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Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies

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A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 38729

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Barbara Kot

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Guest Editor

Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
Interests: antimicrobial resistant bacteria; resistance genes, bacterial adhesion; biofilms; uropathogenic E. coli; Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA; natural bioactive compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Piotr Szweda

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Guest Editor

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Interests: bacteria and yeast drug resistance; staphylococcus aureus; Candida spp.; bee products; essential oils; peptidoglycan hydrolases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common and dangerous bacterial infections in humans. The antibiotic therapy is an important part of the therapeutic strategy for UTIs but in recent years UTIs are becoming more challenging due to increasing resistance to routinely applied antibiotics. The increase of antibiotic resistance and appearance of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens in UTIs is associated with high rates of inadequate antibiotic empirical therapies. Increasing frequency of MDR, especially in developing countries, result in excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides which also increases the cost of treatment and hospitalization. The knowing of regional differences concerning uropathogens responsible for UTIs and their antibiotic susceptibility is crucial for public health and important in empirical therapy to promote proper use of the existing chemotherapeutics. In addition, there is a great need to find new antimicrobial agents, alternative to antibiotics or additional prophylactic strategies to control UTIs, including biofilm formation in urinary tract and on urinary catheters. Among these innovative agents, phytochemicals, preventive vaccines, probiotics, bacteriophages and nanoparticles seem to be the most promising.

In this Special Issue the manuscripts presenting all aspects of the problem of drug resistance of uropathogens as well as innovative approaches for treatment of UITs are welcome.

Dr. Barbara Kot
Dr. Piotr Szweda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Uropathogenes
Antibiotic resistance of uropathogenes
Treatment of UTIs
Prevention of UTIs, Alternative to antibiotics methods of treatment and prophylactic of UTIs

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Doesn’t Kill Them Makes Them Stronger: The Impact of the Resistance Patterns of Urinary Enterobacterales Isolates in Patients from a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Europe

by Ionela-Larisa Miftode, Maria-Antoanela Pasare, Radu-Stefan Miftode, Eduard Nastase, Claudia Elena Plesca, Catalina Lunca, Egidia-Gabriela Miftode, Amalia-Stefana Timpau, Luminita Smaranda Iancu and Olivia Simona Dorneanu

Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 548; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11050548 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2588

Abstract

(1) Background: The evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the factors that make infectious pathology an extremely dynamic field, also inducing a significant burden on public health systems; therefore, continuous updates on the bacterial resistance to antibiotics and their particular regional patterns is crucial for the adequate approach of various infectious diseases. (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 354 patients with Enterobacterales urinary tract infections (UTIs), determined their antibiotic resistance pattern, thus aiming to correlate them with the outcome and other specific markers of poor prognosis. (3) Results: The most frequent causative agent was Escherichia coli, representing 64.6% of all UTIs. We identified 154 patients resistant to multiple antibiotic classes, of which 126 were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 17 were extensive drug-resistant (XDR) and 11 were pandrug-resistant (PDR). Moreover, 25 isolates were resistant to carbapenems (CRE), 25 were difficult-to-treat (DTR), and 84 were extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC), with only 95 isolates susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Mortality ranged from 1% for UTIs caused by isolates susceptible to all tested antibiotics, to 24% for the ones caused by DTR or CRE isolates. Other significant risk factors associated with mortality were: prolonged hospital stay (p = 0.0001), Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 3 (p = 0.02), urinary catheterization (p = 0.001), associated respiratory pathologies (p = 0.004), obesity (p = 0.047), a history of previous hospitalizations (p = 0.007), inappropriate empiric antibiotic regimen (p = 0.001), or hyper inflammatory status (p = 0.006). Basically, we observed that a multiple regression model comprising urinary catheterization, inappropriate empiric anti-biotherapy, obesity, and respiratory comorbidities exhibits the best correlation with mortality rate in patients with UTI (R = 0.347, R² = 0.12). (4) Conclusions: By focusing on the novel resistance patterns, our study provides complementary evidence concerning the resistance profiles found in an Eastern European region, as well as their prognostic implications in patients with UTI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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14 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the COVID Pandemic Modify the Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens in Female Patients? A New Storm?

by Cristian Mareș, Răzvan-Cosmin Petca, Aida Petca, Răzvan-Ionuț Popescu and Viorel Jinga

Antibiotics 2022, 11(3), 376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11030376 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2394

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a common pathology among female patients, leading to overprescribing antibiotics, globally. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically increased the incidence of this particular viral pneumonia with secondary bacterial superinfection, resulting in continuous therapeutic or prophylactic recommendations of antibiotic treatment; thus, an updated analysis of current antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens is mandatory. This cross-sectional retrospective study conducted in two university hospitals in Bucharest, Romania analyzed 2469 positive urine cultures, among two different periods of 6 months, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli 1505 (60.95%), followed by Klebsiella spp. 426 (17.25%). Enterococcus spp. was the leading Gram-positive pathogen 285 (11.54%). In gram negative bacteria, in almost all cases, an increased in resistance was observed, but the highest increase was represented by quinolones in Klebsiella spp., from 16.87% to 35.51% and Pseudomonas from 30.3% to 77.41%; a significant increase in resistance was also observed for carbapenems. Surprisingly, a decrease in resistance to Penicillin was observed in Enterococcus spp., but the overall tendency of increased resistance is also maintained for gram positive pathogens. The lack of data on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on uropathogens’ resistance promotes these findings as important for every clinician treating UTIs and for every specialist in the medical field in promoting reasonable recommendations of antibiotic therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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9 pages, 898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin Versus Moxifloxacin for the Initial Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection

by Hideo Kato, Mao Hagihara, Nobuhiro Asai, Jun Hirai, Yuka Yamagishi, Takuya Iwamoto and Hiroshige Mikamo

Antibiotics 2022, 11(3), 353; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11030353 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3146

Abstract

Mycoplasma genitalium is recognized as a remarkable pathogen since azithromycin-resistant strains and treatment failure have been increasingly reported. Nevertheless, international guidelines still recommend azithromycin as a first-line treatment and moxifloxacin as a second-line treatment. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to validate the efficacy and safety of both drugs in the initial treatment of M. genitalium. We systematically searched the EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Ichushi, and CINAHL databases up to December 2021. We defined efficacy as clinical and microbiologic cure, and safety as persistent diarrhea. Overall, four studies met the inclusion criteria: one showed clinical cure (azithromycin treatment, n = 32; moxifloxacin treatment, n = 6), four showed microbiologic cure (n = 516; n = 99), and one showed safety (n = 63; n = 84). Moxifloxacin improved the microbiologic cure rate compared with azithromycin (odds ratio [OR] 2.79, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–7.35). Clinical cure and safety did not show a significant difference between azithromycin and moxifloxacin treatments (OR 4.51, 95% CI 0.23–88.3; OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.21–1.83). Our meta-analysis showed that moxifloxacin was more effective than azithromycin at eradicating M. genitalium infections and supports its preferential use as a first-line treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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12 pages, 1481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recurring Cystitis: How Can We Do Our Best to Help Patients Help Themselves?

by Sarah Ben Hadj Messaoud, Elisa Demonchy and Véronique Mondain

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 269; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11020269 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2023

Abstract

Recurrent cystitis (RC) has rarely been studied; its management varies and research on a holistic approach of these patients is scarce. We attempted to characterize patients suffering from RC and investigated their current care pathways, aiming to offer customized and autonomous management. In this paper, we present a descriptive, single-center, cross-sectional study of women presenting with RC at an infectious disease (ID) clinic. A questionnaire was developed and was completed by ID physicians during patient visits. From October 2016 to January 2019, 202 women were included (mean age 59 years). Sexual intercourse, stress and diarrhoea/digestive symptoms were reported as trigger factors by 35%, 34% and 19% of patients, respectively. A majority (54%) were at risk for complications and were those more exposed to inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions. In total, 56% of women suffered from more than 10 episodes/year and 48% suffered from relapses, mainly due to E. coli. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) was a frequent complaint (74.5% of women). Fluoroquinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporins were prescribed in 38% and 30% of women, respectively. Most women wished for non-antimicrobial approaches and autonomy. Patients require comprehensive, tailored care in order to benefit from a broader range of treatment options in compliance with recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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13 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Fosfomycin-Trometamol in Male Urinary Tract Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales

by Kévin Bouiller, Souheil Zayet, Paul-Emile Lalloz, Anaïs Potron, Vincent Gendrin, Catherine Chirouze and Timothée Klopfenstein

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11020198 - 03 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3676

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial drugs to treat male urinary tract infection (UTI) with multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales are limited. We studied oral fosfomycin-trometamol (FT) in this situation. The objective was to assess the clinical cure rate in patients presenting UTIs treated with oral FT. Methods: We conducted a single-center observational retrospective study from January 2017 to August 2018. The primary endpoint was clinical cure; and the secondary endpoints were incidence of recurrences, oral FT safety, and microbiological cure. Results: Sixteen male patients were included, presenting 21 UTI episodes. Fourteen patients (88%) have at least one underlying urologic disorder. We described 4 episodes of acute UTI and 17 episodes of chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP). Sixteen out of twenty-one Enterobacterales were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producers and all the patients presented a resistance to fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In acute UTI, the regimen was a daily dose of oral FT for a mean duration of 2.5 weeks (+/−7.0 days). Clinical and microbiological recovery was achieved in all patients, with no recurrence after 5.3 months follow-up on average (+/−10.4 days). In CBP, the regimen was one oral dose of fosfomycin every 24–48 h, for a mean duration of 5.5 weeks/UTI episodes (+/−15.3 days). Clinical and microbiological recovery was found in 16/17 cases. Seven of the twelve patients with CBP had relapsed and 3/12 had had a new episode of infection after an average follow-up of 5.8 months. Only 6/21 of patients presented minor or moderate adverse effects, such as digestive disorders. Conclusions: FT could be an alternative option to carbapenems in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales infections for male UTIs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

10 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Antimicrobial Resistance on the Course of Symptoms in Female Patients Treated for Uncomplicated Cystitis Caused by Escherichia coli

by Marie Soees Waldorff, Lars Bjerrum, Anne Holm, Volkert Siersma, Christine Bang, Carl Llor and Gloria Cordoba

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 188; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11020188 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2102

Abstract

Background: Resistance to the prescribed antibiotic causes a longer duration of symptoms in patients with urinary tract infection. Yet, a study found that patients infected with trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) had a prolonged duration of symptoms even if treated with an antibiotic to which the strain was susceptible. The purpose of this study was to attempt to reproduce this finding in a different cohort. Methods: We analyzed data from two studies from general practice in the Capital Region of Denmark including patients from 2014 to 2016. The primary outcome was the severity of frequency and dysuria. The secondary outcome was the number of days until symptoms had disappeared. Results: We included 180 women treated for uncomplicated cystitis caused by E. coli. We found that 16.11% (n = 29) of the E. coli strains were resistant to all of the three selected antibiotics (ampicillin, sulfamethizole and trimethoprim). There was no significant difference in severity or time until the symptoms had disappeared between women infected with resistant or susceptible E. coli. Conclusions: Strains of E. coli resistant to ampicillin, sulfamethizole and trimethoprim causing uncomplicated cystitis do not result in more severe symptoms or a longer symptom duration if treated with an antibiotic to which they are susceptible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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14 pages, 3771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Essential Oil Compounds against New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1-Producing Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains

by Paweł Kwiatkowski, Monika Sienkiewicz, Agata Pruss, Łukasz Łopusiewicz, Nikola Arszyńska, Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko, Anna Kilanowicz, Barbara Kot and Barbara Dołęgowska

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11020147 - 24 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4183

Abstract

The World Health Organization points out that the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae that causes various infections among others, urinary tract infections (UTIs), is one of the high-priority species due to a global problem of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of chosen constituents of essential oils against NDM-1-producing, uropathogenic K. pneumoniae strains. The genes encoding lipopolysaccharide (uge, wabG), adhesin gene fimH (type I fimbriae) and gene encoding carbapenemase (bla_NDM-1) for all tested strains were detected by PCR amplification. The K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-2473 reference strain was uge- and bla_NDM-1-positive. The effectiveness of fifteen essential oil compounds (EOCs) (linalool, β-citronellol, linalyl acetate, menthone, (−)-menthol, (+)-menthol, geraniol, eugenol, thymol, trans-anethole, farnesol, β-caryophyllene, (R)-(+)-limonene, 1,8-cineole, and carvacrol) was assessed by determining the MIC, MBC, MBC/MIC ratio against K. pneumoniae strains by the microdilution method. Anti-biofilm properties of these compounds were also investigated. Thymol, carvacrol and geraniol exhibited the best antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against uropathogenic NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae isolates. Results of our investigations provide a basis for more detailed studies of these phytochemicals on their application against uropathogenic K. pneumoniae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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11 pages, 1933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Lisa Marie Kolodziej, Sacha Daniëlle Kuil, Menno Douwe de Jong and Caroline Schneeberger

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 140; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11020140 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2610

Abstract

The aim of this cohort study was to identify resident-related factors that influence antibiotic treatment decisions for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing home residents and to provide an overview of the appropriateness of antibiotic treatment decisions according to the updated Dutch guideline for UTIs in frail older adults. The PROGRESS study dataset, consisting of 298 suspected UTI episodes in Dutch nursing home residents, was used. The presence of dysuria was associated with the highest frequency of antibiotic prescription (87.8%). Positive leukocyte esterase dipstick results showed the greatest increase in the risk of antibiotic prescription (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.06). Treatment decisions were considered adequate in 64.1% of the suspected UTI episodes. Overtreatment occurred more often than undertreatment. Of the inadequate treatment decisions, 29.3% was due to treatment of UTI episodes in which solely non-specific symptoms were present. A high proportion of nitrofurantoin prescriptions were incorrect in UTIs with signs of tissue invasion (54.8%), indwelling catheter-associated UTIs (37.5%), and UTIs in men (29.2%). Although this is considered inadequate, non-specific symptoms were associated with antibiotic prescription for suspected UTIs in Dutch nursing home residents and nitrofurantoin was inadequately prescribed in particular groups, such as men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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12 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Guideline Adherence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Could Be Improved among General Practitioners in The Netherlands: A Survey Study

by Tessa M. Z. X. K. van Horrik, Bart J. Laan, Tamara N. Platteel and Suzanne E. Geerlings

Antibiotics 2022, 11(1), 75; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11010075 - 09 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1432

Abstract

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a common finding in certain populations. This study assessed general practitioners’ (GPs’) knowledge about ASB and their current clinical practice regarding urine testing. Methods: An online survey was used for GPs in the Netherlands from October to December 2020. Results: In total, 99 surveys were included in the analyses. All GPs strongly agreed with the statements about their knowledge and self-confidence regarding urine diagnostics and treatment of ASB. The median knowledge score was 4 out of 6 (IQR 2 to 6). Most GPs (64 of 92; 70%) followed the guideline for the choice of urine diagnostics and reported appropriate indications for urine testing. However, 71/94 (75.5%) GPs would treat patients for ASB if they have diabetes mellitus. Further, 34 (37%) of 92 participants would inappropriately repeat a urine test after a patient was treated for a urinary tract infection (UTI). One-third of the GPs responded that ASB was insufficiently addressed within the guidelines for UTI. Conclusion: These results indicate that knowledge about ASB could be improved in primary care in the Netherlands, mainly in diabetic patients that have ASB, as well as for follow-up tests after treatment for UTI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

11 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective 8-Year Study on the Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens in Children Hospitalised for Urinary Tract Infection in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy

by Susanna Esposito, Giuseppe Maglietta, Margherita Di Costanzo, Martina Ceccoli, Gianluca Vergine, Claudio La Scola, Cristina Malaventura, Alice Falcioni, Alessandra Iacono, Antonella Crisafi, Lorenzo Iughetti, Maria Luisa Conte, Luca Pierantoni, Claudia Gatti, Caterina Caminiti, Giacomo Biasucci and on behalf of the UTI-Ped-ER Study Group

Antibiotics 2021, 10(10), 1207; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10101207 - 04 Oct 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2532

Abstract

The development and spread of antibiotic resistance is an increasingly important global public health problem, even in paediatric urinary tract infection (UTI). In light of the variability in the data, it is necessary to conduct surveillance studies to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in specific geographical areas to optimize therapeutic management. In this observational, retrospective, multicentre study, the medical records of 1801 paediatric patients who were hospitalised for UTI between 1 January 2012, and 30 June 2020, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, were analysed. Escherichia coli was the most frequently detected pathogen (75.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.5%). Overall, 840 cases (46.7%) were due to antimicrobial-resistant uropathogens: 83 (4.7%) extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, 119 (6.7%) multidrug resistant (MDR) and 4 (0.2%) extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria. Empirical antibiotic therapy failed in 172 cases (9.6%). Having ESBL or MDR/XDR uropathogens, a history of recurrent UTI, antibiotic therapy in the preceding 30 days, and empirical treatment with amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate were significantly associated with treatment failure, whereas first-line therapy with third-generation cephalosporins was associated with protection against negative outcomes. In conclusion, the increase in the resistance of uropathogens to commonly used antibiotics requires continuous monitoring, and recommendations for antibiotic choice need updating. In our epidemiological context, amoxicillin/clavulanate no longer seems to be the appropriate first-line therapy for children hospitalised for UTI, whereas third-generation cephalosporins continue to be useful. To further limit the emergence of resistance, every effort to reduce and rationalise antibiotic consumption must be implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

14 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in District Hospital in Central Poland in 2020

by Barbara Kot, Agata Grużewska, Piotr Szweda, Jolanta Wicha and Urszula Parulska

Antibiotics 2021, 10(4), 447; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10040447 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4052

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of uropathogenes causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients hospitalized in January–June 2020 in central Poland. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk-diffusion method. Escherichia coli (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.3%), E. faecium (6.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (4,3%) were most commonly isolated from urine samples. E. coli was significantly more frequent in women (58.6%) (p = 0.0089) and in the age group 0–18, while K. pneumoniae was more frequent in men (24.4%) (p = 0.0119) and in individuals aged 40–60 and >60. Gram-negative species showed resistance to ampicillin. K. pneumoniae were resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (75.0%), piperacillin plus tazobactam (76.2%), cefotaxime (76.2%), cefuroxime (81.0%), ciprofloxacin (81.0%), and trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole (81.0%). Carbapenems were effective against all E. coli and P. mirabilis. Some K. pneumoniae (13.6%) produced metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). E. coli (22.6%), K. pneumoniae (81.8%), and all E. faecium were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Some E. coli (26.2%), K. pneumoniae (63.6%), and P. mirabilis (14.3%) isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was also found. This study showed that the possibilities of UTIs therapy using available antibiotics become limited due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

Review

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13 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessReview

Whole-Person, Urobiome-Centric Therapy for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection

by Luciano Garofalo, Claudia Nakama, Douglas Hanes and Heather Zwickey

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 218; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11020218 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2670

Abstract

A healthy urinary tract contains a variety of microbes resulting in a diverse urobiome. Urobiome dysbiosis, defined as an imbalance in the microbial composition in the microenvironments along the urinary tract, is found in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). Historically, antibiotics have been used to address UTI. An alternative approach to uncomplicated UTI is warranted as the current paradigm fails to take urobiome dysbiosis into account and contributes to the communal problem of resistance. A whole-person, multi-modal approach that addresses vaginal and urinary tract dysbiosis may be more effective in reducing recurrent UTI. In this review, we discuss strategies that include reducing pathogenic bacteria while supporting commensal urogenital bacteria, encouraging diuresis, maintaining optimal pH levels, and reducing inflammation. Strategies for future research are suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

11 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessReview

Xyloglucan, Hibiscus and Propolis in the Management of Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Tommaso Cai, Umberto Anceschi, Irene Tamanini, Serena Migno, Michele Rizzo, Giovanni Liguori, Alejandro Garcia-Larrosa, Alessandro Palmieri, Paolo Verze, Vincenzo Mirone and Truls E. Bjerklund Johansen

Antibiotics 2022, 11(1), 14; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11010014 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3610

Abstract

Background: In the era of antibiotic resistance, an antibiotic-sparing approach presents an interesting alternative treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women. Our aim is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness and safety profile of a medical device containing xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis (XHP) in women with uncomplicated cystitis. Methods: Relevant databases were searched using methods recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The primary endpoint was clinical or microbiological success, defined as the complete (cure) and/or non-complete (improvement) resolution of symptoms at the end of treatment, or microbiological resolutions. Results: After screening 21 articles, three studies were included, recruiting a total of 178 patients. All three studies used placebo as comparator. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of clinical or microbiological resolution between the medical device and the comparator (3 RCTs, 178 patients, OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05–0.33; p < 0.0001). No clinically significant adverse effects have been reported. Conclusion: A medical device containing xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis is superior to comparator regimens in terms of clinical effectiveness in adult women with microbiologically confirmed or clinical suspicion of uncomplicated cystitis and is associated with a high patient compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uropathogens - Antibiotic Resistance and Alternative Therapies)

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