Electronics

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11 pages, 6527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Wideband mmWave Microstrip Patch Antenna Based on Zero-Mode and TM-Mode Resonances

by Yong Luo, Yunlong Gu, Hao Zhang, Jiayou Xu, Feng Qian, Guangli Yang and Hengrong Cui

Electronics 2022, 11(8), 1234; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11081234 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2456

Millimeter wave (mmWave) antennas for 5G communication require wide bandwidth, directional radiation patterns, low-profile design and multi-layer compatibility for module-level integration. In this paper, we introduce a method of loading shorting pins to a patch antenna to generate extra zero-modes. By merging the [...] Read more.

Millimeter wave (mmWave) antennas for 5G communication require wide bandwidth, directional radiation patterns, low-profile design and multi-layer compatibility for module-level integration. In this paper, we introduce a method of loading shorting pins to a patch antenna to generate extra zero-modes. By merging the 2nd zero-mode, TM₀₁ mode, 3rd zero-mode and TM₂₀ mode in the frequency spectrum, a wide bandwidth varying from 23 to 34 GHz (relative bandwidth of 38.6%) and with a low-profile of 0.762 mm (0.07λ₀, where λ₀ is the wavelength at a middle frequency of 28.5 GHz) can be obtained. Based on this wideband patch antenna, a 4 × 2 antenna array is obtained with the ±40° scanning performance. Theoretical analysis, full-wave simulations and experimental performances are presented, validating the effectiveness of this method to achieve a wideband performance in a mmWave band. It can be applied to 5G communication systems using mmWave bands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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15 pages, 9209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crescent Microstrip Antenna for LTE-U and 5G Systems

by Rafał Przesmycki and Marek Bugaj

Electronics 2022, 11(8), 1201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11081201 - 09 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1919

Abstract

The field of wireless cellular network technology has seen a significant development in recent years, allowing the emergence of many new applications in addition to the traditional mobile phone calls. We are currently implementing the 5G system, which is replacing the previous cellular [...] Read more.

The field of wireless cellular network technology has seen a significant development in recent years, allowing the emergence of many new applications in addition to the traditional mobile phone calls. We are currently implementing the 5G system, which is replacing the previous cellular technologies on the market. Parallel to the development of cellular technologies, wireless local networks based on the IEEE 802.11× standards are rapidly spreading. The desire to use the advantages of both mobile telephony and wireless local networks has led to the idea of integrating the currently used communication systems in one device and requires a well-designed antenna, which should be given a lot of attention when designing the radio system. This article presents the proposed model of a two-band microstrip antenna for which the main assumption is its operating frequencies in the LTE-U (LTE-Unlicensed) band and one of the 5G system bands. The antenna dimensions and parameters have been calculated, simulated, and optimized using CST Microwave Studio software. The developed antenna has a compact structure with dimensions of (60 × 40 × 1.57) mm. The dielectric material RT Duroid 5880 with a dielectric constant ε_r = 2.2 and thickness h = 1.57 mm was used as a substrate for the antenna construction. The article presents an analysis of the results of simulation and measurements of selected electrical parameters and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna. The antenna described in the article, working in 5G systems and LTE-U systems, is characterized by two operating bands with center frequencies equal to 3.52 GHz and 5.37 GHz, a low reflection coefficient (for resonances −31.54 dB and −23.16 dB), a gain value of 4.45 dBi, a wide frequency band of 3.0 GHz (68.18%), and a high energy efficiency in the range of 80–96.68%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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9 pages, 10164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shared-Aperture 24–28 GHz Waveguide Antenna Array

by Pavel Hazdra, Jan Kracek, Tomas Lonsky, Vaclav Kabourek and Zdenek Hradecky

Electronics 2021, 10(23), 2976; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10232976 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

A compact three-element shared-aperture waveguide antenna array for the 24–28 GHz microwave-frequency band is presented as a proof-of-concept of an array with steerable directional beam suitable for 5G telecommunication systems. The array is intended for use in a microwave photonic link and is [...] Read more.

A compact three-element shared-aperture waveguide antenna array for the 24–28 GHz microwave-frequency band is presented as a proof-of-concept of an array with steerable directional beam suitable for 5G telecommunication systems. The array is intended for use in a microwave photonic link and is sufficiently steerable only with the progressively phased excitation signals of equal magnitudes. The mutual interactions between the array elements are minimized to maintain the properties of the individual elements, even if they are embedded and closely spaced in the array. The proposed concept could be simply extended by adding more elements to further increase the directivity and enhance the steering properties of the array. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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11 pages, 3268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna System for 5G In-Band Full Duplex Applications

by Masaud Shah, Hammad M. Cheema and Qammer H. Abbasi

Electronics 2021, 10(20), 2456; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10202456 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

In-band full duplex offers a new approach of meeting the ever-increasing data rate demands by operating the transmitter and receiver at the same frequency at the same time, potentially doubling the spectral efficiency. However, self-interference is the fundamental bottleneck of such systems. In [...] Read more.

In-band full duplex offers a new approach of meeting the ever-increasing data rate demands by operating the transmitter and receiver at the same frequency at the same time, potentially doubling the spectral efficiency. However, self-interference is the fundamental bottleneck of such systems. In contrast to non-planar or sub 6 GHz microstrip designs reported so-far, this paper presents an all SIW based antenna system for in-band full duplex systems. The proposed design integrates a dual linear polarized three port differential antenna, three port SIW common-mode power combiner and a 180°phase shifter at 28 GHz. Operating the antenna in TE201 mode provides inherent isolation between the differential receive and single-ended transmit port. The residual coupling is further reduced through use of TE101 based power combiner and a 180°phase shifter. Implemented on a 0.508 mm thick RT Duroid 5880 substrate, the antenna occupies a foot-print of 48 × 80 mm². Demonstrating a measured gain of 6.95 dBi and 3.42 dBi for Tx and Rx mode of operation, respectively, the proposed design offers a self-interference cancellation (SiC) of better than 36 dB over a 177 MHz bandwidth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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15 pages, 4524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of C-Shaped Parasitic MIMO Antennas for Mutual Coupling Reduction

by Hamizan Yon, Nurul Huda Abd Rahman, Mohd Aziz Aris, Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin, Irene Kong Cheh Lin, Hadi Jumaat, Fatimah Nur Mohd Redzwan and Yoshihide Yamada

Electronics 2021, 10(19), 2431; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10192431 - 07 Oct 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2255

Abstract

In the 5G system, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas for both transmitting and receiving ends are required. However, the design of MIMO antennas at the 5G upper band is challenging due to the mutual coupling issues. Many techniques have been proposed to improve antenna [...] Read more.

In the 5G system, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas for both transmitting and receiving ends are required. However, the design of MIMO antennas at the 5G upper band is challenging due to the mutual coupling issues. Many techniques have been proposed to improve antenna isolation; however, some of the designs have impacts on the antenna performance, especially on the gain and bandwidth reduction, or an increase in the overall size. Thus, a design with a detailed trade-off study must be implemented. This article proposes a new C-shaped parasitic structure around a main circular radiating patch of a MIMO antenna at 16 GHz with enhanced isolation features. The proposed antenna comprises two elements with a separation of 0.32λ edge to edge between radiation parts placed in a linear configuration with an overall dimension of 15 mm × 26 mm. The C-shaped parasitic element was introduced around the main radiating antenna for better isolation. Based on the measurement results, the proposed structure significantly improved the isolation from −23.86 dB to −32.32 dB and increased the bandwidth from 1150 MHz to 1400 MHz. For validation, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and the diversity gain (DG) were also measuredas 0.148 dB and 9.89 dB, respectively. Other parameters, such as the radiation pattern, the total average reflection coefficient and the mean effective gain, were also calculated to ensure the validity of the proposed structure. Based on the design work and analysis, the proposed structure was proven to improve the antenna isolation and increase the bandwidth, while maintaining the small overall dimension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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12 pages, 5823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Dual-Polarized 2 × 2 MIMO Antenna for a 5G Wireless Communication System

by Junghoon Cha, Choon-Seong Leem, Ikhwan Kim, Hakyoung Lee and Hojun Lee

Electronics 2021, 10(17), 2141; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10172141 - 02 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

In this study, we proposed an indoor broadband dual-polarized 2 × 2 MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) antenna having dimensions of 240 mm × 200 mm × 40 mm, for application in 5G wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna comprised two vertically polarized circular [...] Read more.

In this study, we proposed an indoor broadband dual-polarized 2 × 2 MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) antenna having dimensions of 240 mm × 200 mm × 40 mm, for application in 5G wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna comprised two vertically polarized circular monopole antennas (CMAs), two horizontally polarized modified rectangular dipole antennas (MRDAs), and a ground plane. The distance between the two MRDAs (MRDA1 and MRDA2) was 70.5 mm and 109.5 mm in the horizontal (x-direction) and 109.5 mm vertical (y-direction) directions, respectively. Conversely, the distance between the two CMAs (CMA1 and CMA2) was 109.5 mm and 70.5 mm in the horizontal (x-direction) and vertical (y-direction) directions, respectively. While the CMAs achieved broadband characteristics owing to the optimal gap between the dielectric and the driven radiator using a parasitic element, the MRDAs achieved broadband owing to the optimal distance between the dipole antennas. The observations in this experiment confirmed that the proposed could operate in the 5G NR n46 (5.15–5.925 GHz), n47 (5.855–5.925 GHz), n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz), and the n79 (4.4–5 GHz) bands. Moreover, it exhibited a wide impedance bandwidth (dB magnitude of

S_{11}

) of 101% in the 2.3–7 GHz frequency range, high isolation (dB magnitude of

S_{21}

), low envelope coefficient correlation (ECC), gain of over 5 dB, and average radiation efficiency of 87.19%, which verified its suitability for application in sub-6 GHz 5G wireless communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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10 pages, 5281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Hook-Shaped Antenna Operating at 28 GHz for Future 5G mmwave Applications

by Mian Muhammad Kamal, Shouyi Yang, Saad Hassan Kiani, Daniyal Ali Sehrai, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Mujeeb Abdullah, Francisco Falcone, Ernesto Limiti and Mehre Munir

Electronics 2021, 10(6), 673; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10060673 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2815

Abstract

To address atmospheric attenuation and path loss issues in the mmwave portion of the spectrum, high gain and narrow beam antenna systems are essential for the next generation communication networks. This paper presents a novel hook-shaped antenna array for 28 GHz 5G mmwave [...] Read more.

To address atmospheric attenuation and path loss issues in the mmwave portion of the spectrum, high gain and narrow beam antenna systems are essential for the next generation communication networks. This paper presents a novel hook-shaped antenna array for 28 GHz 5G mmwave applications. The proposed antenna was fabricated on commercially available Rogers 5880 substrate with thickness of 0.508 mm and dimensions of 10 × 8 mm

^{2}

. The proposed shape consists of a circle with an arc-shaped slot on top of it and T-shaped resonating lengths are introduced in order to attain broad band characteristics having gain of 3.59 dBi with radiation and total efficiency of 92% and 86% for single element. The proposed structure is transformed into a four-element array with total size of 26.9 × 18.5 mm

^{2}

in order to increase the gain up to 10.3 dBi at desired frequency of interest. The four-element array is designed such that it exhibits dual-beam response over the entire band of interest and the simulated results agree with fabricated prototype measurements. The proposed antenna array, because of its robustness, high gain, and dual-beam characteristics can be considered as a potential candidate for the next generation 5G communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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9 pages, 3261 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Low-Cost and Efficient Microstrip-Fed Air-Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Slot Array

by Linfeng Li and Jie-Bang Yan

Electronics 2021, 10(3), 338; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10030338 - 01 Feb 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2965

Abstract

A microstrip-fed air-substrate-integrated waveguide (ASIW) slot array with high efficiency and low cost is presented. The design cuts out the substrate material within SIW, replaces the vias with metallic sidewalls, and uses a simple microstrip line-waveguide transition to feed the slot array. Radiating [...] Read more.

A microstrip-fed air-substrate-integrated waveguide (ASIW) slot array with high efficiency and low cost is presented. The design cuts out the substrate material within SIW, replaces the vias with metallic sidewalls, and uses a simple microstrip line-waveguide transition to feed the slot array. Radiating slots are cut on a 5-mil brass-plate, which covers the top of the substrate cutout to resemble a hollow waveguide structure. This implementation provides a simple and efficient antenna array solution for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. Meanwhile, the fabrication is compatible with the standard printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing process. To demonstrate the concept, a 4-element ASIW slot array working at the n257 band for 5G communications was designed using low-cost Rogers 4350B and FR4 substrate materials. Our simulation result shows 18% more efficiency than a conventional SIW slot array using the same substrate. The fabricated prototype shows |S11| < −15 dB over 27–29 GHz and a peak realized gain of 10.1 dBi at 28.6 GHz. The design procedure, prototyping process, and design analysis are discussed in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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19 pages, 6470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Microstrip Antenna for 5G Wireless Systems Operating at 28 GHz

by Rafal Przesmycki, Marek Bugaj and Leszek Nowosielski

Electronics 2021, 10(1), 1; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10010001 - 22 Dec 2020

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 7292

Abstract

Communication systems have been driven towards the fifth generation (5G) due to the demands of compact, high speed, and large bandwidth systems. These types of radio communication systems require new and more efficient antenna designs. This article presents a new design solution of [...] Read more.

Communication systems have been driven towards the fifth generation (5G) due to the demands of compact, high speed, and large bandwidth systems. These types of radio communication systems require new and more efficient antenna designs. This article presents a new design solution of a broadband microstrip antenna intended for use in 5G systems. The proposed antenna has a central operating frequency of 28 GHz and can be used in the LMDS (local multipoint distribution service) frequency band. The dimensions of the antenna and its parameters have been calculated, simulated, and optimized using the FEKO software. The antenna has a compact structure with dimensions (6.2 × 8.4 × 1.57) mm. Rogers RT Duroid 5880 material was used as a substrate for the antenna construction, which has a dielectric coefficient of 2.2 and a thickness of 1.57 mm. The antenna described in the article is characterized by a low reflection coefficient of −22.51 dB, a high energy gain value of 3.6 dBi, a wide operating band of 5.57 GHz (19.89%), and high energy efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas in the 5G System)

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