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Space Weather in the Sun–Earth System

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A special issue of Universe (ISSN 2218-1997). This special issue belongs to the section "Space Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 September 2022) | Viewed by 12317

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Essam Ghamry

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
Interests: space geophysics; observational ground magnetic, electric and space weather; magnetosphere and ionosphere; non-seismological earthquake precursors; lithospheric magnetic field model
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Nurul Shazana Binti Abdul Hamid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2. Space Science Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Interests: space and earth electromagnetism- space weather; ionospheric; earthquake study; astronomy; computational physics- signal processing; fractal analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Zheng Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Institute of Space Weather, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, NO. 219, Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
Interests: nitric oxide cooling in lower thermosphere; ionosphere and middle atmosphere coupling; thermospheric and ionospheric storms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The disturbances in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, atmosphere, and at the Earth's surface basically come from space weather’s impact on the Sun–Earth System. Space weather is controlled by solar flares, solar energetic particles, coronal mass ejections, corotating interaction regions and high-speed streams of the solar wind from coronal holes.

This Special Issue aims to cover all general contributions regarding the Sun–Earth system. Contributions regarding space weather, magnetospheric physics, ionospheric, lithospheric coupling are highly recommended. New papers on co- and pre-seismic and electromagnetic anomalies observed from the ground as well as from the near space environment will also be welcomed.

The ongoing satellite missions in the magnetosphere and ionosphere (including Van Allen Probes, THEMIS, MMS, Cluster, Swarm, Arase, CSES, Cosmic, Metop missions, etc.) along with ground-based observations have led to significant progress in our understanding of the dynamics of charged particles in the inner magnetosphere of the Earth. Moreover, we encourage contribution examining the space environment’s effects on the performance and lifetime of spacecraft as well as GPS/GNSS RO applications.

This Special Issue welcomes papers on space weather research including magnetic storms/substorms, ULF waves, ionospheric irregularity, long-term analysis, observations and modelling, seismo-ionospheric and electromagnetic anomalies and signatures before and/or after strong earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.

Prof. Dr. Essam Ghamry
Dr. Nurul Shazana Binti Abdul Hamid
Dr. Zheng Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Universe is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

solar flares and coronal mass ejection
magnetospheric physics
ionospheric studies and LEO satellites
GPS/GNSS RO applications
earthquake precursors
lithospheric modelling

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 7679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiscale Features of Magnetic Field Fluctuations and Field-Aligned Currents in the Polar Ionosphere: A Case Study

by Giuseppe Consolini, Paola De Michelis, Tommaso Alberti, Igino Coco, Fabio Giannattasio, Michael Pezzopane and Roberta Tozzi

Universe 2022, 8(12), 610; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe8120610 - 22 Nov 2022

Viewed by 885

Abstract

Complexity is a typical feature of space plasmas that may involve the formation of multiscale coherent magnetic and plasma structures. The winding features (pseudo-polarization) of magnetic field fluctuations at different spatial scales are a useful quantity in this framework for investigating complexity in space plasma. Indeed, a strong link between pseudo-polarization, magnetic/plasma structures, turbulence and dissipation exists. We present some preliminary results on the link between the polarization of the magnetic field fluctuations and the structure of field-aligned currents in the high-latitude ionosphere. This study is based on high-resolution (50 Hz) magnetic field data collected on board the European Space Agency Swarm constellation. The results show the existence of a clear link between the multiscale coarse-grained structure of pseudo-polarization and intensity of the field-aligned currents, supporting the recent findings according to which turbulence may be capable of generating multiscale filamentary current structures in the auroral ionosphere. This feature is also examined theoretically, along with its significance for the rate of energy deposition and heating in the polar regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Weather in the Sun–Earth System)

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16 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Index to Describe the Response of Geomagnetic Disturbance to the Energy Injection from the Solar Wind

by Ming-Xian Zhao, Jing-Song Wang and Xiao-Wei Zhao

Universe 2022, 8(10), 506; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe8100506 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1200

Abstract

In this paper, we establish a new non-dimensional global geomagnetic disturbance index

J_{p}^{G}

In this paper, we establish a new non-dimensional global geomagnetic disturbance index

J_{p}^{G}

by applying the spectral whitening method to the horizontal components of geomagnetic fields observed at eight ground-based stations distributed at low and middle latitudes during years 1998 to 2014. This index can describe the development of geomagnetic storms and its relationship with the Dst index has been verified, which gives a correlation coefficient (CC) of about 0.72. We also check the response of

J_{p}^{G}

to the arrival of upstream solar wind energy based on a proxy that the ring current injection term Q. The variation of

J_{p}^{G}

in course of geomagnetic storms is similar to the variation of Q, and the recorded minimum values of Q (

Q_{m i n}

) and

J_{p}^{G}

(

{J_{p}^{G}}_{m i n}

) for 30 great storms yields a relatively better CC of about 0.82. These results illustrate that

J_{p}^{G}

can effectively depict the storm evolution and is well related to the associated Q in amplitude, which provides an alternative means of geomagnetic storm forecasting. In addition, we note that the time difference between

Q_{m i n}

and

{J_{p}^{G}}_{m i n}

, as well as the time difference when

J_{p}^{G}

recovers from

{J_{p}^{G}}_{m i n}

to half and/or one-third of its value, are shorter than those of the corresponding Dst index. And especially, for multiple storms that occurred continuously on a short time scale, the recovery of the Dst index to a quiet period level can be affected by the following solar wind energy input, while the

J_{p}^{G}

index does not and exhibits independently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Weather in the Sun–Earth System)

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15 pages, 3339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Space Weather Effects from Observations by Moscow University Cubesat Constellation

by Andrey V. Bogomolov, Vitaliy V. Bogomolov, Anatoly F. Iyudin, Valery E. Eremeev, Vladimir V. Kalegaev, Irina N. Myagkova, Vladislav I. Osedlo, Vasiliy L. Petrov, Oleg Y. Peretjat’ko, Mikhail I. Prokhorov, Sergey I. Svertilov, Yury K. Zaiko, Ivan V. Yashin, Vitaliy Y. Prokop’ev, Aleksey S. Styuf, Sergey V. Krasnopeev and Aleksandr P. Papkov

Universe 2022, 8(5), 282; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe8050282 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1936

Abstract

Moscow State University is developing a project for a multi-satellite constellation intended for the monitoring of space radiation. A number of small satellites of CubeSat format were launched into selected orbits crossing the wide range of magnetic drift shells. The primary scope for the project is the operational monitoring of near-Earth’s radiation environment, i.e., fluxes of electrons and protons of Earth’s radiation belts and energetic particles of solar and galactic origin. To date, there are four CubeSat satellites operating in near-Earth orbits, which deliver scientific and telemetric data. Thus, for the first time, a unique multi-satellite constellation has been implemented, which makes it possible to simultaneously measure the particle and quantum fluxes at different areas in the near-Earth space using the same type of instruments. A special compact detector of gamma quanta and energetic charged particles (electrons and protons) DeCoR has been developed to carry out radiation monitoring by CubeSats. With their help, observations of various effects of space weather have been made. These effects include a variety of electron fluxes in the outer belt during geomagnetic activity in late November–early December 2021, filling of polar caps by solar energetic particles accelerated in flares occurring in late October–early November, and the existence of stable electron fluxes near the geomagnetic equator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Weather in the Sun–Earth System)

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12 pages, 3816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significant Variations of Thermospheric Nitric Oxide Cooling during the Minor Geomagnetic Storm on 6 May 2015

by Zheng Li, Meng Sun, Jingyuan Li, Kedeng Zhang, Hua Zhang, Xiaojun Xu and Xinhua Zhao

Universe 2022, 8(4), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8040236 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1923

Abstract

Using observations by the SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) instrument on board the TIMED (Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite and simulations by the TIEGCM (Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model), we investigate the daytime variations of thermospheric nitric oxide (NO) cooling during the geomagnetic storm on 6 May 2015. The geomagnetic storm was minor, as the minimum Dst was −28 nT, the maximum Kp was 5+ and the maximum AE was 1259 nT. However, significant enhancements of peak NO cooling rate and prominent decreases in the peak NO cooling altitude were observed from high latitudes to low latitudes in both hemispheres on the dayside by the SABER instrument. The model simulations underestimate the response of peak NO cooling and have no significant variation of the altitude of peak NO cooling rate on the dayside during this minor geomagnetic storm. By investigating the temporal and latitudinal variations of vertical NO cooling profiles inferred from SABER data, we suggest that the horizontal equatorward winds caused by the minor geomagnetic storm were unexpectedly strong and thus play an important role in inducing these significant daytime NO cooling variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Weather in the Sun–Earth System)

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11 pages, 1857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kelvin–Helmholtz Waves on the Magnetopause at the Lunar Distances under Southward IMF: ARTEMIS Observations

by Yue Zhou, Jianyong Lu and Ming Wang

Universe 2022, 8(4), 209; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe8040209 - 26 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1545

Abstract

The Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability, a common phenomenon widely observed at the magnetopause, plays an important role in plasma transport while reconnection at low latitude is less efficient during the northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). In this study, we analyze the magnetic field and plasma observations obtained by the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon’s Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft located near the lunar orbit and find KH waves under the southward IMF at the lunar-orbit magnetopause. We also calculate the dominant period, phase velocity, and wavelength of the KH waves and further compare this event with the KH waves seen at the flank magnetopause under the southward IMF, which indicates that the wavelength increases as the distance from the subsolar point increases. The observations also show that the KH waves at lunar distance under the southward IMF are characterized by irregularity and intermittence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Weather in the Sun–Earth System)

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14 pages, 5371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of NeQuick-2 and IRI-Plas 2017 Models during Solar Maximum Years in 2013–2014 over Equatorial and Low Latitude Regions

by Kenneth Iluore, Jianyong Lu, Francisca Okeke and Kesyton Oyamenda Ozegin

Universe 2022, 8(2), 125; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe8020125 - 13 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

This paper carries out a comparative investigation of the Total Electron Content (TEC) values calculated by using the NeQuick-2 and IRI-Plas 2017 models. The investigation was carried out for the solar maximum year of 2013–2014 with data from eight GPS stations within the equatorial and low latitude regions. The results show that both models agree quite well with the observed TEC values obtained from GPS measurements in all the stations, although with some overestimations and underestimations observed during the daytime and nighttime hours. The NeQuick-2 model, in general, performed better in months, seasons, and in most of the stations when the IRI-Plas overestimates the GPS-TEC. However, it is interesting to know that with an increase in solar activity in some seasons, the quality of forecasting IRI-Plas can improve, whereas for the NeQuick-2 model, it decreases, but this is not true for all the seasons and all the stations. Factors causing the discrepancies in the IRI-Plas data model might be caused by the plasmaspheric part included in the IRI, and it is found to be maximum at the MBAR (34%) station, whereas that of the NeQuick-2 data model is found to be maximum at the ADIS (47.7%) station. There is a latitudinal dependence for both models in which the prediction error decreases with the increasing latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Weather in the Sun–Earth System)

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