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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Fluid Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 21286

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shitang Ke

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Guest Editor

Department of Department of Civil and Airport Engineering, College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Interests: disaster prevention and reduction of airport engineering; high performance materials for civil engineering; wind engineering and structural wind resistance; airport pavement design theory

Prof. Dr. Yan Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Aerospace Engineering, College of Aerodynamics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Interests: computational fluid dynamics methods and applications; drag reduction and optimal design of flight vehicles; numerical simulation of multi-phase flow; fluid–structure interaction; artificial intelligence and flow control
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is devoted to the development and applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). With the rapid development of computer science and technology, CFD has been one of the most important tools to solve complex fluid dynamics problems in both academic and engineering applications. To date, CFD has made great progresses in the development of numerical algorithms and turbulence models for complex fluid flows. CFD has also been used in a variety of disciplines including aerospace, mechanical, civil, environmental, etc., and fundamentally changes the approach to engineering simulations relevant to broad areas of fluid mechanics, wind engineering and hydrodynamics, etc.

This Special Issue intends to collect advances in methods and applications of computational fluid dynamics for the solution of problems in the sciences and engineering. The range of appropriate contributions is very broad, and includes papers on the methods and applications in all aspects of CFD, including novel numerical methods, fluid–structure interaction, engineering applications in aerospace engineering, wind engineering and hydrodynamics, and other related research fields. Novel mesh generation methods, parallel algorithms, wall-modeled and well-resolved methods, turbulent models, machine-learning algorithms in CFD, etc. are also of interest for this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Shitang Ke
Prof. Dr. Yan Wang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
numerical methods
CFD engineering applications
fluid–structure interaction
aerospace engineering
wind engineering
hydrodynamics.

Published Papers (13 papers)

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13 pages, 4012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of the Influence of the Wake of Wind Turbines with Different Scales Based on OpenFOAM

by Wenxin Tian, Hao Tie, Shitang Ke, Jiawei Wan, Xiuyong Zhao, Yuze Zhao, Lidong Zhang and Sheng Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9624; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12199624 - 25 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1373

Abstract

The wake of a wind turbine has an important influence on the output power of wind farms. Staggered height layout is an emerging method for the layout optimization of wind farms. In order to study the effect of a staggered height layout on the overall power output of wind farms in depth, we established a combination of two large wind turbines and three small wind turbines arranged laterally between the two large wind turbines, and set four working conditions with different distances between the small wind turbines and the downstream large wind turbines as the research objects. The wind turbine array is analyzed by numerical simulation The layouts add three small wind turbines between the two large wind turbines, and each row of small wind turbines has a different distance from the downstream large wind turbines. The results show that as the distance from the upstream large wind turbine increases, the power of the three small wind turbines on the downstream wind turbine tends to be positive. The numerical simulation suggests that under the inflow wind speed, the closer to the downstream large wind turbine, the higher the wind speed is at the hub height. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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26 pages, 7806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Interface-Corrected Diffuse Interface Model for Incompressible Multiphase Flows with Large Density Ratios

by Yuhao Guo, Yan Wang, Qiqi Hao and Tongguang Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9337; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12189337 - 18 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1415

Abstract

An interface-corrected diffuse interface method is presented in this work for the simulation of incompressible multiphase flows with large density ratios. In this method, an interface correction term together with a mass correction term is introduced into the diffuse-interface Cahn–Hilliard model to maintain both mass conservation and interface shapes between binary fluids simultaneously. The interface correction term is obtained by connecting the signed distance functions in the Hamilton–Jacobian equation with the order parameter of the Cahn–Hilliard model. In addition, an improved multiphase lattice Boltzmann flux solver is introduced, in which the fluxes are obtained by considering the contributions of the particle distribution functions before and after the streaming process through a local switch function. The proposed method is validated by simulating multiphase flows, such as the Laplace law, the evolution of a square bubble, the merging of two bubbles, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and a droplet impacting on a film with a density ratio of 1000. Numerical results show that the presented method can not only reduce the interface diffusion but also has good control over the interface thickness and mass conservation. The improved numerical method has great potential for use in practical applications involving multiphase flows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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14 pages, 5129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Two Streamline Curvature Correction Methods for an Elliptic Blending Turbulence Model

by Xianglong Yang, Zhenhao Liao and Lei Yang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7899; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12157899 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1660

Abstract

Using two different methods, a previously developed elliptic blending model (the original

STT k - ω - φ - α

model) is modified for sensitization to streamline curvature. One method involves modifying the dissipation term in the turbulent dissipation equation, while the [...] Read more.

Using two different methods, a previously developed elliptic blending model (the original

STT k - ω - φ - α

model) is modified for sensitization to streamline curvature. One method involves modifying the dissipation term in the turbulent dissipation equation, while the other constructs a new formulation for the turbulent kinetic energy production term based on an explicit algebraic stress model. The capabilities of the proposed models are evaluated by applying them to three flows with curved surfaces; namely, the two-dimensional (2D) infinite serpentine passage flow, the 2D U-turn duct flow, and the 2D periodic hill flow. The

STT k - ω

model with rotation and curvature correction (the

STT k - ω - C C

model) is also used for comparison. The computed results are compared with the relevant direct numerical simulation, experimental, and large eddy simulation data from the literature. It is found that the two proposed models significantly improve upon the original

STT k - ω - φ - α

model. Compared with the

STT k - ω - C C

model, the two proposed models produce better results in the 2D infinite serpentine passage flow and the 2D periodic hill flow. The proposed models are similarly competitive with the

STT k - ω - C C

model in the 2D U-turn duct flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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18 pages, 9803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aerodynamic Characteristics of Supersonic Rocket-Sled Involving Waverider Geometry

by Yuanyuan Yu, Bin Wang, Changyue Xu and Jianhong Sun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7861; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157861 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

Rocket-sleds belong to a category of large-scale test platforms running on the ground which are mainly used for launching tests of weapon equipment and performance tests of airborne equipment. In the present study, a dynamic grid method was used to simulate the running process of an axisymmetric slender rocket-sled (ASRS) and a reversed waverider rocket-sled (RWRRS). The aerodynamic characteristics were studied and the ability of the waverider to control the shockwave with the ground effect was confirmed. In addition to reducing shockwave oscillation, the RWRRS was also able to increase lift and reduce drag. By means of power spectral density analysis, the characteristic frequencies of shockwave oscillations related to shock-wave/rail-fastener interaction were analyzed and a harmonic phenomenon was observed. Furthermore, the ability of the waverider rocket-sled to reduce pressure oscillation was confirmed by comparing the sound pressure level value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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15 pages, 14215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Considering Wave Angles on the Motion Response of Oversized Floating Bodies in Offshore Airports under Irregular Wind and Wave Loads

by Lijun Wang, Shitang Ke, Wenjie Li and Jing Chen

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7651; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12157651 - 29 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1097

Abstract

Most existing studies are based on the hydroelastic response of oversized floating bodies under regular waves, ignoring the effect of wave conditions and incident wave angle on the vibration response of oversized floating bodies in real sea conditions. In this paper, the stability performance of a single module of a mega-floating body at an offshore airport was investigated by using STAR-CCM + numerical simulations based on a specific model, with the introduction of parameters under extreme random wind and wave combined sea conditions. By comparing and analyzing the distribution characteristics of the single module floating body under the action of regular waves and irregular waves, wind, and wave load, and by considering the wave angle along the flow direction, as well as the spreading direction and vertical displacement value under the action of mooring, the overall displacement amplitude of rigid displacement, elastic deformation displacement and considering the influence of both, and the distribution law of motion response along the length of the floating body, we summarize the influence of the wave angle on the dynamic response of an oversized floating body of an offshore airport. The results show that the maximum value of the hydro-elastic response tends to appear at the head and tail of the floating body, the rigid body vertical displacement dominates the role, the amplitude of all displacements of the floating body under the action of the cross wave is larger, and the stress area along the floating body is larger when the wave angle is between 15–30°. The floating body stress value is smaller with angles of 30–65°, and the ability to bear the load is stronger. The hydroelastic response under irregular wave conditions is more sensitive to the wave direction angle, and the elastic deformation has less influence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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23 pages, 7434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Non-Isothermal Mixing Flow Characteristics with ELES Method

by Chengbin Sun, Hexu Wang, Yanlong Jiang, Zhixin Zou and Faxing Zhu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7381; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12157381 - 22 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1057

Abstract

Thermal fatigue caused by turbulent thermal mixing in tee pipes is always one of the failure factors of industrial pipes. At present, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is still the main research method to study the thermal fatigue mechanism. Due to the limitations of the large eddy simulation (LES) model and the classical Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model in simulating thermal mixing, an advanced Embedded LES (ELES) model was developed. By comparing the model with data in the open literature, the validity of the ELES model to iso-thermal mixing was evaluated and proven. After that, the flow characteristics of the backflow upstream with different momentum ratios (M_R) were studied using the ELES method, as well as the temperature characteristics near the wall where the backflow appears. It was found that the characteristics of the backflow and the temperature distribution upstream in the tee were different with different M_R values and some regions under specified M_R values are found to be more prone to thermal fatigue at the intersection of the tee upstream. Moreover, the frequency analysis at specified points near the wall under three different M_R values was estimated to evaluate thermal fatigue and the results showed that long-period fluctuations of lower frequencies than 6 Hz upstream were observed. This work helps form a comprehensive understanding of the backflow in thermal mixing and the relationship between fatigue and backflow in the tee. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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28 pages, 8595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective AUSM-Type Scheme for Both Cases of Low Mach Number and High Mach Number

by Nan Li, Feng Qu, Di Sun and Guanghui Wu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(11), 5464; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12115464 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

A new scheme called AUSMAS (Advection Upstream Splitting Method for All Speeds) is proposed for both high speed and low speed simulation cases. For the cases of low speed, it controls the checkerboard decoupling by keeping the coefficient of the pressure difference to the order of O(Ma⁻¹) in the mass flux. Furthermore, it is able to guarantee a high level of accuracy by keeping the coefficients of the dissipation terms to the order of O(Ma⁰) in the momentum flux. For the cases of high speeds, especially at supersonic and hypersonic speeds, it is able to avoid the appearance of the shock anomaly by controlling the coefficients of the density perturbation in the mass flux. AUSMAS is testified to have the following attractive properties according to various numerical tests: (1) robustness against the abnormal shock; (2) high resolution in discontinuity; (3) the appearance of the unphysical expansion shock is avoided; (4) high resolution and low dissipation at low speeds; (5) independent of any tuning coefficient. These properties determined that AUSMAS has great promise in efficiently and accurately simulating flows of all speeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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13 pages, 2876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Turbulence Parameters of Typhoon Morakot along the Southeast Coast of China

by Yanru Wang, Yongguang Li, Chuanxiong Zhang, Xu Wang, Guangyu Fan, Qianqian Qi and Bin Fu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 5218; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12105218 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1165

Abstract

The southeast coastal region of China is frequently affected by typhoons. The observation station was chosen to be located on the roof of Wenzhou University’s architectural engineering building to collect real-time wind speed data during the landfalling of Typhoon Morakot to investigate the properties of the near-ground wind field of typhoons. The turbulence characteristics of the near-ground wind and its variation with time intervals are analyzed on the basis of real-time measured data. The results show that the turbulence intensity only changes with the mean wind speed under relatively low wind speeds. The gust factors exhibit a scattered distribution under low wind speeds and tend to cluster together when the wind speed exceeds 8 m/s. With increasing time intervals, the turbulence intensity and the gust factor gradually decrease. The relationship between turbulence intensity and gust factor is obtained by the measured data and then compared with the empirical formulas. The peak factor remains constant while the mean wind speed changes, but diminish as the time intervals rise. The turbulence integral scale of typhoons slightly increases with the increasing mean wind speed, and its value falls between 70 and 150. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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18 pages, 14738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wind Field Characteristics of Complex Terrain Based on Experimental and Numerical Investigation

by Yunfeng Zou, Peng Yue, Qingkuan Liu, Xuhui He and Zhen Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 5124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12105124 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1810

Abstract

With the intensification of energy consumption, how to make rational and efficient use of wind energy has been studied all over the world. The construction of facilities to obtain wind energy requires an accurate assessment of the wind characteristics of the local terrain. In order to study the wind characteristics on an island in Southeast China, a 1:1300 terrain model is established, and the characteristics of mean wind and fluctuating wind are studied by numerical simulation and wind tunnel test. The results show that wind speed is affected by the incoming wind direction and local terrain. Wind speed on windward slopes and flat areas with no obstructions is higher, and wind speed on leeward slopes and valleys is lower. Then, the wind attack angle of each measuring point is mainly in the range of −10°~10°, which is much higher than that in flat areas. The positive and negative wind attack angles are controlled by the incoming wind direction, and the size is closely related to the local terrain. As for pulsation characteristics, the disturbance of the inflow determines the turbulence intensity. The incoming wind direction mainly affects the turbulence intensity on the hillside, while the turbulence intensity in the valley and flat area is controlled by the local terrain. In addition, the fluctuating wind speed power spectra on the island is more consistent with the von Karman spectrum, which is quite different from the Kaimal spectrum. The bandwidth on hillsides and valleys will not change with the change in inflow, but for flat areas, the bandwidth is greatly affected by the inflow direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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23 pages, 13063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Typhoon-Induced Failure Process and Collapse Mechanism of Super-Large Cooling Tower Based on WRF-CFD-LS/DYNA Nesting Technology

by Hongxin Wu, Shitang Ke, Feitian Wang and Weihua Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094178 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

There have been several cases of large cooling towers being damaged by wind in history. A typhoon has the characteristics of a strong wind field energy and large shear wind speed. This paper simulates the entire collapse process of large hyperbolic cooling towers by the action of typhoons and refines the typhoon-induced failure mechanism for cooling towers. Firstly, based on WRF-CFD wind field downscaling technology, a fine simulation of the near-ground multiscale wind field produced by China’s strongest typhoon “Typhoon Rammasun” is performed to extract effective three-dimensional (3D) typhoon load input parameters. Then, by loading the obtained 3D wind load on the finite element model, a pseudo-dynamic analysis of the world’s tallest cooling tower “Luan Cooling Tower” is performed based on LS-DYNA explicit dynamic analysis, and the typhoon-induced collapse process is simulated. Finally, the stress distribution and distortions of the tower and the response time history of key units are compared and analyzed to determine the collapse mechanism. The process of collapse begins with large deformation of the windward surface of the tower throat, which shows folds in the range of 62° on both sides. Eventually, collapse occurs due to uncoordinated deformation. The collapse mechanism can be divided into a bending arch mechanism and a suspension wire mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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15 pages, 4308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Propeller Slipstream Effect on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Micro Air Vehicle at Low Reynolds Number

by Zhaolin Chen and Fan Yang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 4092; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12084092 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2098

Abstract

A numerical investigation on propeller-induced flow effects in tractor configurations on a Zimmerman wing-fuselage using the cambered thin airfoil is presented in this paper. The Reynolds number based on the mean aerodynamic chord was 1.3 × 10⁵. Significant aerodynamic performance benefits could be found for a propeller in the tractor configuration. The numerical results showed that the propeller slipstream effect on the wings was highly dependent on the size of the propeller, and the major slipstream effect was working at 60% inboard wingspan, whereas less effects were observed towards the wingtip. The propeller slipstream increased the local angle of attack on the up-going blade side. This effect simultaneously augmented the section lift. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations helped to improve understanding of the interaction of the propeller wake and the wing-fuselage, which is an important aspect to guide the design of future efficient and controllable micro air vehicles. The results indicated that, in MAV designs, the slipstream from the propeller had a significant effect on the wing aerodynamics, regarding both performance and stability of the vehicle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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12 pages, 4751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Radial Height of Helical Static Blade on the Cavitation Performance of Inducer

by Chenyu Bi and Jiawen Li

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 3897; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12083897 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1259

Abstract

Cavitation is a major concern in liquid rocket engine turbopumps, and as an effective measure to improve cavitation quality, an inducer with helical static blades has attracted attention in recent years. In order to study the effect of the radial height of helical static blades on the cavitation performance of the inducer, CFD methods based on the Reynolds-averaged N-S equation, the standard k-ε turbulent model, and the Schnerr and Sauer cavitation model are employed to analyze the cavitation flow characteristics of a certain inducer with different helical static blades. The results show that with the increase in radial height, the backflow in the flow field is enhanced. Affected by this situation, the head is improved, the efficiency is reduced, and the low-pressure zone on the suction surface at entrance is enlarged. The helical static blade can delay the channel blocking of cavitation by providing an extra channel for the extension of bubbles. However, the effectiveness is restricted because the cavitation area enlarges with the radial height of the helical static blade. Although the effect of radial height on the head and the cavitation performance is opposite, there is an optimal radial height from 0.05 to 0.125 that improves both at the same time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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Review

Jump to: Research

27 pages, 14517 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immersed Boundary Methods for Simulations of Biological Flows in Swimming and Flying Bio-Locomotion: A Review

by Yuhang Zeng, Yan Wang, Dangguo Yang and Qing Chen

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4208; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13074208 - 26 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1772

Abstract

Biological flows in swimming and flying bio-locomotion usually involve intricate flexible or rigid structures that undergo large deformations and displacements, as well as rich mechanisms of bio-fluid interactions. Immersed boundary methods (IBMs) have gained increasing prevalence in numerical investigations of such biological flow problems due to their simplicity and capability for simulating these problems on a Cartesian mesh, which does not require tedious grid-regeneration or mesh deformation processes. In recent years, the vigorous development of IBM variants has enriched numerical techniques for bionic simulations. This review focuses on the development of the IBM and its applications in the field of biological aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, including both diffuse and sharp interface IBMs. The fundamentals of the former are introduced in detail, and the hybrid Cartesian-IBM is briefly presented as one representative method of the latter. In particular, the velocity correction IBM is highlighted in the diffuse interface IBM due to its superiority in accurately satisfying no-slip boundary conditions. To shed light on the dynamic characteristics of flying and swimming behaviors with predefined or passive motion and deformation, some recent results from IBM applications are also presented. Finally, this review discusses some challenges and promising techniques in the research of bio-inspired motions based on the IBM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Methods and Applications)

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