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Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches...
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Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 54498

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kang Su Kim

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
Interests: structural analysis and design of reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PSC) structures; application of composite members; remaining service life of concrete structures; finite element analysis; large-scale testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Myoungsu (James) Shin

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Guest Editor
School of Urban and Environmental Eng., Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
Interests: seismic design; tall buildings; sustainable materials; ultrasonic technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Kil-Hee Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Architectural Engineering, Kongju National University, Chungnam 31080, Korea
Interests: application of new materials for building structures; development of hybrid materials for building structures; seismic-resistant design and retrofitting of building structures; structural reliability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Recently, composite materials such as steel–concrete, FRP, and polypropylene or steel fibers have been widely applied to concrete members for the enhancement of their flexural or shear performances, crack or deflection controllability, etc. In addition to composite materials, precast prestressed concrete members are also used to construct long-span structures, underground parking lots, large logistics warehouses, and other special structures because of their excellent structural performances and efficient applicability. In this regard, this Special Issue invites original research articles dealing with experiments and theoretical or numerical modeling of structural behavior of concrete composite members that contribute to our understanding on their performances in more detail.

The scope of this Special Issue, “Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, and Numerical Approaches”, covers every aspect of concrete composite members, including the structural behavior of reinforced concrete members with FRP, polypropylene or steel fibers, steel–concrete composite members, precast/prestressed concrete members, composite behavior between precast concrete and cast-in-place concrete, etc.

Prof. Dr. Kang Su Kim
Prof. Dr. Myoungsu (James) Shin
Prof. Dr. Kil-Hee Kim
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Composite material
  • FRP
  • Fiber
  • Steel–concrete composite member
  • Precast concrete
  • Prestressed concrete
  • Structural analysis
  • Numerical modelling
  • Experiment
  • Strengthening method

Published Papers (23 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 7214 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Out-of-Plane Seismic Performance of New Type Masonry System
by Ho Choi and Kang-Seok Lee
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11736; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112411736 - 10 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1929
Abstract
The authors developed two types of block systems, consisting only of main and key blocks, without joint mortar, to improve the in- and out-of-plane seismic performances and enhance the workability. Two types of block systems have different key block shapes. One is the [...] Read more.
The authors developed two types of block systems, consisting only of main and key blocks, without joint mortar, to improve the in- and out-of-plane seismic performances and enhance the workability. Two types of block systems have different key block shapes. One is the peanuts shape, and the other is the H shape. The proposed block systems have a half-height difference between the main and key blocks, to significantly improve seismic performance in in- and out-of-plane directions, compared to typical masonry wall with joint mortar. In this study, in order to evaluate the out-of-plane seismic performance of the proposed block systems, two types of block walls are experimentally investigated, including the typical block wall. Firstly, the shaking table tests are carried out to investigate the fundamental out-of-plane behaviors of three specimens. Next, four-point bending tests are planned to evaluate the out-of-plane seismic performance, since all specimens do not occur the out-of-plane collapse in the shaking table tests from the preliminary calculation. In this paper, the development of predominant period, profiles of acceleration and displacement, and maximum tensile strength of each specimen are discussed in detail. As a result, the maximum loads of the proposed block walls were about three to four times that of the typical block wall. This result means that the proposed block system has significantly improved seismic performance in the out-of-plane direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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13 pages, 3787 KiB  
Article
Tensile Creep of Cement and Concrete Composites: Monitoring by Means of 2D-Digital Image Correlation
by Andina Sprince, Tomass Kozlovskis, Rihards Gailitis, Juozas Valivonis, Kinga Korniejenko and Arnaud Castel
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8334; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11188334 - 08 Sep 2021
Viewed by 2017
Abstract
Creep and shrinkage of Cement and Concrete Composites (CCC) are significant properties that need to be considered to use these materials in practice. Many previous scientific studies revealed CCC creep characteristics under sustained compression and shrinkage, using traditional test methods from design standards. [...] Read more.
Creep and shrinkage of Cement and Concrete Composites (CCC) are significant properties that need to be considered to use these materials in practice. Many previous scientific studies revealed CCC creep characteristics under sustained compression and shrinkage, using traditional test methods from design standards. Because of the complexity of experimental procedures, CCC creep in tension has not been studied as close. Furthermore, there is no unified standard that proposes applicable testing methods or specific testing apparatus. This study examines the suitability of 2D—Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to observe the creep deformations of specimens under tension. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar with 1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres has been investigated in the research. Compact tension (CT) specimens 150 × 150 × 12 mm (with a notch) were used. Creep deformations under sustained uniaxial tension (applied loading corresponding to 60% of the ultimate strength) were measured. DIC images were captured using an entry/mid-level DSLR camera. Results show that DIC is suitable for studying uniaxial tensile creep of cement and concrete composites. Deformation of specimens in tension was similar to that measured using the conventional method (using surface-attached gauges). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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13 pages, 2410 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Shear Effect on Deflection of RC Beams
by Sang-Woo Kim, Dong-Seok Han and Kil-Hee Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7690; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167690 - 21 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1597
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of shear on the deflection of reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to combined bending and shear. A total of nine simply supported beams were manufactured with the shear span-to-depth ratio, tension steel ratio, and shear capacity ratio as [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the effect of shear on the deflection of reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to combined bending and shear. A total of nine simply supported beams were manufactured with the shear span-to-depth ratio, tension steel ratio, and shear capacity ratio as test variables. The experimental results were used to evaluate the effect of shear on the deflection by separating them into flexural and shear deformations. The theoretical deflection of the specimens was calculated using the effective moment of inertia equation recommended by ACI 318-19 based on the curvature relationships and experimental results of the flexure critical beams. By comparing the experimental and analytical results, it was revealed that the deflection obtained using the ACI equation underestimated the experimental results by up to about 1.6 times when the shear effect was large. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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24 pages, 6686 KiB  
Article
Seismic Performance of Grille-Type Steel Plate Concrete Composite Walls with Application in a Super-High-Rise Building
by Yang Liu, Hao Wu, Qiao Yu, Yun Li, Jianan Li and Lingzhi Li
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7580; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167580 - 18 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2047
Abstract
The grille-type steel plate concrete composite wall (GSPCW) is an innovative shear wall system that mainly consists of steel faceplates, steel tie plates and infilled concrete. Compared to traditional steel plate concrete composite shear walls, the advantages of GSPCW walls include: (1) relatively [...] Read more.
The grille-type steel plate concrete composite wall (GSPCW) is an innovative shear wall system that mainly consists of steel faceplates, steel tie plates and infilled concrete. Compared to traditional steel plate concrete composite shear walls, the advantages of GSPCW walls include: (1) relatively high lateral and buckling resistance; and (2) simple structural measures for convenient construction and implementation. This paper presents the results of extensive numerical investigations regarding GSPCW systems, examining both GSPCW wall components and their application in a super-high-rise building as a case study. First, typical GSPCW wall models are established using DIANA software, and the numerical models are validated on the basis of comparison with results from previously reported experimental tests. The verified models are further used to perform parametric analyses with the aim of further understanding the effects of various design parameters on the seismic performance of GSPCW systems, including steel ratio, axial load ratio, height-to-width ratio, aspect ratio of the grille steel plate, and concrete compressive strength. Second, a super-high-rise building was selected for application to perform a case study of a GSPCW system. The seismic performance of the tall building in the case study was comparatively evaluated on the basis of both nonlinear time history analysis and modal pushover analysis (MPA), and the results from both of these methods validated the use of GSPCW is an efficient structural wall system appropriate for use in super-high-rise buildings. Finally, a simple economic assessment of the GSPCW building was performed, and the results were compared with those obtained for conventional reinforced concrete wall buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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17 pages, 12900 KiB  
Article
Effect of Configuration and Yield Strength of Transverse Reinforcement on Lateral Confinement of RC Columns
by Min-Jun Kim, Bum-Sik Lee, Dong-Hwan Kim, Sang-Pil Han and Kil-Hee Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6696; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11156696 - 21 Jul 2021
Viewed by 1814
Abstract
In general, the lateral confinement capacity of RC columns is influenced by the strength and configuration of transverse reinforcement. In this study, performed antisymmetric flexural moment experiments that simulated seismic loads, with the configuration and yield strength of the transverse reinforcement of RC [...] Read more.
In general, the lateral confinement capacity of RC columns is influenced by the strength and configuration of transverse reinforcement. In this study, performed antisymmetric flexural moment experiments that simulated seismic loads, with the configuration and yield strength of the transverse reinforcement of RC square columns as main variables. The eight specimens were square cross-sections measuring 250 × 250 mm, and the lateral confinement effect in relation to main variables was examined by inducing flexural failure in the plastic hinge zone under a shear span-to-depth ratio (a/D) of 3.0. Transverse reinforcements comprised a square and octagonal S-series and tie-based H-series. The yield strengths of the transverse reinforcements were 453 MPa and 1053 MPa, respectively. Compared to the H-series, the S-series, whose configuration of transverse reinforcement is closer to a circular form, exhibited more prominent ductile behavior after flexural yield with increasing yield strength of transverse reinforcement, which indicates greater lateral confinement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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14 pages, 5633 KiB  
Article
Structural Performance of R-Type Steel Damper Used in Reinforced Concrete Members
by Sang-Woo Kim and Kil-Hee Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11146404 - 11 Jul 2021
Viewed by 2047
Abstract
This study proposes a steel damper with a simple shape and excellent energy dissipation capacity. The proposed damper has a rectangular shape (R-type) and has an energy dissipation part and a load transmission part. The energy dissipation part dissipates external energy through the [...] Read more.
This study proposes a steel damper with a simple shape and excellent energy dissipation capacity. The proposed damper has a rectangular shape (R-type) and has an energy dissipation part and a load transmission part. The energy dissipation part dissipates external energy through the yielding of the steel material; it comprises a vertical member and upper and lower horizontal members. This study performed two-phase experiments to verify the structural performance of the proposed damper. The Phase I test was performed to evaluate the load history characteristics and energy dissipation capacity of the damper and the Phase II test was performed to confirm the structural performance of reinforced concrete members with the proposed damper. The experimental results showed that the proposed R-type steel damper had high-energy dissipation performance despite having a simple shape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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16 pages, 19005 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Traditional Clay Brick and Lime Mortar Intended for Restoration of Cultural Heritage Sites
by Gayoon Lee, Jun Hyoung Park, Khoa V. A. Pham, Chan Hee Lee and Kihak Lee
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 6228; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11136228 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3163
Abstract
To properly restore masonry cultural heritage sites, the materials used for retrofitting can have a critical effect, and this requires standards for traditional Korean brick and lime mortar to be examined. This study experimentally investigated the material characteristics of Korean traditional bricks and [...] Read more.
To properly restore masonry cultural heritage sites, the materials used for retrofitting can have a critical effect, and this requires standards for traditional Korean brick and lime mortar to be examined. This study experimentally investigated the material characteristics of Korean traditional bricks and two types of lime mortar (quicklime lumps and powdered hydrated lime) and the strength of masonry specimens made from those materials. Four different mixing ratios of lime, sand and white cement were considered as material parameters in this study. The experiment included uniaxial compressive testing and flexural testing to examine the mortars’ mechanical properties, and compression tests, triplet shear tests and diagonal compression tests for the masonry specimens. The results found that the strength of the masonry specimens was not necessarily associated with the mortar’s strength, but rather the cohesion between brick and mortar. In the material test, adding white cement had no noticeable effect on mortar strength. Meanwhile, in the masonry specimen, the effect of the added white cement was significant in terms of compressive and shear strength. This suggests that the bonding ratio between mortar and brick, which is an important factor influencing the behavior of bricks, was stronger with the addition of white cement. Furthermore, it was found that quicklime lumps had a lower strength than powdered hydrated lime. The test specimen with white cement added to powdered hydrated lime exhibited the greatest strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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29 pages, 21435 KiB  
Article
Seismic Strengthening Effects of Full-Size Reinforced Concrete Frame Retrofitted with Novel Concrete-Filled Tube Modular Frame by Pseudo-Dynamic Testing
by Jin-Seon Kim, Ju-Seong Jung, Dong-Keun Jung, Eui-Yong Kim and Kang-Seok Lee
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4898; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11114898 - 26 May 2021
Viewed by 2262
Abstract
The present study proposes a new seismic retrofitting method using a concrete-filled tube modular frame (CFT-MF) system, a novel technique to overcome and improve the limitations of existing seismic strengthening methods. This CFT-MF seismic retrofitting method makes the most of the advantages of [...] Read more.
The present study proposes a new seismic retrofitting method using a concrete-filled tube modular frame (CFT-MF) system, a novel technique to overcome and improve the limitations of existing seismic strengthening methods. This CFT-MF seismic retrofitting method makes the most of the advantages of both concrete and steel pipes, thereby significantly improving constructability and increasing integration between the existing structure and the reinforcement joints. This method falls into the category of typical seismic retrofitting methods that focus on increasing strength, in which the required amount of seismic reinforcement can be easily estimated. Therefore, the method provides an easy solution to improving the strength of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures with non-seismic details that are prone to shear failure. In the present study, a full-size two-story test frame modeled from existing domestic RC structures with non-seismic details was subjected to pseudo-dynamic testing. As a result, the effect of the CFT-MF system, when applied to existing RC structures, was examined and verified, especially as to its seismic retrofitting performance, i.e., restoring force characteristics, stiffness reinforcement, and seismic response control. In addition, based on the pseudo-dynamic testing results, a restoring force characteristics model was proposed to implement non-linear dynamic analysis of a structure retrofitted with the CFT-MF system (i.e., the test frame). Finally, based on the proposed restoring force characteristics, non-linear dynamic analysis was conducted, and the results were compared with those obtained by the pseudo-dynamic tests. The results showed that the RC frame (building) with no retrofitting measures applied underwent shear failure at a seismic intensity of 200 cm/s2, the threshold applied in seismic design in Korea. In contrast, in the frame (building) retrofitted with the CFT-MF system, only minor earthquake damage was observed, and even when the maximum seismic intensity (300 cm/s2) that may occur in Korean was applied, small-scale damage was observed. These results confirmed the validity of the seismic retrofitting method based on the CFT-MF system developed in the present study. The non-linear dynamic analysis and the pseudo-dynamic test showed similar results, with an average deviation of 10% or less in seismic response load and displacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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19 pages, 35519 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Post-Yield Performance of Hybrid Precast Beams Based on Strength Degradation
by Won-Kee Hong and Gyun-Taek Lim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4482; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11104482 - 14 May 2021
Viewed by 1232
Abstract
In this study, the post-yield load-displacement relationships of precast composite beams with various boundary conditions were predicted based on strength degradation data. The aim of this study was to explore the post-yield hysteretic structural behavior of precast composite concrete beams based on stiffness [...] Read more.
In this study, the post-yield load-displacement relationships of precast composite beams with various boundary conditions were predicted based on strength degradation data. The aim of this study was to explore the post-yield hysteretic structural behavior of precast composite concrete beams based on stiffness degradation, which was calculated by normalizing effective stiffness with respect to stiffness at the yield limit state. The influence of degradation of the effective stiffness on the post-yield behavior of the specimens was investigated with extensive test data gathered using gauge measurements. The hysteresis behavior, determined from cyclic tests of full-scale composite specimens under the various boundary conditions, was used to predict the post-yield deflection of the composite beams. This paper collected post-yield test data for 13 specimens, including five pre-stressed specimens, to investigate the influence of pre-stressing forces on the post-yield characteristics of steel-concrete composite beams. The prediction of post-yield load-displacement relationships of the composite beams was based on six steps and matched well with test data, verifying the proposed analytical procedures for estimating post-yield performance. The post-yield load-displacement relationships of precast composite concrete beams were satisfactorily predicted by the simplified but convenient method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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19 pages, 8598 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Design Provisions for Horizontal Shear Strength in Composite Precast Concrete Beams with Different Interface Conditions
by Young-Hun Oh and Jeong-Ho Moon
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11094246 - 07 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
In a precast concrete (PC) composite beam, the horizontal interface between the PC beam and the cast-in-place (CIP) slab is located either on the compression side or on the tensile side of the cross-section. If the CIP slab is on the compression side, [...] Read more.
In a precast concrete (PC) composite beam, the horizontal interface between the PC beam and the cast-in-place (CIP) slab is located either on the compression side or on the tensile side of the cross-section. If the CIP slab is on the compression side, it becomes C-type interface, and if it is on the tensile side, it becomes T-type interface. Tensile cracks in the CIP slab may cause the horizontal shear strength of composite beams to decrease because of the reduced anchorage performance of shear reinforcements as well as the sliding on the interface. Such a tendency can be found from previous test results of specimens having T-type interface. In this study, the results of the push-off test and the beam flexure test were collected and analyzed to evaluate effects on the horizontal shear strength depending on the interface conditions, such as the interface location, surface roughness, concrete compressive strength, and clamping stress by shear connectors. The horizontal shear strength equations of ACI, PCI, AASHTO LRFD, and MC 2010 were evaluated with a database composed of 84 push-off tests and 95 beam tests from previous studies. According to the evaluation, evaluation results show that the design codes predict the horizontal shear strength conservatively for conditions other than the interface location. The horizontal shear strength deviated largely depending on the interface locations. The design codes conservatively estimate the horizontal shear strength for C-type interface, but the horizontal shear strength of T-type interface is overestimated. Based on current studies, it is recommended to use a friction coefficient of 0.7 as MC 2010 when calculating the horizontal shear strength of a composite beam with roughened T-type interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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16 pages, 4368 KiB  
Article
Design Study of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Shaft Lining for Swelling Ground in Toronto, Canada
by Min Seong Kim and Sean Seungwon Lee
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3490; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11083490 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) is a widely used construction material around the world. RC has many advantages in terms of structural stability. However, the reinforcement of RC requires extensive labour costs. Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been widely studied to replace steel bars [...] Read more.
Reinforced concrete (RC) is a widely used construction material around the world. RC has many advantages in terms of structural stability. However, the reinforcement of RC requires extensive labour costs. Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been widely studied to replace steel bars in concrete structures over the decades. However, most underground structures, such as tunnel lining, are usually designed using conventional RC for long-term stability due to unexpected geotechnical characteristics, such as directional and depth-dependent varied lateral pressure, earthquakes, groundwater, and time-dependent swelling behaviour. In this paper, an alternative design of shaft structure using SFRC, based on the original RC designed data in the Toronto region, was studied to evaluate the feasibility of SFRC replacing conventional RC. A key geological feature of the site is that the bedrock is comprised of Georgian Bay shale, which exhibits long-term time-dependent deformation (TDD). The capacities of RC and SFRC for the shaft lining were calculated based on the Canadian concrete design codes CSA A23.3 and RILEM TC 162-TDF, to assess the benefit of adding steel fibre, and several analytical solutions were used to calculate the applied load on the lining. A specialised TDD constitutive model in Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) 2D was developed to estimate whether the optimum installation time of the shaft lining, based on the geological reports, is appropriate under swelling behaviour, and evaluate the resultant long-term stability. The calculated hoop thrust and bending moment for several loading cases were within the capacity of the SFRC shaft lining. The numerical analysis demonstrated that the proposed lining installation time could be reduced, despite consideration of the long-term TDD behaviour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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14 pages, 13529 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Kazakhstani and European Design Specifications: Raft Foundation, Pile Foundation, and Piled Raft Foundation
by Assel Zhanabayeva, Nazerke Sagidullina, Jong Kim, Alfrendo Satyanaga, Deuckhang Lee and Sung-Woo Moon
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3099; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11073099 - 31 Mar 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3282
Abstract
The introduction of Eurocode in Kazakhstan allows for the application of modern technological innovations and the elimination of technical barriers for the realization of international projects. It is significant to study the international standards and design requirements provided in Eurocode. This study presents [...] Read more.
The introduction of Eurocode in Kazakhstan allows for the application of modern technological innovations and the elimination of technical barriers for the realization of international projects. It is significant to study the international standards and design requirements provided in Eurocode. This study presents a comparative analysis of Kazakhstani and European approaches for the geotechnical design of foundations and provides the design methods in the considered codes of practice. Three different types of foundations (i.e., raft, pile, and piled raft foundations) were designed following SP RK 5.01-102-2013—Foundations of buildings and structures, SP RK 5.01-103-2013—Pile foundations, and Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design for the Nur-Sultan soil profile. For all three types of foundations, the calculated results of bearing resistance and elastic settlement showed the conservativeness of Eurocode over SNiP-based Kazakhstani building regulations, as the values of bearing resistance and elastic settlement adhering to Kazakhstani code exceeded the Eurocode values. The difference between the obtained results can be explained by the application of higher values of partial safety factors by Eurocode 7. Sensitivity analysis of the bearing resistance on foundation parameters (i.e., raft foundation width and pile length) for the Kazakhstani and European approaches was performed to support the conclusions of the study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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19 pages, 5579 KiB  
Article
Seismic Performance of LRS-FRP–Concrete–Steel Tubular Double Coupling Beam
by Lili Sui, Yanlei Liu, Zhongfeng Zhu, Biao Hu, Cheng Chen and Yingwu Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2024; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11052024 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1621
Abstract
To improve the ductility and seismic performance of a double coupling beam, the authors applied a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet and steel tube to form fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)–concrete–steel double-skin tubular (DST) composite coupling beams. A low-cyclic reversed experimental program was carried out which [...] Read more.
To improve the ductility and seismic performance of a double coupling beam, the authors applied a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet and steel tube to form fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)–concrete–steel double-skin tubular (DST) composite coupling beams. A low-cyclic reversed experimental program was carried out which factored in the member form, steel tube diameter, and construction methods. The results indicate that the ductility and energy dissipation performance of double coupling beams—whether wrapped with a PET-FRP sheet or surrounded by an FRP–concrete–steel DST composite system—is a substantial improvement over the traditional reinforced-concrete double coupling beam (RC-DCB). The ductility coefficient and accumulated energy dissipation of the DST-DCB members improved above 170% and 2300%, respectively. These percentages compare to the RC-DCB and are based on the rupture of a PET-FRP sheet. The results are similar to those of the large rupture strain double coupling beam (LRS-DCB). Meanwhile, the external wrapped PET-FRP sheet does not affect the initial stiffness and peak strength of the RC-DCB. Relatively, the inner steel tube will improve the initial stiffness, yielding strength, and peak strength. DST-DCB members still have considerable deformability after 85% of peak strength since the external PET-FRP sheet provided an effective constraint effect on the core concrete and the inner steel tube could bear excellent shear deformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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19 pages, 9079 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Structural Performance of a Double Composite Wall
by Sun-Jin Han, Inwook Heo, Jae-Hyun Kim, Kang-Su Kim and Young-Hun Oh
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 506; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11020506 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3191
Abstract
In this study, experiments and numerical analyses were carried out to examine the flexural and shear performance of a double composite wall (DCW) manufactured using a precast concrete (PC) method. One flexural specimen and three shear specimens were fabricated, and the effect of [...] Read more.
In this study, experiments and numerical analyses were carried out to examine the flexural and shear performance of a double composite wall (DCW) manufactured using a precast concrete (PC) method. One flexural specimen and three shear specimens were fabricated, and the effect of the bolts used for the assembly of the PC panels on the shear strength of the DCW was investigated. The failure mode, flexural and shear behavior, and composite behavior of the PC panel and cast-in-place (CIP) concrete were analyzed in detail, and the behavioral characteristics of the DCW were clearly identified by comparing the results of tests with those obtained from a non-linear flexural analysis and finite element analysis. Based on the test and analysis results, this study proposed a practical equation for reasonably estimating the shear strength of a DCW section composed of PC, CIP concrete, and bolts utilizing the current code equations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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15 pages, 4078 KiB  
Article
Push-Out Tests on Various Steel Anchors with Partial-Length Welding in Steel–Concrete Composite Members
by In-Rak Choi and Chang-Soo Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 105; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11010105 - 24 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3244
Abstract
To investigate the behavior of various steel anchors, push-out tests were performed for 13 test specimens. Test parameters included the geometry of beams (wide-flange beams and composite beams) and the type of steel anchors (stud anchors and Z- and C-channel anchors with full- [...] Read more.
To investigate the behavior of various steel anchors, push-out tests were performed for 13 test specimens. Test parameters included the geometry of beams (wide-flange beams and composite beams) and the type of steel anchors (stud anchors and Z- and C-channel anchors with full- or partial-length welding). Test results showed that the performance of test specimens strongly depends on the types of steel anchors rather than the geometry of steel beams. The specimens with C-channel anchors showed the highest load-carrying capacity but the most drastic load reduction after the peak load. The specimens with Z-channel anchors showed a similar behavior to those with C-channel anchors but the load reduction occurred at a slightly slower rate. The load-carrying capacity was increased with the length of the Z- and C-channel anchors. The specimens with stud anchors reached the peak load at a slow rate and showed the most ductile behavior. The test results were compared with predictions by various design equations for steel anchors available in the literature, and the existing design equations for channel anchors with partial-length welding were considered applicable to design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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15 pages, 8338 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the In-Plane Seismic Performance of a New Type of Masonry Wall System
by Ho Choi and Kang-Seok Lee
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 9102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10249102 - 19 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1732
Abstract
The authors developed two types of block systems consisting only of main block and key block without joint mortar to improve the seismic performances and to enhance the workability. Two types of block systems have different key block shapes: one is the peanut [...] Read more.
The authors developed two types of block systems consisting only of main block and key block without joint mortar to improve the seismic performances and to enhance the workability. Two types of block systems have different key block shapes: one is the peanut shape, and the other is the dumbbell shape. The proposed block systems have a half-height difference between the main block and the key block to significantly improve seismic performance compared to typical masonry walls with joint mortar. In this study, in order to evaluate the in-plane seismic performance of the proposed block systems, two types of block walls are experimentally investigated, including the typical block wall. In the tests, three full-scale, single-story specimens are tested under in-plane cyclic loading, and failure patterns and cracks are carefully observed. In this paper, the in-plane loading bearing capacity, energy dissipate capacity and reuse ratios of block walls are discussed in detail. As a result, the deformability, energy absorption capacity and reuse ratio of the proposed block systems were considerably higher than those of a typical block system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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13 pages, 4060 KiB  
Article
Time Evolution of CO2 Diffusivity of Carbonated Concrete
by In-Seok Yoon and Chun-Ho Chang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8910; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10248910 - 14 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1930
Abstract
Carbonation of cementitious materials is one of main causes of reinforcement corrosion and CO2 diffusivity influenced by microstructural characteristics of the cementitious materials is a decisive parameter for the carbonation rate. This study focused on establishing a multifactor functional model to calculate [...] Read more.
Carbonation of cementitious materials is one of main causes of reinforcement corrosion and CO2 diffusivity influenced by microstructural characteristics of the cementitious materials is a decisive parameter for the carbonation rate. This study focused on establishing a multifactor functional model to calculate the CO2 diffusivity of carbonated cementitious materials. Because CO2 gas flows through carbonated zone, it is necessary to estimate CO2 diffusivity of carbonated concrete. Many factors on the CO2 diffusivity, such as the diffusivity in vapor, tortuosity, microstructural characteristics of cement paste, contribution of aggregate, and reduction of porosity due to carbonation, were considered. Apparent and effective CO2 diffusivity were calculated according to the absence or presence of moisture in the pore system of concrete, and the results were compared with previous research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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11 pages, 3050 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Structural Behavior of Hysteretic Steel Dampers under Cyclic Loading
by Sang-Woo Kim and Kil-Hee Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8264; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10228264 - 21 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1978
Abstract
This study proposes a relatively simple steel damper with high energy dissipation capacity. Three types of steel dampers were evaluated for structural performance. The first damper with U-shape had two vertical members and a semicircular connecting member for energy dissipation. The second damper [...] Read more.
This study proposes a relatively simple steel damper with high energy dissipation capacity. Three types of steel dampers were evaluated for structural performance. The first damper with U-shape had two vertical members and a semicircular connecting member for energy dissipation. The second damper with an angled U-shape replaced the connecting member with a horizontal steel member. The last damper with D-shape had a horizontal member added to the U-shaped damper. All the dampers were designed with steel plates on both sides that transmitted external shear force to the energy-dissipating members. To evaluate the structural performance of the dampers, an in-plane cyclic shear force was applied to the specimens. The D-shaped damper showed ductile behavior with excellent energy dissipation capacity after yielding without decreasing in strength during cyclic load. In other words, the D-shaped specimen showed excellent performance, with about 3.5 times the strength of the U-shaped specimen and about 3.8 times the energy dissipation capacity due to the additional horizontal member. Furthermore, the efficient energy dissipation of the proposed D-shaped steel damper was confirmed from the finite element (FE) analytical and experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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18 pages, 5248 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Structural Performance of a Novel Methodology for Connecting Modular Units Using Straight and Cross-Shaped Connector Plates in Modular Buildings
by Sang-Sup Lee, Keum-Sung Park, Ju-Seong Jung and Kang-Seok Lee
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8186; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10228186 - 19 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2828
Abstract
The strength capacity of modular buildings is determined by the weakest part, and connections between modular units are often weaker than the modular units themselves. Thus, to verify the safety of modular structures, the structural performance of connections between modular units should be [...] Read more.
The strength capacity of modular buildings is determined by the weakest part, and connections between modular units are often weaker than the modular units themselves. Thus, to verify the safety of modular structures, the structural performance of connections between modular units should be evaluated; the practical suitability of connection methods under a range of construction conditions should also be determined. In conventional modular building structures, modular units are generally connected using bolts between connector plates, interlocking devices, or steel plate welding. However, current methods are not technically or practically suitable for all types of modular buildings, such as high-rise modular buildings. Here, we describe a novel technology for connecting modular units to ensure the safety of modular structures. In this study, straight and cross-shaped metal connectors that use rectangular tubular columns and channel beams were proposed for connecting modules. Their structural performance was evaluated through cyclic loading tests by controlling the story drift angle in the width and longitudinal directions. The experimental results demonstrated that all specimens exhibited relatively stable behavior up to a drift angle of 0.04 rad, and there was a superior response in terms of energy absorption capability in the longitudinal direction results compared to the width direction. However, in comparison to the cross-shaped connector plate, the stiffness of the straight connector plate decreased as the drift angle of the column increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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17 pages, 14931 KiB  
Article
Group Pile Effect on Temperature Distributions inside Energy Storage Pile Foundations
by Dilnura Sailauova, Zhamilya Mamesh, Dichuan Zhang, Deuckhang Lee, Chang-Seon Shon and Jong R. Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6597; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10186597 - 21 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
Energy storage pile foundations are being developed for storing renewable energy by utilizing compressed air energy storage technology. Previous studies on isolated piles indicate that compressed air can result in pressure and temperature fluctuations in the pile, which can further affect safety of [...] Read more.
Energy storage pile foundations are being developed for storing renewable energy by utilizing compressed air energy storage technology. Previous studies on isolated piles indicate that compressed air can result in pressure and temperature fluctuations in the pile, which can further affect safety of the pile foundation. Meanwhile, the temperature changes and distributions for the pile and surrounding soil also are influenced by adjacent piles in typical group pile constructions. Therefore, dynamic thermal transfer simulations were conducted in this paper to investigate the temperature changes and distributions in the concrete pile and surrounding soil for group pile construction. The main parameter in this study is the spacing of the piles. The analysis results show that the group pile effect significantly increases the temperature up to more than 100 °C depending on the location and changes its distribution in both concrete and soil due to the heat transferred from the adjacent piles. The final stabilized temperature can be as high as 120 °C in the concrete pile and 110 °C in the soil after numerous loading cycles, which is about 4 times higher than typical thermo-active energy pile applications. Thus, it is important to include the group pile effect for design and analysis of the energy storage pile foundation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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16 pages, 3283 KiB  
Article
Effect of Chloride on Electrical Resistivity in Carbonated and Non-Carbonated Concrete
by In-Seok Yoon and Chun-Ho Chang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6272; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10186272 - 09 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2532
Abstract
The resistivity of a concrete structure exposed to chloride ions indicates the risk of early corrosion damage, because a low resistivity is related to rapid chloride penetration and to a high corrosion rate. Concrete resistivity is a geometry-independent material property that describes the [...] Read more.
The resistivity of a concrete structure exposed to chloride ions indicates the risk of early corrosion damage, because a low resistivity is related to rapid chloride penetration and to a high corrosion rate. Concrete resistivity is a geometry-independent material property that describes the electrical resistance, which is the ratio between the applied voltage and resulting current in a unit cell. The current is carried by ions dissolved in the pore liquid. While some data exist on the relationship between the moisture content and electrical resistivity of concrete, very little research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of chloride on the conduction of electricity through carbonated and non-carbonated concrete. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of chloride concentration on the surface electrical resistivity measurement of carbonated and non-carbonated concrete. Chloride concentration had influenced the resistivity of concrete and the relationship showed a linear function. However, for concrete under the combined deterioration of carbonation and chlorides, a reduction in porosity due to the carbonation had a greater effect on the electrical resistivity than the increase in conductivity due to the chloride ions. Conclusively, this paper suggested the quantitative solution to depict the electrical resistivity of concrete with various chloride concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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10 pages, 3788 KiB  
Article
Fatigue Characteristics of Fe-Based Shape-Memory Alloys
by Ki-Nam Hong, Yeong-Mo Yeon, Won-Bo Shim and Sang-Won Ji
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5812; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10175812 - 22 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2026
Abstract
This study reports the details of an experimental study of fatigue behavior of two types of Fe-based shape-memory alloys (Fe–SMAs). The two types of Fe–SMAs developed for this study were used to prepare specimens according to ISO 12106 standards. All fatigue tests were [...] Read more.
This study reports the details of an experimental study of fatigue behavior of two types of Fe-based shape-memory alloys (Fe–SMAs). The two types of Fe–SMAs developed for this study were used to prepare specimens according to ISO 12106 standards. All fatigue tests were conducted under a constant frequency of five hertz using a universal testing machine with a capacity of 100 kN. The stress ratio applied to the test was zero, and the fatigue tests were conducted until the number of loading cycles exceeded two million, by reducing the stress range from 700 MPa by 100 MPa for each test. At stress range of 700 MPa, the number of loading cycles that has a large ultimate elongation, was greater for the B-type alloy than the A-type alloy. On the other hand, the number of loading cycles at the low stress range below the yield strength was found to be higher in the A-type alloy, which had a higher yield strength than in the B-type alloy. Additionally, by analyzing the S–N relationship and performing a first order regression analysis for the test results, it was confirmed that the fatigue limits of the A-type and B-type alloys are 473 MPa and 330 MPa, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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18 pages, 2083 KiB  
Article
Chemo-Mechanical Model for the Expansion of Concrete Due to Alkali Silica Reaction
by Lianfang Sun, Xingji Zhu, Xiaoying Zhuang and Goangseup Zi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3807; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10113807 - 30 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
A chemo-damage model is proposed to predict the expansion caused by the alkali silica reaction (ASR). The model covers the formation of the pre-expansion gel driven by alkali and the swelling of the gel driven by water. The swelling capacity of the ASR [...] Read more.
A chemo-damage model is proposed to predict the expansion caused by the alkali silica reaction (ASR). The model covers the formation of the pre-expansion gel driven by alkali and the swelling of the gel driven by water. The swelling capacity of the ASR gel is quantified by the sodium to calcium ratio in the pore solution. The bound alkali in the gel recycled by calcium is also considered in this model. Both external alkali supply and internal alkali released from aggregates are included. Several sets of experimental data are compared with the simulation results for the verification of the model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performances of Concrete Composite Members: Experimental, Theoretical, Numerical Approaches II)
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