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Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies
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Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2021) | Viewed by 15883

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Nikolaos Manousakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43 Egaleo, Greece
Interests: electrical measurements; power system optimization techniques; power system state estimation; smart grids; synchrophasor technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The transition from a fossil fuel-based society towards a decarbonized society is a major target that has been set to improve the quality of human life. To successfully meet this target, recent advances in computation, communication, and control have been incorporated to the electrical measurement infrastructures, leading to the development of advanced electrical measurement technologies. These technologies have gradually begun to be applied to various sectors such as power energy, transportation, avionics, healthcare, etc., and improve performance in many aspects.

The aim of this Special Issue is to serve as a platform to present contributions towards the various trends and challenges related to advanced electrical measurements technologies. Submitted works should be original research papers and reviews with a substantial novel contribution towards the scope.

Prof. Dr. Nikolaos Manousakis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in power systems and smart grids
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in renewable energy systems
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in avionics, automotive, and transportation systems
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in smart homes and buildings
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in healthcare
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in education and teaching
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in green economy
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in critical infrastructure protection and security
  • advanced electrical measurements technologies in physics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4257 KiB  
Article
A Novel ILP Formulation for PCB Maintenance Considering Electrical Measurements and Aging Factors: A “Right to Repair” Approach
by Panagiotis S. Karagiannopoulos, Nikolaos M. Manousakis and Constantinos S. Psomopoulos
Energies 2022, 15(1), 183; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010183 - 28 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2137
Abstract
The design of longer-lasting products, such as domestic electric appliances, is a key-stone approach of the circular economy to reduce the use of non-reusable materials and the number of wastes to be managed at the end of the product’s life as well as [...] Read more.
The design of longer-lasting products, such as domestic electric appliances, is a key-stone approach of the circular economy to reduce the use of non-reusable materials and the number of wastes to be managed at the end of the product’s life as well as to extend it. The manufacturing of modern electric appliances includes the incorporation of printed circuit boards (PCBs). PCBs provide mechanical support and electrically connect electrical or electronic components using conductive trackpads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. This paper proposes a PCB maintenance framework, fully compliant with the “Right to Repair” concept, considering the impact of their aging failures based on measurements made on them, as well as the repair and replacement costs of their components. Herein, we present an algorithm that assesses the problem of handling the repair and replacement cost corresponding to specific failures while ensuring that the total cost of repair does not exceed a predefined value. This is achieved through an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation which maximizes the benefit to the life expectancy, Li, of an appliance, constrained by a customer’s limited budget. The proposed methodology is tested with different PCBs and considers different types of appliances. More specifically, two cases concerning PCBs of washing and dishwasher machines are studied to examine the dependency of the solutions on the aging rate of their various components. The simulation results show that considering a medium budget, after 3 years, we can achieve a health benefit of 92.4% for a washing machine’s PCB, while for a dishwasher’s PCB, the health benefit drops to 86.3%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies)
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18 pages, 4333 KiB  
Article
Application of State Estimation in Distribution Systems with Embedded Microgrids
by Nikolaos M. Manousakis and George N. Korres
Energies 2021, 14(23), 7933; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14237933 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2039
Abstract
In this paper, a weighted least square (WLS) state estimation algorithm with equality constraints is proposed for smart distribution networks embedded with microgrids. Since only a limited number of real-time measurements are available at the primary or secondary substations and distributed generation sites, [...] Read more.
In this paper, a weighted least square (WLS) state estimation algorithm with equality constraints is proposed for smart distribution networks embedded with microgrids. Since only a limited number of real-time measurements are available at the primary or secondary substations and distributed generation sites, load estimates at unmeasured buses remote from the substations are needed to execute state estimation. The load information can be obtained by forecasted and historical data or smart real-time meters. The proposed algorithms can be applied in either grid-connected or islanded operation mode and can efficiently identify breaker status errors at the main substations and feeders, where sufficient measurement redundancy exists. The impact of the accuracy of real and pseudo-measurements on the estimated bus voltages is tested with a 55-bus distribution network including distributed generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies)
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18 pages, 716 KiB  
Article
Optimal Placement of PMU to Enhance Supervised Learning-Based Pseudo-Measurement Modelling Accuracy in Distribution Network
by Kyung-Yong Lee, Jung-Sung Park and Yun-Su Kim
Energies 2021, 14(22), 7767; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227767 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1640
Abstract
This paper introduces a framework for optimal placement (OP) of phasor measurement units (PMUs) using metaheuristic algorithms in a distribution network. The voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained from PMUs were selected as the input variables for supervised learning-based pseudo-measurement modeling that outputs [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a framework for optimal placement (OP) of phasor measurement units (PMUs) using metaheuristic algorithms in a distribution network. The voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained from PMUs were selected as the input variables for supervised learning-based pseudo-measurement modeling that outputs the voltage magnitude and phase angle of the unmeasured buses. For three, four, and five PMU installations, the metaheuristic algorithms explored 2000 combinations, corresponding to 40.32%, 5.56%, and 0.99% of all placement combinations in the 33-bus system and 3.99%, 0.25%, and 0.02% in the 69-bus system, respectively. Two metaheuristic algorithms, a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, were applied; the results of the techniques were compared to random search and brute-force algorithms. Subsequently, the effects of pseudo-measurements based on optimal PMU placement were verified by state estimation. The state estimation results were compared among the pseudo-measurements generated by the optimal PMU placement, worst PMU placement, and load profile (LP). State estimation results based on OP were superior to those of LP-based pseudo-measurements. However, when pseudo-measurements based on the worst placement were used as state variables, the results were inferior to those obtained using the LP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies)
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17 pages, 4017 KiB  
Article
Compensation of Data Loss Using ARMAX Model in State Estimation for Control and Communication Systems Applications
by Syed Abuzar Bacha, Gulzar Ahmad, Ghulam Hafeez, Fahad R. Albogamy and Sadia Murawwat
Energies 2021, 14(22), 7573; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227573 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1415
Abstract
Compensation of data loss in the state estimation plays an indispensable role in efficient and stable control and communication systems. However, accurate compensation of data loss in the state estimation is extremely challenging issue. To cater this challenging issue, two techniques such as [...] Read more.
Compensation of data loss in the state estimation plays an indispensable role in efficient and stable control and communication systems. However, accurate compensation of data loss in the state estimation is extremely challenging issue. To cater this challenging issue, two techniques such as the open-loop Kalman filter and the compensating closed-loop Kalman filter have emerged. The closed-loop technique compensates for the missing data using the autoregressive model. However, the autoregressive model used only past measurements for data loss compensation. Considering only one parameter, i.e., the past measurements, is insufficient and leads to inaccurate state estimation. Thus, in this work, autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs model considers three parameters, i.e., the past measurements, the input signal, and the sensor noise, simultaneously to compensate data loss in state estimation. To endorse the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed model, a standard mass-spring-damper is employed in the case study. Simulation results show that the proposed model outperforms the existing autoregressive models in terms of performance parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies)
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31 pages, 88051 KiB  
Article
Centralized Microgrid Control System in Compliance with IEEE 2030.7 Standard Based on an Advanced Field Unit
by Soheil Pouraltafi-kheljan, Mesut Ugur, Efecan Bozulu, Bahadir Can Çalişkan, Ozan Keysan and Murat Gol
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7381; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14217381 - 5 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2695
Abstract
The necessity for the utilization of microgrids emerges from the integration of distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, and battery storage systems into the conventional grid structure. In order to achieve a proper operation of the microgrid, the presence of a microgrid control system [...] Read more.
The necessity for the utilization of microgrids emerges from the integration of distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, and battery storage systems into the conventional grid structure. In order to achieve a proper operation of the microgrid, the presence of a microgrid control system is crucial. The IEEE 2030.7 standard defines the microgrid control system as a key element of the microgrid that regulates every aspect of it at the point-of-interconnection with the distribution system, and autonomously manages operations such as the transitions of operating modes. In this paper, a microgrid control system is developed to achieve real-time monitoring and control through a centralized approach. The controller consists of a centralized server and advanced field units that are also developed during this work. The control functions of the centralized server ensure the proper operation during grid-connected and island modes, using the real-time data received via the advanced field unit. The developed server and the field unit constitute a complete system solution. The server is composed of control function and communication, database, and user interface modules. The microgrid control functions comprise dispatch and transition core-level functions. A rule-based core-level dispatch function guarantees the security of supply to critical loads during the islanded mode. The core-level transition function accomplishes a successful transition between the operation modes. Moreover, a communication framework and a graphical user interface are implemented. The presented system is tested through thecases based on the IEEE 2030.8 standard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies)
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25 pages, 20204 KiB  
Article
On the Power Lines—Electromagnetic Shielding Using Magnetic Steel Laminates
by Tatiana Damatopoulou, Spyros Angelopoulos, Christos Christodoulou, Ioannis Gonos, Evangelos Hristoforou and Antonios Kladas
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7215; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14217215 - 2 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2433
Abstract
Protection against the electromagnetic fields around high-voltage transmission lines is an issue of great importance, especially in the case of buildings near power lines. Indeed, the developed fields can be harmful for the habitants and electrical/electronic devices, so the implementation of appropriate measures [...] Read more.
Protection against the electromagnetic fields around high-voltage transmission lines is an issue of great importance, especially in the case of buildings near power lines. Indeed, the developed fields can be harmful for the habitants and electrical/electronic devices, so the implementation of appropriate measures to address the above electromagnetic interference issue is necessary in order to ensure the safety of both human beings and equipment. Several practices have been proposed to reduce the electric and the magnetic fields around overhead and underground transmission lines (minimum distance, shielded cables, anechoic chamber etc.). In this context, the scope of the current paper is the use of highly permeable magnetic sheets for shielding purposes, along with the development of an appropriate procedure, based on finite element analysis (FEA) for the efficient design of passive shielding. The simulation results are compared with laboratory measurements in order to confirm the adequacy of the proposed methodology. The good agreement between the FEA outcomes and the experimental results confirms that the developed FEA tool can be trustfully used for the design of the shielding means in the case of overhead or underground power lines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies)
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24 pages, 10995 KiB  
Article
Historical Buildings Dampness Analysis Using Electrical Tomography and Machine Learning Algorithms
by Tomasz Rymarczyk, Grzegorz Kłosowski, Anna Hoła, Jerzy Hoła, Jan Sikora, Paweł Tchórzewski and Łukasz Skowron
Energies 2021, 14(5), 1307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14051307 - 27 Feb 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
The article deals with the problem of detecting moisture in the walls of historical buildings. As part of the presented research, the following four methods based on mathematical modeling and machine learning were compared: total variation, least-angle regression, elastic net, and artificial neural [...] Read more.
The article deals with the problem of detecting moisture in the walls of historical buildings. As part of the presented research, the following four methods based on mathematical modeling and machine learning were compared: total variation, least-angle regression, elastic net, and artificial neural networks. Based on the simulation data, the systems for the reconstruction of “pixel by pixel” tomographic images were trained. In order to test the reconstructive algorithms obtained during the research, images were generated based on real measurements and simulation cases. The method comparison was performed on the basis of three indicators: mean square error, relative image error, and image correlation coefficient. The above indicators were applied to four selected variants that corresponded to various parts of the walls. The variants differed in the dimensions of the tested wall sections, the number of electrodes used, and the resolution of the 3D image meshes. In all analyzed variants, the best results were obtained using the elastic net algorithm. In addition, all machine learning methods generated better tomographic reconstructions than the classic Total Variation method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Measurements Technologies)
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