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A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Farming Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2021) | Viewed by 38631

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Prof. Dr. Yehoshua (Shuki) Saranga

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R.H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Dear Colleagues,

Ongoing and projected climate change towards higher temperatures, greater aridity, and more frequent erratic climate events have become a major threat to agricultural sustainability. Concurrently, a significant increase in food production will be required to meet the demands of the expanding human population. Hence, the agricultural community is facing its ever-greatest challenge: increasing production under expanding aridity. Coping with this challenge requires improving productivity of major crops, alongside increasing crop diversity and developing new crops highly adapted to arid conditions. In this respect, both crops grown in new areas or for new uses, as well as newly domesticated plant species are considered new crops. The introduction of any new crop requires comprehensive studies of various aspects, including management, physiology, genetics, breeding, yield production, quality, and utilization. In the context of this Special Issue, the characteristics of crop adaptation to arid conditions are also highly important.

In this Special Issue, we aim to exchange knowledge on any aspect related to new crops for arid regions, thus facilitating their introduction and improving crop production in these harsh environments.

Prof. Dr. Yehoshua (Shuki) Saranga
Guest Editor

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Keywords

New crops
Domestication
Agronomy
Physiology
Genetics
Yield
Quality
Drought
Heat
Salinity

Published Papers (13 papers)

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13 pages, 2044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Steps to Domesticate Hairy Stork’s-Bill (Erodium crassifolium) as a Commercial Pharmaceutical Crop for Arid Regions

by Ofer Guy, Shabtai Cohen, Hinanit Koltai, Moran Mazuz, Moran Segoli and Amnon Bustan

Agronomy 2021, 11(9), 1715; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11091715 - 27 Aug 2021

Viewed by 1316

Abstract

Hairy stork’s-bill (Erodium crassifolium) (HSB) is one of the few Geraniaceae species that produce tubers. While HSB tubers were occasionally used as a food source by desert nomads, they have not yet been taken up in the modern kitchen. Recently, HSB tubers were recognized as harboring potential to become an industrial pharmaceutical crop. The objective of this study was to determine a set of agricultural practices that would maximize the yield of the bioactive compounds of the present HSB genetic material. A generous and consistent irrigation regime of about 700 mm season⁻¹ increased tuber yield and size. The optimal plant density on sandy soils was 16–20 plants m⁻². Mineral nutrition, applied through fertigation, increased tuber yield from 0.6 to almost 1 kg m⁻². Source-sink manipulations (consistent pruning of the reproductive organs) almost doubled the tuber yield. During 10 years of research, the adopted agricultural practices increased yield by an order of magnitude (from about 0.2–2.0 kg m⁻²) without any dilution of the bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, further research and development are required to achieve HSB potential as an industrial field crop, including selection and breeding of outstanding infertile clones, optimization of fertigation, and development of various concrete pharmaceutical products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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16 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tef (Eragrostis tef) Responses to Phosphorus and Potassium Fertigation under Semi-Arid Mediterranean Climate

by Moshe Halpern, Kelem Gashu, Isaac Zipori, Yehoshua Saranga and Uri Yermiyahu

Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1588; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11081588 - 10 Aug 2021

Viewed by 1636

Abstract

Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) is an annual small grain, panicle bearing, C₄ cereal crop native to Ethiopia, where it is a major staple food. The objectives of the present study were to characterize the responses of two tef genotypes to escalating phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels and to determine an optimum range for P and K at which tef performance is maximized. Two experiments were carried out in the Gilat Research Station, each testing two different genotypes of tef (405B and 406W), one experiment in pots in controlled conditions, and the other in the field. In both experiments, the highest grain yield increased until 6 mg L⁻¹ P, and declined at 12 mg L⁻¹ P. The decline was precipitous and significant in the pot experiment, and gradual and statistically insignificant in the field experiment. In the pots experiment, the grain yield increased until 40 mg L⁻¹ K, with no significant decrease thereafter. The effect of K concentration was only seen in the grain yield and not in the size of the other plant organs. In the field experiment, grain yield was highest at 80 mg L⁻¹ K, but it was not statistically different from 40 mg L⁻¹. The effect of K on growth was only apparent at maturity and not at flowering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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17 pages, 3024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Traditional Food to Functional Food? Evaluation of Malvaceae Species as Novel Food Crops

by Loai Basheer, Eyal Ben-Simchon, Alisa Cohen and Oren Shelef

Agronomy 2021, 11(7), 1294; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11071294 - 26 Jun 2021

Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Diversification of local food production can streamline supply chains, and ultimately increase food security. Research often focuses on improving existing crops by selection and by agro-technology rather than searching for novel crops. Plants that are traditionally eaten are interesting candidates for adaptation to commercialised agriculture. In this research, two Malvaceae species were explored as potential food crops, as the literature suggests Malvaceae exhibits valuable nutritional merits. This work examined Malva nicaeensis and Lavatera cretica, referred to as “Khubeza” (or “Hubeza”) as a generic term. The plants were experimentally cultivated in two different locations, their leaves were collected, and nutritive values compared. Khubeza leaves exhibited similar or better nutritive value to that of spinach, used here as a reference product. Thus, we conclude that “Khubeza” has potential to enhance food security, expand economic implementation, and to overall diversify agriculture, making it more resilient in the face of projected changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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17 pages, 5407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floral and Pollen Traits of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori Provide Reproductive Adaptations for Arid Conditions

by Yiftach Vaknin, Dan Eisikowitch and Adina Mishal

Agronomy 2021, 11(6), 1090; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11061090 - 27 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3172

Abstract

Our study attempted to elucidate the significance of floral and pollen traits of the highly nutritious tropical trees Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina for their reproductive success under arid conditions. We found that the pollen grains of both species were immersed in a pollenkitt that constituted ~60% of the pollen. Successful pollination was achieved by large bees inserting the pollen into a narrow stylar tube. We found that, upon removal of the pollenkitt, approximately 65% fewer pollen grains penetrated the stylar tube for both species. The pollenkitt protected against heat and desiccation, while removing the pollenkitt resulted in significantly reduced levels of the viability of pollen grains, especially in M. oleifera, and significantly reduced levels of germinability in both species. The stylar tube provided high protection for pollen grains against heat and desiccation even when the pollenkitt was removed. Chemical analysis of pollenkitts of the two species revealed a waxy blend of 21 hydrocarbon compounds, in which n-alkanes constituted >90% of the compounds and their identity corresponded to known plant and animal hydrocarbons, associated with protection against heat and water stress. We concluded that, under arid conditions, the reproductive success of both Moringa species is potentially enhanced by their unique floral and pollen traits. This supports the prospect of cultivating M. oleifera and Moringa peregrina as food crops in arid regions across the globe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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13 pages, 2810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contrasting Responses of Guar Genotypes Shed Light on Multiple Component Traits of Salinity Tolerance Mechanisms

by Devinder Sandhu, Andrew Pallete, Manju V. Pudussery and Kulbhushan K. Grover

Agronomy 2021, 11(6), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061068 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2579

Abstract

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is a legume crop, and gum derived from its seeds has various industrial applications. Due to its tolerance to various abiotic stresses, guar can be grown under water-deficit or high-salinity conditions. In this investigation, four diverse guar genotypes that performed at a similar level in field conditions were evaluated in a salinity experiment in the greenhouse lysimeter system. Based on the salt tolerance index (STI) for shoot biomass, root biomass, shoot length, and root length, Matador and PI 268229 were classified as salt-tolerant, and PI 340261 and PI 537281 as salt-sensitive. Leaf Na concentrations were 4- to 5.5-fold higher, and leaf Cl concentrations were 1.6- to 1.9-fold higher in salt-sensitive lines than salt-tolerant lines under salinity. The strong associations between the leaf K concentrations under salinity compared to the control (K-salinity/K-control) ratio and STI for stem and root length advocate higher importance of K-salinity/K-control than total leaf K concentrations. The expression analyses of genes involved in Na⁺ and Cl⁻ transport revealed the importance of different component traits of salinity tolerance mechanisms, such as the exclusion of Na⁺/Cl⁻ from the root, sequestration of Cl⁻ in root vacuoles, retrieval of Na⁺/Cl⁻ from xylem during salinity stress, root-to-shoot Na⁺/Cl⁻ translocation, and K⁺-Na⁺ homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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14 pages, 1753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Weed Management for the New Super-Forage Moringa oleifera

by Itai Shulner, Evyatar Asaf, Zohar Ben-Simhon, Miri Cohen-Zinder, Ariel Shabtay, Zvi Peleg and Ran Nisim Lati

Agronomy 2021, 11(6), 1055; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11061055 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2578

Abstract

Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa hereafter) is cultivated as a new summer super-forage field crop in Israel, yet no weed control protocol has been developed for it. The objective of the study was to develop an integrated weed management (IWM) practice for the moringa agro-system in arid and semi-arid regions like the Mediterranean basin. We tested various herbicides applied pre (PRE) and post (POST) crop emergence and cultivation methods for weed control, with an emphasis on crop safety. The PRE herbicides were the most effective and safe control mean. Their application resulted in minor (<5%) crop fresh weight reductions and weed cover area, compared with the control. The POST herbicides were also effective, yet their crop safety level was lower and non-consistent in some treatments. Generally, the finger weeder was less effective than the herbicide treatments and caused higher fresh weight reduction. However, this means was more effective when applied at earlier stages. Management and environmental conditions had a high impact on the moringa growth; hence, these aspects should be considered. Our results show the potential use of different herbicides and non-chemical tools and set the basis for a future IWM protocol for moringa. The wide range of options offered here can ensure economic and environmentally viable solutions for this new crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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10 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetative and Reproductive Response to Fruit Load in Two Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Cultivars

by Aviad Perry, Noemi Tel-Zur and Arnon Dag

Agronomy 2021, 11(5), 889; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11050889 - 01 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1670

Abstract

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a wax crop cultivated mainly in arid and semi-arid regions. This crop has been described as an alternate-bearing plant, meaning that it has a high-yield year (“on-year”) followed by a low-yield year (“off-year”). We investigated the effect of fruit load on jojoba’s vegetative and reproductive development. For two consecutive years, we experimented with two high-yielding cultivars—Benzioni and Hazerim—which had opposite fruit loads, i.e., one was under an on-year load, while the other was under an off-year load simultaneously. We found that removing the developing fruit from the shoot during an off-year promotes further vegetative growth in the same year, whereas in an on-year, this action has no effect. Moreover, after fruit removal in an on-year, there was a delay in vegetative growth renewal in the consecutive year, suggesting that the beginning of the growing period is dependent on the previous year’s yield load. We found that seed development in the 2018 season started a month earlier than in the 2017 season in both cultivars, regardless of fruit load. This early development was associated with higher wax content in the seeds. Hence, the wax accumulation rate, as a percentage of dry weight, was affected by year and not by fruit load. However, on-year seeds stopped growing earlier than off-year seeds, resulting in smaller seeds and an overall lower amount of wax per seed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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14 pages, 6207 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sowing Date and Genotype Influence on Yield and Quality of Dual-Purpose Barley in a Salt-Affected Arid Region

by Ehab S. A. Moustafa, El-Sayed E. A. El-Sobky, Hossam I. A. Farag, Mohamed A. T. Yasin, Ahmed Attia, Mohamed O. A. Rady, Mohamed F. Awad and Elsayed Mansour

Agronomy 2021, 11(4), 717; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11040717 - 09 Apr 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4090

Abstract

Dual-purpose barley is an alternative approach to producing high-quality forage yield plus an acceptable grain yield in marginal environments of arid regions that are characterized by lack of forage. Field experiment was performed in two consecutive growing seasons at an arid region affected by salinity in irrigation water and soil at Western Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. The study aimed to optimize sowing date and screen salt-tolerant barley genotypes that perform better in terms of forage yield and quality as well as grain and biomass yield production in salt-affected environment. Sowing dates, genotypes, and their interaction significantly impacted most of the studied variables such as forage yield, crude protein yield, and grain and biomass yields. The early sowing in late October yielded higher than intermediate sowing in mid-November and late sowing in early December. Some of the tested genotypes performed better than others as indicated by about 50% higher forage yield, 6% crude protein content, 39% grain and 21% biological yields (total aboveground dry matter), suggesting higher adaptation capacity. Interestingly, grain and biological yields did not differ significantly between dual-purpose approach and grain-only pattern. In conclusion, dual-purpose barley was found favorable for producing grain and forage production in similar environments under early sowing date. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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16 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Sowing Depth of Tef for Irrigated Mediterranean Conditions: From Laboratory to Field Studies

by Shiran Ben-Zeev, Shane Kerzner, Onn Rabinovitz and Yehoshua Saranga

Agronomy 2020, 10(12), 1983; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy10121983 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

Developing new crops adapted to arid conditions is a promising approach to meet the increasing demand for food production under expanding aridity. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a C4 cereal crop cultivated mainly in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, and known for its high resilience to stressful environments. Due to their tiny size, tef seeds are traditionally sown by broadcasting and lightly covering with soil. Under semiarid Mediterranean conditions, a deeper sowing may guarantee seedling establishment while saving on irrigation water. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the effects of sowing depth on tef emergence, development, lodging, and productivity. Tef seeds were sown at different depths in test tubes and pots, and in two field experiments. In tubes and pots, time from sowing to emergence increased about twofold and emergence rate decreased in the deepest sowing (3 cm) treatment compared to controls (0 cm). In the pot and field trials, deep sowing (3 cm) significantly reduced plant height, shoot and root biomass, and lodging. Sowing depths of 1–2 cm allowed successful plant establishment while not exacting penalties on plant emergence or development; hence this range appears to be optimal for sowing irrigated tef. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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19 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tef (Eragrostis tef Trotter) Responses to Nitrogen Fertigation under Semi-Arid Mediterranean Climate

by Kelem Gashu, Moshe Halpern, Isaac Zipori, Amnon Bustan, Yehoshua Saranga and Uri Yermiyahu

Agronomy 2020, 10(12), 1870; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy10121870 - 27 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2750

Abstract

Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter (tef) is a small annual grain, panicle-bearing, C₄ cereal crop native to Ethiopia, where it is a major staple food. The objectives of the present study were to characterize the responses of two tef genotypes to escalating nitrogen (N) levels in terms of shoot, root, and grain biomass production, N concentration and uptake, and to determine an optimum N range at which tef performance is maximized. The N was applied in the irrigation water (Fertigation) in order to provide a consistent concentration of N in the root zone. A second goal was to test the feasibility of growing tef in the hot, arid conditions of the Northern Negev Desert. Two experiments were carried out in the Gilat Research Station (Negev region, Israel), each testing two different genotypes of tef (405B and 406W), and each including five replicates for each treatment. In the winter of 2015–2016, tef plants were grown in perlite filled pots in a walk-in plastic-covered tunnel. Five different N treatments were applied through fertigation, meaning the fertilizer was applied with the irrigation water (10, 20, 40, 80, 120 mg L⁻¹). All other nutrients were applied at the same sufficient rate. In the summer of 2016, tef plots were sown in open-field and applied with four different rates of N fertilization (0, 30, 60, 120 mg L⁻¹). Biomass of the different plant parts, SPAD values, N, P and K concentration, and the lodging index were recorded in each experiment. The harvest index was also calculated. Optimum N fertigation concentration in both experiments was between 40 and 80 mg L⁻¹, under which the time to flowering was decreased, and yield and grain protein concentration were optimized. Underfertilization caused a decrease in overall plant growth, whereas overfertilization caused an increase in vegetative growth at the expense of grain yield. Potassium uptake increased along with increased N availability, whereas P uptake did not. The fertilization rate will always need to take into account local soil and climate conditions. The field experiment also pointed to low harvest index as a major limitation on tef cultivation in the Northern Negev. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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Review

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13 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cultivation of Desert Truffles—A Crop Suitable for Arid and Semi-Arid Zones

by Asuncion Morte, Varda Kagan-Zur, Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas and Yaron Sitrit

Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1462; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11081462 - 22 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4504

Abstract

Desert truffles are edible hypogeous (forming fruit bodies below ground) fungi that grow in semi-arid and arid areas. They are highly valued for both their culinary and medicinal properties in the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and the Gulf areas. Desert truffles form mycorrhizae mostly with plants belonging to the Cistaceae family, mainly with Helianthemum species. These truffles are still, usually, collected from the wild, but loss of habitats due to urbanization, desertification, intensive agriculture and global warming, along with an urgent need to develop new crops adapted to arid conditions, are currently hastening efforts towards their domestication. Here, we sum up the successful research leading to cultivation of this crop, based on plots that were established in sandy to silt soils with high pH values and low mineral contents. We report suitable methods for production of mycorrhized seedlings and preferred planting methods. We found that under natural conditions yields are affected by water availability, so irrigation regimes to ensure good yields were sought. Although good yields were indeed obtained in some years, fluctuations in yields over the years were significant; the reasons for this are not entirely clear and are currently under study. This crop is particularly well suited to relatively marginal conditions but prospects for establishment of desert truffles as a niche crop for arid and semi-arid areas depend on further improvements in yields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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10 pages, 475 KiB

Open AccessReview

Forage Potential of Non-Native Guinea Grass in North African Agroecosystems: Genetic, Agronomic, and Adaptive Traits

by Mohamed Ali Benabderrahim and Walid Elfalleh

Agronomy 2021, 11(6), 1071; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11061071 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4122

Abstract

Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq., renamed Megathyrsus maximus Jacq.) is a native forage plant in Africa of great economic value, but it was introduced in almost all tropical countries as a source of animal forage. Over the last decade, it was introduced in North arid regions of Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) through authorized and unauthorized ways. It has two reproduction modes through sexual and apomictic ways. Besides its ability to provide high nutritive forage, guinea grass could affect the oases agroecosystems diversity due to its genetic aspects (apomixis and autotetraploidy) and eco-physiological traits (allelopathy effect and resistance to abiotic stress). That is why a review of genetic and eco-physiologic aspects of guinea grass is essential to investigate its potential introduction and management in new regions, particularly in arid and semiarid zones. In this paper, we review the most important traits of this plant that should be considered (polyploidy, apomixis, allelopathic effect, drought and salinity resistance, and invasion) for the potential success of guinea grass in integrated systems of forage/livestock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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11 pages, 3021 KiB

Open AccessReview

Do We Need New Crops for Arid Regions? A Review of Fruit Species Domestication in Israel

by Yosef Mizrahi

Agronomy 2020, 10(12), 1995; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy10121995 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2762

Abstract

Climatic changes have created the imminent need for the development of new crops for arid regions. We started to domesticate and introduce wild and exotic fruit trees to our deserts in 1984. We tested different species in five eco zones in Israel, differing from each other in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures, type and degrees of salinities, water evaporation rates, rainfall, etc. We succeeded in cultivating pitaya species using hybrids from the Hylocereus and Selenicereus genera, and with a different species from the Cactaeae Cereus peruvianus, which we named Koubo. These two species are from the Cactaceae family, known for high water use efficiencies (WUE). We already have investors who started the semi-commercial production of Marula, Sclerocarya birrea sbsp. Caffra, and Argan—Argania spinosa. In spite of the fact that we developed good clones and knowledge of how to grow and ship White Sapote, Casimiroa edulis, and Indian jujube, Ziziphus mauritiana, we failed due to a lack of marketing research and development, which is essential for such a project. We have gene banks of some other new fruit crops waiting for investors to grow and bring them into the domestic and world markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Crops for Arid Regions)

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