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Antibiotics
Special Issues
Infection Control and Antibiotic Use in Hospital
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Infection Control and Antibiotic Use in Hospital

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Stewardship".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2022) | Viewed by 8579

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rosario Cultrera

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Guest Editor
Department of Traslational Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University ‘S. Anna’ Hospital of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
Interests: antimicrobial therapy; multidrug-resistant bacteria; immunocompromised patients; human parasitic diseases; antibiotic stewardship
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Mario Tumbarello

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Interests: hospital acquired infections; MDR infections; antimicrobial stewardship
Dr. Michele Bartoletti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, BO, Italy
Interests: multidrug-resistant bacteria; immunocompromised; carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales; intensive care unit; critically ill patients; liver cirrhosis; solid organ transplantation; haematologic malignancies
Dr. Daniele Roberto Giacobbe

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; carbapenem resistance; antimicrobial stewardship
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The reduction of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) remains one of the main objectives of health policy by implementing actions aimed at the prevention and control of infections and targeted antimicrobial management programs. The COVID-19 epidemic has highlighted an increased risk of hospital infections in particular settings such as intensive care settings and at the same time better management of antimicrobials where antimicrobial stewardship programs were already underway and well-structured. HAI are of particular interest due to the antimicrobial resistance related to them, often the cause of serious clinical course and increased mortality. The spread of carbapenem-resistant strains represented and represents a worldwide emergency. Of particular interest are the infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and by Enterobacteriales carbapenem-resistant. Resistance to colistin has recently been detected in several countries, making it difficult to treat infections caused by these bacteria. Of equal importance are infections sustained by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Particularly emerging are candidemia and invasive candidiasis. Healthcare-associated infections also represent a real problem due to the high costs associated with them: some estimates assume the overall annual direct costs to hospitals in the US ranging from $ 28 to $ 45 billion. Such infections require appropriate use of antibiotics and well-structured infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs. The introduction of new antimicrobials opens up new therapeutic strategies to treat infections caused by microorganisms with a broad spectrum of resistance. In this special issue of “Antibiotics”, we intend to collect original research articles, short communications or review articles concerning infection control programs in several settings and the appropriate use of antimicrobials with particular reference to new molecules with action on multidrug-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial stewardship.

Dr. Rosario Cultrera
Prof. Dr. Mario Tumbarello
Dr. Michele Bartoletti
Dr. Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1578 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Outpatient Pediatrics at a Private Hospital in Abu Dhabi: A Clinical Audit Study
by Faris El-Dahiyat, Dalal Salah, Meriam Alomari, Abdullah Elrefae and Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
Antibiotics 2022, 11(12), 1676; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11121676 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2327
Abstract
Background: Antibiotics are commonly used in pediatrics. The aim and objectives were to evaluate the antibiotic prescribing patterns of pediatric outpatients at a private hospital in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Methods: A retrospective drug utilization review was conducted for pediatric patients aged 1–18 between [...] Read more.
Background: Antibiotics are commonly used in pediatrics. The aim and objectives were to evaluate the antibiotic prescribing patterns of pediatric outpatients at a private hospital in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Methods: A retrospective drug utilization review was conducted for pediatric patients aged 1–18 between June and December 2018. The prescriptions with inclusion criteria were reviewed and evaluated by using the WHO indicators. Results: 419 encounters included were female (50.1%). Most pediatrics were aged 4–6 years (35.3%). The average number of drugs per prescription were 4.9 drugs. The percentage of parenteral medication prescriptions was 16.9%, and with antibiotic prescriptions was 43.0%, where cefaclor was the most prescribed antibiotic (31.1%). The average consultation time was 14 min, while the average dispensing time was 9.6 min. The most common diagnosis where antibiotics were prescribed was acute pharyngitis (33.4%). There were about 60.6% with lab investigation. Conclusion: As per the WHO indicators, the pediatric outpatient department has a high rate of antibiotic use and polypharmacy, but adherence to the drug formulary and prescribing medicines using generic names was appropriate. The average time for consultation and dispensing were suitable. Irrational antibiotic use for inappropriate diagnoses such as acute otitis media and bronchiolitis were found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection Control and Antibiotic Use in Hospital)
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Review

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19 pages, 836 KiB  
Review
Place in Therapy of the Newly Available Armamentarium for Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens: Proposal of a Prescription Algorithm
by Lorenzo Volpicelli, Mario Venditti, Giancarlo Ceccarelli and Alessandra Oliva
Antibiotics 2021, 10(12), 1475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10121475 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2605
Abstract
The worldwide propagation of antimicrobial resistance represents one of the biggest threats to global health and development. Multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDROs), including carbapenem-resistant non-fermenting Gram-negatives and Enterobacterales, present a heterogeneous and mutating spread. Infections by MDRO are often associated with an unfavorable outcome, [...] Read more.
The worldwide propagation of antimicrobial resistance represents one of the biggest threats to global health and development. Multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDROs), including carbapenem-resistant non-fermenting Gram-negatives and Enterobacterales, present a heterogeneous and mutating spread. Infections by MDRO are often associated with an unfavorable outcome, especially among critically ill populations. The polymyxins represented the backbone of antibiotic regimens for Gram-negative MDROs in recent decades, but their use presents multiple pitfalls. Luckily, new agents with potent activity against MDROs have become available in recent times and more are yet to come. Now, we have the duty to make the best use of these new therapeutic tools in order not to prematurely compromise their effectiveness and at the same time improve patients’ outcomes. We reviewed the current literature on ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam and cefiderocol, focusing on antimicrobial spectrum, on the prevalence and mechanisms of resistance development and on the main in vitro and clinical experiences available so far. Subsequently, we performed a step-by-step construction of a speculative algorithm for a reasoned prescription of these new antibiotics, contemplating both empirical and targeted use. Attention was specifically posed on patients with life-risk conditions and in settings with elevated prevalence of MDRO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection Control and Antibiotic Use in Hospital)
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Other

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7 pages, 1062 KiB  
Case Report
Surveillance in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Allowed the Isolation of a Strain of VIM-Producing Pantoea brenneri
by Cristina Merla, Irene Mileto, Stefano Gaiarsa, Cristian Achille, Stefano Ghirardello, Marta Corbella, Fausto Baldanti and Patrizia Cambieri
Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 98; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics12010098 - 06 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1312
Abstract
Here, we describe the isolation of a strain of the genus Pantoea encoding a VIM carbapenemase, the first to our knowledge. The strain, isolated from a rectal swab of a 10-day-old newborn admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), was identified through [...] Read more.
Here, we describe the isolation of a strain of the genus Pantoea encoding a VIM carbapenemase, the first to our knowledge. The strain, isolated from a rectal swab of a 10-day-old newborn admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), was identified through whole-genome sequencing analyses as Pantoea brenneri. The strain harbored the carbapenemases gene blaVIM-1. The prompt application of contact measures and the isolation of the newborn prevented the dissemination of VIM-producing P. brenneri and of the plasmid carrying the VIM-1 gene to other newborns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection Control and Antibiotic Use in Hospital)
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7 pages, 455 KiB  
Brief Report
T2Bacteria and T2Resistance Assays in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis or Septic Shock: A Descriptive Experience
by Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Francesca Crea, Paola Morici, Laura Magnasco, Vincenzo Di Pilato, Federica Briano, Edward Willison, Rachele Pincino, Silvia Dettori, Stefania Tutino, Simone Esposito, Erika Coppo, Chiara Dentone, Federica Portunato, Malgorzata Mikulska, Chiara Robba, Antonio Vena, Denise Battaglini, Iole Brunetti, Lorenzo Ball, Paolo Pelosi, Anna Marchese and Matteo Bassettiadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Antibiotics 2022, 11(12), 1823; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11121823 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1223
Abstract
The use of rapid molecular tests may anticipate the identification of causative agents and resistance determinants in the blood of critically ill patients with sepsis. From April to December 2021, all intensive care unit patients with sepsis or septic shock who were tested [...] Read more.
The use of rapid molecular tests may anticipate the identification of causative agents and resistance determinants in the blood of critically ill patients with sepsis. From April to December 2021, all intensive care unit patients with sepsis or septic shock who were tested with the T2Bacteria and T2Resistance assays were included in a retrospective, single center study. The primary descriptive endpoints were results of rapid molecular tests and concomitant blood cultures. Overall, 38 combinations of T2Bacteria and T2Resistance tests were performed. One or more causative agent(s) were identified by the T2Bacteria assay in 26% of episodes (10/38), whereas negative and invalid results were obtained in 66% (25/38) and 8% (3/38) of episodes, respectively. The same pathogen detected by the T2Bacteria test grew from blood cultures in 30% of cases (3/10). One or more determinant(s) of resistance were identified by the T2Resistance assay in 11% of episodes (4/38). Changes in therapy based on T2Bacteria and/or T2Resistance results occurred in 21% of episodes (8/38). In conclusion, T2Bacteria/T2Resistance results can influence early treatment decisions in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock in real-life practice. Large, controlled studies remain necessary to confirm a favorable impact on patients’ outcomes and antimicrobial stewardship interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection Control and Antibiotic Use in Hospital)
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