monopolistic service markets of general economic interest. In that way, states would prepare the legislation to liberalise services, and state-owned monopolistic enterprises would adapt to the new conditions in the market. State-owned railway companies were megalomanic, exerting a triple role of managing the railway infrastructure and service facilities and providing railway transport services. In the early 1990s, the European Union (EU) adopted new legislation that would open the railway freight transport market. This initiated a new era of the railway. Separation of the functions within state own monopolistic companies into infrastructure management and railway undertakings quickly became a reality, paving the way for new railway freight operators. EU directives are implemented differently throughout the EU, which leads to various solutions. We have analysed various scientific and professional sources to understand better different correlations between the traffic parameters of the railway freight transport market. The key parameters were: (1) number of new undertakings, (2) ton-kilometres, (3) infrastructure charges and (4) quantity of transported goods. This paper researches the current state of the railway freight transport market and aims to define the shortcomings in the analyses of the impact of railway liberalisation on freight transport. Our research pointed out the need for seeing a broader picture of state interventions and infrastructure manager independence in the context of preventing market marginalisation. In addition, we have concluded that a number of the new undertakings is not a crucial parameter for understanding the railway freight transport market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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13 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization for Sustainable Train Shunting Services Using DMAIC Cycle

by Mohammed Alshamlan, Aos Alzahrani, Musaad BinYousef, Abdelhakim Abdelhadi, Khaled Akkad and Rakan Alyamani

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1719; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031719 - 02 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2236

Abstract

Railway operations is a complicated field that requires a specialized team to operate trains safely and effectively. The focus of this paper was on a Middle Eastern-based railway company to understand the current train shunting process at the north–south passenger line and investigate possible issues in order to resolve them. The aim of this paper is to go through the DMAIC cycle and use it to define, measure, analyze and recommend improvements to enhance and control the current process. The results show that the bottleneck process can be greatly improved and optimized by fixing the root causes identified by the cause and effect diagram, which should positively contribute to increasing the overall performance of train operations and provide more time to maintain the trains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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19 pages, 4981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on a Prediction Method for Passenger Waiting-Area Demand in High-Speed Railway Stations

by Yangliu Cao, Hongzhi Guan, Tao Li, Yan Han and Junze Zhu

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1245; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031245 - 22 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2332

Abstract

The rapid development of intelligent transportation systems and high-speed railways has shortened the waiting time of passengers and the demand for waiting areas. Large-scale stations not only increase the difficulty for passengers when traveling but also waste a great deal of land resources and construction funds. Therefore, this research analyzes passenger waiting area demand according to the characteristics of urban development, passenger travel characteristics and station departure passenger flow. This paper establishes a prediction model for the number of passengers spending time in the waiting room, taking into account passenger traffic and train departure timetables. We used Beijing South Railway Station, Xi’an North Railway Station, Hefei South Railway Station and Zhoukou East Railway Station as examples to predict the numbers of passengers spending time in waiting rooms of different types and scales of station. Research results show that shortening the length of passengers’ early arrival times can effectively reduce the number of passengers gathered in medium-sized stations, which are located in new first-tier cities. Under the influence of the urban traffic environment and passenger flow, the uncertainties regarding travel time and passenger flow in first-tier cities are lower than those in new first-tier cities and higher than those in third-tier and fourth-tier cities. Therefore, the waiting area demand of passengers departing from medium-sized stations in new first-tier cities is lower than that of passengers from large stations in first-tier cities, and higher than that of passengers from small stations in third-tier and fourth-tier cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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11 pages, 2049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Framework of Prediction Model for Mid- to Long-Term Performance Changes of Urban Railway Facilities Based on Performance Evaluation Reports

by Jonghyeob Kim, Jae-Goo Han, Goune Kang and Kyung-Ho Chin

Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13397; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313397 - 03 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1128

Abstract

To maintain railway facilities in an appropriate state, systematic management based on mid- and long-term maintenance plans through future performance prediction must be carried out. To this end, it is necessary to establish and utilize a model that can predict mid- to long-term performance changes of railway facilities by predicting performance changes of individual sub-facilities. However, predicting changes in the performance of all sub-facilities can be difficult as it requires large volumes of data, and railway facilities are a collection of numerous sub-facilities. Therefore, in this study, a framework for a model that can predict mid- to long-term performance changes of railway facilities through analysis of continuously accumulated performance evaluation results is proposed. The model is a system with a series of flows that can classify performance evaluation results by individual sub-facilities, predict performance changes by each sub-facility using statistical methods, and predict mid- to long-term performance changes of the facility. The developed framework was applied to 36,537 sub-facilities comprising 12 lines of two urban railways in South Korea to illustrate the model and verify its applicability and effectiveness. This study contributes in terms of its methodology in establishing a framework for predicting mid- to long-term performance changes, providing the basis for the development of an automated model able to continuously predict performance changes of individual sub-facilities. In practical terms, it is expected that railway facility managers who allow trade-off between reliability and usability can contribute to establishing the mid- to long-term maintenance plans by utilizing the model proposed in this study, instead of subjectively building them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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23 pages, 3679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and Recommendations for a Fossil Free Future for Track Work Machinery

by Martina Zeiner, Matthias Landgraf, Dieter Knabl, Bernhard Antony, Víctor Barrena Cárdenas and Christian Koczwara

Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11444; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132011444 - 16 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3030

Abstract

Current railway track work machinery is mainly operated with diesel fuel. As a result, track maintenance of Austrian Federal Railways (OeBB) amounts to nearly 9000 t CO₂ equivalent per year according to calculations from Graz University of Technology. OeBB’s total length of railway lines only accounts for 0.56% of the world’s length of lines. This indicates huge potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions considering the need for track maintenance worldwide. Environmental concerns have led to the introduction of alternative drives in the transport sector. Until now, R&D (Research & Development) of alternative propulsion technologies for track work machinery has been widely neglected. This paper examines the possibility of achieving zero direct emissions during maintenance and construction work in railways by switching to alternative drives. The goal is to analyze alternative propulsion solutions arising from the transport sector and to assess their applicability to track work machinery. Research results, together with a calculation tool, show that available battery technology is recommendable for energy demands lower than 300 kWh per construction shift. Hydrogen fuel cell technology is an alternative for energy demands higher than 800 kWh. For machinery with energy requirements in between, enhancements in battery technology are necessary and desirable for the coming years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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28 pages, 10040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Holistic Analysis of Train-Vehicle Accidents at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings in Florida

by Prashant Singh, Junayed Pasha, Amir Khorram-Manesh, Krzysztof Goniewicz, Abdolreza Roshani and Maxim A. Dulebenets

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 8842; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13168842 - 07 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

Highway-rail grade crossing (HRGC) accidents pose a serious risk of safety to highway users, including pedestrians trying to cross HRGCs. A significant increase in the number of HRGC accidents globally calls for greater research efforts, which are not limited to the analysis of accidents at HRGCs but also understanding user perception, driver behavior, potential conflicting areas at crossings, effectiveness of countermeasures and user perception towards them. HRGC safety is one of the priority areas in the State of Florida, since the state HRGCs experienced a total of 429 injuries and 146 fatalities between 2010 and 2019 with a significant increase in HRGC accidents over the last years. The present study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the HRGCs that experienced accidents in Florida over the last years. The databases maintained by the Federal Rail Administration (FRA) are used to gather the relevant information for a total of 578 crossings that experienced at least one accident from 2010 to 2019. In contrast with many of the previous efforts, this study investigates a wide range of various factors, including physical and operational characteristics of crossings, vehicle and train characteristics, spatial characteristics, temporal and environmental characteristics, driver actions and related characteristics, and other relevant information. The outcomes of this research will help better understanding the major causes behind accidents at the HRGCs in the State of Florida in a holistic way by considering a variety of relevant factors, which will assist the appropriate stakeholders with implementation of safety improvement projects across the state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Maintenance of Railway Systems)

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