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Water
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Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use
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Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 18650

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Marco Guida

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Guest Editor
Department of Biology, Hygiene Laboratories: Water, Food, Environment, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Interests: environmental hygiene; mineral, thermal, waste water; food hygiene; microbial contaminations; wastewater treatments
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giusy Lofrano

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Biology DCB, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
Interests: advanced oxidation processes, water reuse, nanotechnology, wastewater disinfection, antibiotic resistance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giovanni Libralato

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Guest Editor
Department of Biology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
Interests: aquatic (eco)toxicology; nano(eco)toxicology; toxicant effects on populations; factors modifying toxicity; inorganic water chemistry; wastewater treatment; soil and sediment remediation; recovery and reuse of by-products; water reuse
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Sixto Malato

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Guest Editor
Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT. Ctra. Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain
Interests: heterogeneous and homogeneous (photo-Fenton) photocatalysis; solar photoreactors; solar disinfection; photocatalysts evaluation; wastewater treatment; microcontaminants elimination; photofuels production by photocatalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Sanjay K. Sharma, FRSC

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, JECRC University, Jaipur, India
Interests: green Chemistry, water Pollution and prevention, biopolymers, ultrasound and sonochemistry, corrosion chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Urban wastewater management and reuse represent a major challenge for economic development and public health. Water scarcities and potential water crises are pushing societies to strengthen water recycle, reuse, saving, and preservation. Demographic growth and economic development will further exacerbate water shortages in the near future further, increasing water demand. At the same time, wastewater is expected to contain huge amounts of new and complex contaminants, like contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), which are always more difficult to treat. Most of these contaminants are only partially removed by current technologies in existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). As a consequence, they can be released in the aquatic environment or spread into the soil, entering the food chain, especially when wastewater is reused for agricultural purposes. In particular, antibiotics and anti-microbial products can lead to direct serious effects on human health due to the widespread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes. These new challenges are pushing urban wastewater treatment towards advanced technologies that are able to increase treated wastewater safety, supporting their reuse. Advanced oxidation processes are promising technologies for removing contaminants, including CECs, but still present some drawbacks like energy cost, by-product formation, reactor geometry optimization, and residual toxicity.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Recent advances in the application of AOPs to wastewater treatment and reuse;
  • New materials for the application of AOPs;
  • Hybrid treatments;
  • Removal of contaminants of emerging concern by AOPs;
  • Geometry optimization;
  • Toxicity reduction.

Prof. Marco Guida
Dr. Giusy Lofrano
Prof. Giovanni Libralato
Prof. Sixto Malato
Prof. Sanjay Sharma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Advanced oxidation processes
  • Wastewater management
  • Wastewater treatment
  • Wastewater reuse
  • Contaminants of emerging concern

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1568 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Microbial Communities of Bottled Mineral Waters and Preliminary Traceability Analysis Using NGS Microbial Fingerprints
by Federica Carraturo, Carmela Del Giudice, Mariacristina Compagnone, Giovanni Libralato, Maria Toscanesi, Marco Trifuoggi, Emilia Galdiero and Marco Guida
Water 2021, 13(20), 2824; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13202824 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3181
Abstract
The microbiological monitoring of mineral bottled waters results is crucial for the prevention of outbreaks in consumers. European and International regulations establish the quality of water intended for human consumption in order to preserve human health from the negative effects deriving from water [...] Read more.
The microbiological monitoring of mineral bottled waters results is crucial for the prevention of outbreaks in consumers. European and International regulations establish the quality of water intended for human consumption in order to preserve human health from the negative effects deriving from water contamination. Advanced methods targeting the faster detection of potential pathogens in drinking water may consent to the creation of an early warning system, enhancing water quality management. This study aimed to suggest the implementation of standard water quality evaluations, based on the characterization of the microbial composition of mineral bottled water brands, contributing to the periodic control of the water’s microbiological stability along with the shelf life, and, consequently, the stability of the supplying sources. Bottled water microbiota analysis was combined with the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of microbial loads in time, and the monitoring was performed in two seasons and two different storage conditions for a total of sixty days. The employment of molecular microbiology techniques (NGS and Sanger sequencing), compared to standardized cultural methods and integrated with metagenomic analysis, combining chemical and physical indicators for each sample, allowing for the generation of specific fingerprints for mineral bottled waters, pointing at simplifying and improving the foreseen risk assessment strategies to ensure the adequate traceability, quality and safety management of drinking water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use)
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11 pages, 1624 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic ZnO-Assisted Degradation of Spiramycin in Urban Wastewater: Degradation Kinetics and Toxicity
by Davide Anselmo Luigi Vignati, Giusy Lofrano, Giovanni Libralato, Marco Guida, Antonietta Siciliano, Federica Carraturo and Maurizio Carotenuto
Water 2021, 13(8), 1051; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13081051 - 11 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2073
Abstract
The removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remains a challenge to promote safe wastewater reuse practices. Macrolides are the most abundant antibiotics detected in untreated wastewater and their concentration in WWTPs effluents is only partially reduced by [...] Read more.
The removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remains a challenge to promote safe wastewater reuse practices. Macrolides are the most abundant antibiotics detected in untreated wastewater and their concentration in WWTPs effluents is only partially reduced by conventional treatments. Among several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), photocatalysis has demonstrated the capability to effectively remove pharmaceuticals from different aqueous matrices. Recently, ZnO has emerged as an efficient, promising, and less expensive alternative to TiO2, due to its photocatalytic capability and attitude to exploit better the solar spectrum than TiO2. In this study, the behaviors of ZnO photocatalysis were evaluated using a representative macrolide antibiotic, spiramycin (SPY), in aqueous solutions and urban wastewater. After 80 min of photocatalysis, 95–99% removal of SPY was achieved at 1 g L−1 ZnO concentrations in aqueous solutions and wastewater, respectively. After treatment, the effluent toxicity, evaluated using the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, and the crustacean Daphnia magna ranged between slight acute and high acute hazard. Filterable and ultrafilterable Zn concentrations were quantified in treated effluents and shown to be high enough to contribute to the observed toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use)
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24 pages, 3600 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Performance of a Lab-Scale Water Treatment Plant Using Non-Thermal Plasma Technology
by Stefan Schönekerl, Astrid Weigert, Stephan Uhlig, Katharina Wellner, Richard Pörschke, Christel Pfefferkorn, Karsten Backhaus and André Lerch
Water 2020, 12(7), 1956; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w12071956 - 09 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3391
Abstract
In this study, a lab-scale plant was designed to treat water in continuous flow condition using non-thermal plasma technology. The core was an electrode system with connected high-voltage (HV) pulse generator. Its potentials and limitations were investigated in different experimental series with regard [...] Read more.
In this study, a lab-scale plant was designed to treat water in continuous flow condition using non-thermal plasma technology. The core was an electrode system with connected high-voltage (HV) pulse generator. Its potentials and limitations were investigated in different experimental series with regard to the high-voltage settings, additions of oxygen-based species, different volume flow rates, and various physical-chemical properties of the process water such as conductivity, pH value, and temperature. Indigo carmine, para-Chlorobenzoic acid, and phenol were chosen as reference substances. The best HV settings was found for the voltage amplitude Û = 30 kV, the pulse repetition rate f = 0.4–0.6 kHz, and the pulse duration tb = 500 ns with an energy yield for 50% degradation G50, which is of 41.8 g∙kWh−1 for indigo carmine, 0.32 g∙kWh−1 for para-Chlorobenzoic acid, and 1.04 g∙kWh−1 for phenol. By adding 1 × 10−3 mol∙L−1 of oxygen, a 50% increase in degradation was achieved for para-Chlorobenzoic acid. Conductivity is the key parameter for degradation efficiency with a negative exponential dependence. The most important species for degradation are hydroxyl radicals (c ≈ 1.4 × 10−8 mol∙L−1) and solvated electrons (c ≈ 1.4 × 10−8 mol∙L−1). The results show that the technology could be upgraded from the small-scale experiments described in the literature to a pilot plant level and has the potential to be used on a large scale for different applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use)
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19 pages, 1611 KiB  
Article
Fate of Diclofenac and Its Transformation and Inorganic By-Products in Different Water Matrices during Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode
by Carolin Heim, Mohamad Rajab, Giorgia Greco, Sylvia Grosse, Jörg E. Drewes, Thomas Letzel and Brigitte Helmreich
Water 2020, 12(6), 1686; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w12061686 - 12 Jun 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2711
Abstract
The focus of this study was to investigate the efficacy of applying boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes in an electrochemical advanced oxidation process, for the removal of the target compound diclofenac (DCF) in different water matrices. The reduction of DCF, and at the same [...] Read more.
The focus of this study was to investigate the efficacy of applying boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes in an electrochemical advanced oxidation process, for the removal of the target compound diclofenac (DCF) in different water matrices. The reduction of DCF, and at the same time the formation of transformation products (TPs) and inorganic by-products, was investigated as a function of electrode settings and the duration of treatment. Kinetic assessments of DCF and possible TPs derived from data from the literature were performed, based on a serial chromatographic separation with reversed-phase liquid chromatographyfollowed by hydophilic interaction liquid chromatography (RPLC-HILIC system) coupled to ESI-TOF mass spectrometry. The application of the BDD electrode resulted in the complete removal of DCF in deionized water, drinking water and wastewater effluents spiked with DCF. As a function of the applied current density, a variety of TPs appeared, including early stage products, structures after ring opening and highly oxidized small molecules. Both the complexity of the water matrix and the electrode settings had a noticeable influence on the treatment process’s efficacy. In order to achieve effective removal of the target compound under economic conditions, and at the same time minimize by-product formation, it is recommended to operate the electrode at a moderate current density and reduce the extent of the treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use)
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14 pages, 1701 KiB  
Article
Hydrothermal Enhanced Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Activated Peroxydisulfate Oxidation of Chloramphenicol in Aqueous Solutions: Fe-Speciation Analysis and Modeling Optimization
by Lie Yang, Hong Li, Jianming Xue, Liuyang He, Yongfei Ma, Li Wu and Zulin Zhang
Water 2020, 12(1), 131; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w12010131 - 31 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2676
Abstract
The efficiencies of the nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and hydrothermal and nZVI-heat activation of peroxydisulfate (PS) were studied for the decomposition of chloramphenicol (CAP) in aqueous solutions. The nZVI heat combined with activation of PS provided a significant synergistic effect. A central composite [...] Read more.
The efficiencies of the nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and hydrothermal and nZVI-heat activation of peroxydisulfate (PS) were studied for the decomposition of chloramphenicol (CAP) in aqueous solutions. The nZVI heat combined with activation of PS provided a significant synergistic effect. A central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to explore the influences of single parameter and interactions of selected variables (initial pH, PS concentration, nZVI and temperature) on degradation rates with the purpose of condition optimization. A quadratic model was established based on the experimental results with excellent correlation coefficients of 0.9908 and 0.9823 for R2 and R2adj. The optimized experimental condition for 97.12% CAP removal was predicted with the quadratic model as 15 mg/L, 0.5 mmol/L, 7.08 and 70 °C for nZVI dosage, PS, initial pH, and temperature, respectively. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of RSM for the modeling and prediction of CAP removal processes. In the optimal condition, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were the predominant solid products after reactions based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which could also act as the activators along with the reaction. Overall, it could be concluded that hydrothermal enhanced nZVI activation of PS was a promising and efficient choice for CAP degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use)
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11 pages, 1298 KiB  
Article
Degradation of Micropollutants by UV–Chlorine Treatment in Reclaimed Water: pH Effects, Formation of Disinfectant Byproducts, and Toxicity Assay
by Chi Wang, Zhian Ying, Ming Ma, Mingxin Huo and Wu Yang
Water 2019, 11(12), 2639; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11122639 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3571
Abstract
The utilization of reclaimed water is a reliable and sustainable approach to enhance water supply in water-deficient cities. However, the presence of micro-organic pollutants (MPs) in reclaimed water has potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we investigated [...] Read more.
The utilization of reclaimed water is a reliable and sustainable approach to enhance water supply in water-deficient cities. However, the presence of micro-organic pollutants (MPs) in reclaimed water has potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 12 target MPs in the influent and reclaimed water collected from a local wastewater treatment plant, and the ultraviolet (UV)–chlorine process was applied to analyze its ability to remove MPs. The results showed that all 12 MPs were detected in both the influent and the reclaimed water, with the concentrations ranging from 25.5 to 238 ng/L and 8.6 to 42.5 ng/L, respectively. Over 52% of all the target MPs were readily degraded by the UV–chlorine process, and the removal efficiency was 7.7% to 64.2% higher than the corresponding removal efficiency by chlorination or UV irradiation only. The degradation efficiency increased with the increasing initial chlorine concentration. The pH value had a slight influence on the MP degradation and exhibited different trends for different MPs. The formation of known disinfectant byproducts (DBPs) during the UV–chlorine process was 33.8% to 68.4% of that in the chlorination process, but the DBPs’ formation potentials were 1.3 to 2.2 times higher. The toxicity assay indicated that UV–chlorine can effectively reduce the toxicity of reclaimed water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Urban Wastewater Treatment and Re-use)
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