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Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons

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A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Meteorology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 May 2021) | Viewed by 21449

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wen Zhou

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Guest Editor

Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
Interests: East Asia monsoon climate; tropical cyclone; tropical intraseasonal oscillation; different types of El Niño and their effects on climate; climate extreme and climate change

Dr. Carlos M. Carrillo

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Guest Editor

Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 1123 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Interests: drought risk and drought predictability; atmospheric modeling; dynamical and statistical downscaling; climate variability and change; the North American monsoon; South American tropical convection; synoptic and mesoscale meteorology; hydrometeorology; organized convection; land-atmosphere interactions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite you to contribute to this Special Issue of Atmosphere, which focuses on Asia-Pacific regions: monsoons and typhoons. The tremendous importance of climate change and climate variability over the Asia-Pacific region underscores the need to gain an understanding of how changes in monsoon circulation and typhoon activities might affect the climate extremes over these regions.

We invite the submission of original research articles and reviews on any aspect of Asia-Pacific monsoon circulation and typhoon activities, including regional moisture transport, convective interactions with large-scale forcing, tropical intraseasonal oscillations, and the different types of El Niño and their effects. We encourage studies resulting from experimental campaigns, long-term observations, or model simulations that focus on Asia-Pacific climate variability and their relationship with different climate drivers in both the present and future situations.

Dr. Wen Zhou
Dr. Carlos M. Carrillo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

monsoon
typhoon
air–sea interaction
climate variability
moisture transport

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 27741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of the Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structure and Microphysical Evolution of a Squall Line in South China

by Jingyuan Li, Yang Su, Fan Ping and Jiahui Tang

Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1187; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12091187 - 14 Sep 2021

Viewed by 2012

Abstract

A squall line that occurred in south China on 31 March 2014 was simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The microphysical processes had an important influence on the dynamic and thermodynamic structure of the squall line. The process of water vapor condensation (PCC+) provided heat for the ascending movement inside the squall line. The forward movement of the heating area of PCC+ was an important reason for the squall line’s tilting. The convergence of the outflow of the cold pool and the warm and wet air constantly triggered new convection cells in the front of the cold pool, which made the squall line propagate forwards. The cooling process of graupel melting into rain corresponded closely with the rear inflow jet. During the mature period of the squall line, the effect of cooling strengthened the rear inflow jet. This promoted low-layer inflow and a convective ascending motion, thus further promoting the development of the squall line system. During the decay period, the strong backflow center of the stratospheric region cut off the forward inflow of the middle and low layer towards the high layer, and cooperated with the cold pool to cut off the warm and wet air transport of the low layer, making the system decline gradually. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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18 pages, 10287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tropical Cyclone Formation within Strong Northeasterly Environments in the South China Sea

by Yung-Lan Lin, Hsu-Feng Teng, Yi-Huan Hsieh and Cheng-Shang Lee

Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12091147 - 05 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2237

Abstract

In the South China Sea (SCS), 17% of tropical cyclones (TCs) formed in the late season (November−January) were associated with a strong northeasterly monsoon. This study explores the effects of northeasterly strength on TC formation over the SCS. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate the disturbances that develop into TCs (formation cases) and those that do not (non-formation cases). Two formation (29W on 18 November 2001 and Vamei on 26 December 2001) and two non-formation (30 December 2002 and 9 January 2003) cases are simulated. To address the importance of upstream low-level northeasterly strength to TC formation, two types of sensitivity experiments are performed: formation cases with increased northeasterly flow and non-formation cases with decreased northeasterly flow. If the strength of the northeasterly is increased for the formation case, the stronger cold advection reduces the convective instability around the disturbance center, leading to the weakening of the simulated disturbance. If the strength of the northeasterly is decreased for the non-formation case, the simulated disturbance can develop further into a TC. In summary, strength of the upstream low-level northeasterly flow does affect the environmental conditions around the disturbance center, resulting in the change of TC formation probability over the SCS in the late season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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21 pages, 9975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Typhoon “MITAG” on Waves and Currents in Zhoushan Sea Area, China

by Yuqian Niu, Biyun Guo, Mantravadi Venkata Subrahmanyam, Bin Xue and Yun Ye

Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 1027; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12081027 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1998

Abstract

Typhoon “MITAG” was generated at the end of September 2019 and landed briefly in Zhoushan on October 1. Based on reanalysis data provided by ERA5 and NCEP, this paper analyzes the characteristics of wave and current during “MITAG”. The variation rule of waves and currents in different periods during the influence of “MITAG” was found. The results are as follows: The variation of significant wave height and mean wave period is related to its waveform. The single waveform has a long wave period and the correlation between wave height and wave period reaches 0.87 during the wind wave period. The wave period of the mixed waveform is shorter. The Ekman pumping of the ocean by “MITAG” is concentrated on the right side of the typhoon path when it is away from land; however, Ekman pumping is on the land side when the typhoon is close to the land. The sea surface height of the coastal sea area changes regularly with the distance of “MITAG”. The area which has a strong current is consistent with higher wave height. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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13 pages, 3626 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Possible Associations between the Number of Cold Days over East Asia and Arctic Oscillation and Arctic Warming

by Wei Song and Xiaochen Ye

Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 842; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12070842 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

Based on the NECP/NCAR reanalysis dataset, the associations between the number of cold days (NCD) over East Asia (100–150° E, 25–55° N) and Arctic Oscillation (AO)/Arctic warming during 1956–2015 are explored. The results show the NCD was closely associated with AO during 1956–1990 and Arctic warming during 1991–2015. It reveals NCD over East Asia showed a downward trend and a significantly negative correlation with AO in the previous stage, while it presented an upward trend and notably positive association with Arctic warming in the later period. Meanwhile the increase in the earlier-stage AO will often be accompanied by the weakness of the Siberian high (SH), the Ural Mountains Blocking high (UBH), and the East Asian trough (EAT), and a “positive–negative–positive” wave band exist in the upper troposphere, which is linked with weakened northerly wind over East Asia. All these anomalies are unfavorable for the southward transportation of cold air, eventually leading to the decrease in NCD over East Asia. Additionally, when the near-surface temperature over the Arctic rises in the later period, on the one hand, SH reinforces and further results in more NCD over East Asia; on the other hand, the 1000–500 hPa thickness field displays a “north positive–south negative” pattern, which is conducive to the deceleration of the westerlies at mid-latitudes over Eurasia, and further bring about the enhancement of EAT and UBH, favoring the southward intrusion of cold air, finally, more NCD are generated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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19 pages, 11804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving S-Band Polarimetric Radar Monsoon Rainfall Estimation with Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer Observations in South China

by Zeyong Guo, Sheng Hu, Xiantong Liu, Xingdeng Chen, Honghao Zhang, Tao Qi and Guangyu Zeng

Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 831; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12070831 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2778

Abstract

The capability to estimate monsoon rainfall is investigated by using S-band polarimetric radar (S-POL) and two-dimensional Video Disdrometer (2DVD) during 2017–2018 in South China. Based on 2 years of 2DVD raindrop size distribution (DSD) observations of monsoon precipitation systems, four different quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) algorithms were obtained, including R(Z_H), R(Z_H, Z_DR), R(K_DP), and R(K_DP, Z_DR). In order to clearly demarcate the optimal ranges of the four QPE algorithms by considering the impact of the monsoon precipitation system of South China, the optimal ranges of the four QPE algorithms were integrated together according to the characteristics of different QPE algorithms in the reflectivity-differential reflectivity (Z_H-Z_DR) space distribution by reference to 8 monsoon rainfall events from 2016 to 2020 observed in Guangzhou and Yangjiang S-POL. Then, an optimal algorithm was proposed for the quantitative estimation of monsoon precipitation in South China (2DVD-SCM) using S-POL. The 2DVD-SCM was tested by comparing it with a traditional radar QPE algorithm PPS (WSR-88D Precipitation Processing System); a classical QPE algorithm CSU-HIDRO (Colorado State University-Hydrometeor Identification Rainfall Optimization) for the polarimetric radar; a piecewise fitting algorithm LPA-PFM (Piecewise Fitting Method) based on laser raindrop spectrum. The rainfall event one-by-one test results show that the 2DVD-SCM algorithm performs obviously better than the other three algorithms in most of the rainfall events. The hourly accumulated rainfalls estimated by the 2DVD-SCM algorithm are agreed well with rain gauge observations. The normalized errors (NE) and the root mean square errors (RMSE) values of 2DVD-SCM are remarkably less than the other three algorithms, and the correlation coefficient (CC) values are higher. The results of the classified rain rate test show that the NE and RMSE values of the 2DVD-SCM algorithm are the lowest in all classified rain rates. The overall evaluation results show that the 2DVD-SCM algorithm performs obviously better than the existing three algorithms and have the potential to apply in S-band polarimetric radar monsoon rainfall estimation operational system in South China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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14 pages, 4349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climatic Variation of Maximum Intensification Rate for Major Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

by Xiangbai Wu, Xiao-Hai Yan, Yan Li, Huan Mei, Yuei-An Liou and Gen Li

Atmosphere 2021, 12(4), 494; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12040494 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

To analyze the dependence of intensification rates of tropical cyclones (TCs) on the variation of environmental conditions, an index is proposed here to measure the lifetime maximum intensification rates (LMIRs) for the Saffir–Simpson scale category 4–5 TCs over the western North Pacific. To quantitatively describe the intensification rate of major TCs, the LMIR is defined as the maximum acceleration in the sustained-wind-speed over a 24-h period of an overwater TC. This new index, LMIR, is generally independent of the indices for RI frequency. The results show that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) modulates the inter-annual relationship between the LMIR and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The PDO’s modulation on the ENSO’s effect on the LMIR is explored here by considering the relationship between the LMIR and the environmental conditions in different PDO phases. While the ENSO’s effect on the LMIR for the warm PDO phase is generally by affecting the variations of upper ocean heat content, ENSO mainly influences the variations of zonal wind and vertical wind shear for the cold PDO phase. Our results suggest that fast translating TCs tend to attain strong intensification during the warm PDO phase, while a warm subsurface condition may permit slow-translating TCs also to become strongly intensified during the cooling PDO phase. These findings have an important implication for both prediction of RI and the long-term projection of TC activities in the western North Pacific. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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20 pages, 6113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Near-Surface Winds Due to Tropical Cyclones and Infrared Brightness Temperature Obtained from Geostationary Satellite

by Jiali Zhang, Qinglan Li, Wei Zhao, Joseph H. W. Lee, Jia Liu and Shuxin Wang

Atmosphere 2021, 12(4), 493; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12040493 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1806

Abstract

Based on ten-year tropical cyclones (TCs) observations from 2009 to 2018, the black body temperature (TBB, also called cloud-top brightness temperature) data obtained from the infrared channel 1 (with the wavelength of 10.30–11.30 µm) of the FY-2 satellite image, and the wind observation data at the automatic weather stations (AWSs) in Guangdong province, this study explores the relationship between the TBBs and the winds induced by TCs at AWSs. It is found that the wind speeds at AWSs cannot be obtained directly by using TBB value inversion, but the maximum potential wind gust (MPG) and the maximum potential average-wind (MPAW) at AWSs can be estimated when a TBB is known. Influenced by the terrain, the surrounding environment, and detected height, the MPG and the MPAW values of different AWSs may differ for the same TBB. The wind data from ERA5 reanalysis is also used to explore the relationship between the TBBs and the winds over grids area during the TCs’ periods. Similar to the AWSs, there is a capping function between the winds over the grids and the TBBs. The reanalysis data can generally show the average wind conditions of the weather stations inside the grids, and therefore, can be used to supplement the data for the areas where there is no AWS observation available. Such a study could provide references for estimating the potential wind disasters induced by TCs in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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17 pages, 5655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Extreme Precipitation and Characteristics of Related Systems in the Northern Xinjiang Region

by Rui Xu and Jie Ming

Atmosphere 2021, 12(3), 358; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12030358 - 09 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1550

Abstract

Based on 40 years of daily precipitation, 272 extreme precipitation days in the Northern Xinjiang region are defined. Using the daily precipitation data on these days, four precipitation spatial patterns were obtained through principal component analysis. Then, daily-averaged reanalysis data were used to analyze the variations of synoptic systems on extreme precipitation days and the two days before and after. The rainfall centers shifted with the influential systems at 500 hPa. Water vapor of the western Tianshan type (Type WT) and the north of Northern Xinjiang type (Type NN) comes from the west, while vapor of the Central Tianshan type (Type CT) mainly comes from the east. In the east of Northern Xinjiang type (Type EN), water vapor converges from both sides. The centers of the upper-level jets are located west of 80° E in Type WT and CT. However, they are to the east of 80° E in the other types. This article summarizes the variations of the systems at 500 hPa, the South Asia High, the westerly jet, and the water vapor transport between the surface and 500 hPa in four types of patterns, and builds the conceptual model for each type. The models built can be applied to the heavy rainfall forecast of Northern Xinjiang. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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20 pages, 6817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of the Effects of Anthropogenic Gaseous Emissions on the Microphysical Properties of Landfalling Typhoon Nida (2016) over China

by Lin Deng, Wenhua Gao, Yihong Duan and Chong Wu

Atmosphere 2020, 11(12), 1322; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11121322 - 07 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry module (WRF-Chem), Typhoon Nida (2016) was simulated to investigate the effects of anthropogenic gaseous emissions on the vortex system. Based on the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), three certain experiments were conducted: one [...] Read more.

{SO}_{2}

(SO2_C), and one with one-tenth the emission of

{NH}_{3}

(NH3_C). Results show that the simulations reasonably reproduced the typhoon’s track and intensity, which were slightly sensitive to the anthropogenic gaseous emissions. When the typhoon was located over the ocean, a prolonged duration of raindrop growth and more precipitation occurred in CTRL run. The strongest updraft in CTRL is attributed to the maximum latent heating through water vapor condensation. During the landfalling period, larger (smaller) differential reflectivities in the main-core of the vortex were produced in NH3_C (SO2_C) run. Such opposite changes of raindrop size distributions may lead to stronger (weaker) rainfall intensity, and the ice-related microphysical processes and the relative humidity in low troposphere were two possible influential factors. Moreover, additional ten-member ensemble results in which white noise perturbations were added to the potential temperature field, indicated that the uncertainty of thermodynamic field in the current numerical model should not be ignored when exploring the impacts of aerosol on the microphysics and TC precipitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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17 pages, 2930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecast Uncertainty of Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Dujuan (201521) Induced by Uncertainty in the Boundary Layer

by Xiaohao Qin and Wansuo Duan

Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1263; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11111263 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1843

Abstract

Using ensemble forecast experiments generated by the weather research and forecasting model, the forecast uncertainties of intensity and its rapid intensification (RI) induced by the uncertainty occurring in the boundary layer are investigated for Typhoon Dujuan (201521). The results show that the uncertainty in the boundary layer in the typhoon area, compared with that in other areas of the model domain, not only leads to a much larger forecast uncertainty of the typhoon intensity but also considerably perturbs the RI forecast uncertainty. Particularly, the uncertainty in the gale area in the boundary layer, compared with that in the inner-core and other areas, makes a much larger contribution to the forecast uncertainty of typhoon intensity, with the perturbations including moisture component being most strongly correlated with the occurrence of RI. Further analyses show that such perturbations increase the maximum tangential wind in the boundary layer and enhance the vorticity in the eyewall, which then facilitate the spin-up of the inner-core and induce the occurrence of RI. It is inferred that more observations, especially those associated with the moisture, should be preferentially assimilated in the gale area within the boundary layer of a tropical cyclone, which will help improve the forecast skill of the RI. These results also tell us that the boundary layer parameterization scheme should be further developed to improve the forecast skill of tropical cyclone intensity and its RI behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asia-Pacific Region: Monsoons and Typhoons)

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