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Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System
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Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2023) | Viewed by 18891

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yuqing Bao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NARI School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
Interests: energy management of the electric power system; demand side management of the electric power system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhenya Ji

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NARI School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
Interests: vehicle-to-grid (V2G); coordinated operations of integrated energy systems; electricity market
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhenyu Lv

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NARI School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
Interests: microgrid control; DC distribution network; application of energy storage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, the current electric energy system is facing change. Distributed power sources, electric vehicles, distributed energy storage, and flexible loads are becoming more and more important, and increasingly affect the electric energy system by source–load interaction. In this context, the electric energy system is becoming more and more complex. The optimization of the power system not only needs to consider the operating characteristics of the generation resources, but also needs to take into account the uncertainty of distributed power sources, the travel rules of electric vehicles, the comfort level of electric energy users, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to fully investigate the advances of electric energy systems and design more feasible, efficient, and robust optimization strategies.

Papers in the relevant areas of Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System, including but not limited to the following issues, are invited:

  • Modeling and optimization of electric energy system;
  • Modeling and management of flexible loads;
  • Scheduling of high renewable penetrated electric power system;
  • Load forecasting of electric energy system;
  • Electricity market design for source–load interaction;
  • Coordinated operations of integrated energy systems;
  • Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) optimation and control technologies;
  • Optimization and control of energy storage systems;
  • Review of advances in electric energy system.

Dr. Yuqing Bao
Dr. Zhenya Ji
Dr. Zhenyu Lv
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy management
  • demand response
  • vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
  • integrated energy systems

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

0 pages, 4800 KiB  
Article
Identification of Distribution Network Topology and Line Parameter Based on Smart Meter Measurements
by Chong Wang, Zheng Lou, Ming Li, Chaoyang Zhu and Dongsheng Jing
Energies 2024, 17(4), 830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17040830 - 09 Feb 2024
Viewed by 525
Abstract
Accurate line parameters are the basis for the optimal control and safety analysis of distribution networks. The lack of real-time monitoring equipment in grids has meant that data-driven identification methods have become the main tool to estimate line parameters. However, frequent network reconfigurations [...] Read more.
Accurate line parameters are the basis for the optimal control and safety analysis of distribution networks. The lack of real-time monitoring equipment in grids has meant that data-driven identification methods have become the main tool to estimate line parameters. However, frequent network reconfigurations increase the uncertainty of distribution network topologies, creating challenges in the data-driven identification of line parameters. In this paper, a line parameter identification method compatible with an uncertain topology is proposed, which simplifies the model complexity of the joint identification of topology and line parameters by removing the unconnected branches through noise reduction. In order to improve the solving accuracy and efficiency of the identification model, a two-stage identification method is proposed. First, the initial values of the topology and line parameters are quickly obtained using a linear power flow model. Then, the identification results are modified iteratively based on the classical power flow model to achieve a more accurate estimation of the grid topology and line parameters. Finally, a simulation analysis based on IEEE 33- and 118-bus distribution systems demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively realize the estimation of topology and line parameters, and is robust with regard to both measurement errors and grid structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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23 pages, 3448 KiB  
Article
Optimal Capacity Configuration of Pumped-Storage Units Used to Retrofit Cascaded Hydropower Stations
by Yang Li, Feilong Hong, Xiaohui Ge, Xuesong Zhang, Bo Zhao and Feng Wu
Energies 2023, 16(24), 8049; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16248049 - 13 Dec 2023
Viewed by 751
Abstract
As flexible resources, cascaded hydropower stations can regulate the fluctuations caused by wind and photovoltaic power. Constructing pumped-storage units between two upstream and downstream reservoirs is an effective method to further expand the capacity of flexible resources. This method transforms cascaded hydropower stations [...] Read more.
As flexible resources, cascaded hydropower stations can regulate the fluctuations caused by wind and photovoltaic power. Constructing pumped-storage units between two upstream and downstream reservoirs is an effective method to further expand the capacity of flexible resources. This method transforms cascaded hydropower stations into a cascaded pumped-hydro-energy storage system. In this paper, a flexibility reformation planning model of cascaded hydropower stations retrofitted with pumped-storage units under a hybrid system composed of thermal, wind, and photovoltaic power is established with the aim of investigating the optimal capacity of pumped-storage units. First, a generative adversarial network and a density peak clustering algorithm are utilized to generate typical scenarios to deal with the seasonal fluctuation of renewable energy generation, natural water inflow, and loads. Then, a full-scenario optimization method is proposed to optimize the operation costs of multiple scenarios considering the variable-speed operation characteristics of pumped storage and to obtain a scheme with better comprehensive economy. Meanwhile, the proposed model is retransformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem to simplify the solution. Case studies in Sichuan province are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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25 pages, 3660 KiB  
Article
Impact of Automation on Enhancing Energy Quality in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
by Virgilio Alfonso Murillo Rodríguez, Noé Villa Villaseñor, José Manuel Robles Solís and Omar Alejandro Guirette Barbosa
Energies 2023, 16(17), 6161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16176161 - 24 Aug 2023
Viewed by 824
Abstract
Rapid growth in the integration of new consumers into the electricity sector, particularly in the industrial sector, has necessitated better control of the electricity supply and of the users’ op-erating conditions to guarantee an adequate quality of service as well as the unregulated [...] Read more.
Rapid growth in the integration of new consumers into the electricity sector, particularly in the industrial sector, has necessitated better control of the electricity supply and of the users’ op-erating conditions to guarantee an adequate quality of service as well as the unregulated dis-turbances that have been generated in the electrical network that can cause significant failures, breakdowns and interruptions, causing considerable expenses and economic losses. This research examines the characteristics of electrical variations in equipment within a company in the industrial sector, analyzes the impact generated within the electrical system according to the need for operation in manufacturing systems, and proposes a new solution through automation of the regulation elements to maintain an optimal system quality and prevent damage and equipment failures while offering a cost-effective model. The proposed solution is evaluated through a reliable simulation in ETAP (Energy Systems Modeling, Analysis and Optimization) software, which emulates the interaction of control elements and simulates the design of electric flow equipment operation. The results demonstrate an improvement in system performance in the presence of disturbances when two automation schemes are applied as well as the exclusive operation of the capacitor bank, which improves the total system current fluctuations and improves the power factor from 85.83% to 93.42%. Such a scheme also improves the waveform in the main power system; another improvement result is when simultaneously operating the voltage and current filter together with the PV system, further improving the current fluctuations, improving the power factor from 85.83% to 94.81%, achieving better stability and improving the quality of the waveform in the main power grid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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20 pages, 6450 KiB  
Article
An Optimal Operation Strategy of Regenerative Electric Heating Considering the Difference in User Thermal Comfort
by Duojiao Guan, Zhongnan Feng, Li Song, Kun Hu, Zhenjia Li and Peng Ye
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5821; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16155821 - 05 Aug 2023
Viewed by 749
Abstract
Regenerative electric heating has gradually become one of the main forms of winter heating with the promotion of “coal to electricity” project. By fully exploiting its regulating capacity, it can effectively achieve a win–win situation of “peak shaving and valley filling” on the [...] Read more.
Regenerative electric heating has gradually become one of the main forms of winter heating with the promotion of “coal to electricity” project. By fully exploiting its regulating capacity, it can effectively achieve a win–win situation of “peak shaving and valley filling” on the grid side and “demand response” on the customer side. In order to meet the different heating demands of users, a regenerative electric heating optimization and control strategy is proposed, taking into account the difference in users’ thermal comfort. Firstly, the reasons for the difference in user thermal comfort are analyzed, and the differentiated preference factors are calculated based on the maximum likelihood estimation method to design differentiated heating schemes. Then, a dynamic optimization and control model for regenerative electric heating with comfort and economic evaluation indicators is established and solved by using quantum genetic algorithm. Finally, a numerical example is used for simulation analysis. The research results show that the strategy proposed in this paper can take into account the comfort of customers and the economy of peaking and low load shifting, so that the operation of regenerative electric heating can respond to the different needs of different customer groups, and realize flexible adjustment at any time of the day. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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16 pages, 3964 KiB  
Article
Fault Arc Detection Based on Channel Attention Mechanism and Lightweight Residual Network
by Xiang Gao, Gan Zhou, Jian Zhang, Ying Zeng, Yanjun Feng and Yuyuan Liu
Energies 2023, 16(13), 4954; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16134954 - 26 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 977
Abstract
An arc fault is the leading cause of electrical fire. Aiming at the problems of difficulty in manually extracting features, poor generalization ability of models and low prediction accuracy in traditional arc fault detection algorithms, this paper proposes a fault arc detection method [...] Read more.
An arc fault is the leading cause of electrical fire. Aiming at the problems of difficulty in manually extracting features, poor generalization ability of models and low prediction accuracy in traditional arc fault detection algorithms, this paper proposes a fault arc detection method based on the fusion of channel attention mechanism and residual network model. This method is based on the channel attention mechanism to perform global average pooling of information from each channel of the feature map assigned by the residual block while ignoring the local spatial data to enhance the detection and recognition rate of the fault arc. This paper introduces a one-dimensional depth separable convolution (1D-DS) module to reduce the network model parameters and shorten the time of single prediction samples. The experimental results show that the F1 score of the network model for arc fault detection under mixed load conditions is 98.07%, and the parameter amount is reduced by 46.06%. The method proposed in this paper dramatically reduces the parameter quantity, floating-point number and time complexity of the network structure while ensuring a high recognition rate, which improves the real-time response ability to detect arc fault. It has a guiding significance for applying arc fault on the edge side. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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11 pages, 7845 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Rectifiers in Firefighting Monitors Used in UHV Fire Safety Applications
by Jiaqing Zhang, Sha Luo, Yubiao Huang, Yi Guo, Jiafei Zhang, Dong Li and Chuanwen Zhao
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3898; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16093898 - 05 May 2023
Viewed by 947
Abstract
An electric power system is an important factor in national economic development. However, as an electric power system requires more electric equipment in its operation process, it is prone to short circuits, faults and other problems, which can lead to fires. To help [...] Read more.
An electric power system is an important factor in national economic development. However, as an electric power system requires more electric equipment in its operation process, it is prone to short circuits, faults and other problems, which can lead to fires. To help prevent fires in such power systems, the hydraulic performance of the existing firefighting monitor should be optimized. A rectifier is an important structure which affects the performance of the firefighting monitor. In this paper, numerical simulations based on CFD (computational fluid dynamics) are carried out to analyze the fluid flow inside firefighting monitors with five different rectifier structures. In addition, the effects of rectifier structure on both the turbulent kinetic energy and axial velocity of the fluid inside the firefighting monitor are analyzed. The results show that rectifier installation can reduce the turbulent energy of the inlet and outlet of the firefighting monitor and improve the axial velocity distribution inside the firefighting monitor. Specifically, a forked row rectifier arrangement can significantly improve the effect of flow stabilization. However, there are limits to improving rectifier stabilization performance by changing the number of blades, as too many blades can cause reverse direction flow and large pressure losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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34 pages, 10561 KiB  
Article
Novel Planning Methodology for Spatially Optimized RES Development Which Minimizes Flexibility Requirements for Their Integration into the Power System
by Bojana Škrbić and Željko Đurišić
Energies 2023, 16(7), 3251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16073251 - 05 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2001
Abstract
An optimization model which determines optimal spatial allocation of wind (WPPs) and PV power plants (PVPPs) for an energy independent power system is developed in this paper. Complementarity of the natural generation profiles of WPPs and PVPPs, as well as differences between generation [...] Read more.
An optimization model which determines optimal spatial allocation of wind (WPPs) and PV power plants (PVPPs) for an energy independent power system is developed in this paper. Complementarity of the natural generation profiles of WPPs and PVPPs, as well as differences between generation profiles of WPPs and PVPPs located in different regions, gives us opportunity to optimize the generation capacity structure and spatial allocation of renewable energy sources (RES) in order to satisfy the energy needs while alleviating the total flexibility requirements in the power system. The optimization model is based on least squared error minimization under constraints where the error represents the difference between total wind and solar generation and the referent consumption profile. This model leverages between total energy and total power requirements that flexibility resources in the considered power system need to provide in the sense that the total balancing energy minimization implicitly bounds the power imbalances over the considered time period. Bounding the power imbalances is important for minimizing investment costs for additional flexibility resources. The optimization constraints bound the installed power plant capacity in each region according to the estimated technically available area and force the total energy production to equal the targeted energy needs. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through the example of long-term RES planning development for complete decarbonization of electric energy generation in Serbia. These results could be used as a foundation for the development of the national energy strategy by serving as a guidance for defining capacity targets for regional capacity auctions in order to direct the investments in wind and solar power plants and achieve transition to dominantly renewable electricity production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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16 pages, 4581 KiB  
Article
Calculation Method of Theoretical Line Loss in Low-Voltage Grids Based on Improved Random Forest Algorithm
by Li Huang, Gan Zhou, Jian Zhang, Ying Zeng and Lei Li
Energies 2023, 16(7), 2971; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16072971 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 962
Abstract
Theoretical line loss rate is the basic reference value of the line loss management of low-voltage grids, but it is difficult to calculate accurately because of the incomplete or abnormal line impedance and measurement parameters. The traditional algorithm will greatly reduce the number [...] Read more.
Theoretical line loss rate is the basic reference value of the line loss management of low-voltage grids, but it is difficult to calculate accurately because of the incomplete or abnormal line impedance and measurement parameters. The traditional algorithm will greatly reduce the number of samples that can be used for model training by discarding problematic samples, which will restrict the accuracy of model training. Therefore, an improved random forest method is proposed to calculate and analyze the theoretical line loss of low-voltage grids. According to the Influence mechanism and data samples analysis, the electrical characteristic indicator system of the theoretical line loss can be constructed, and the concept of power supply torque was proposed for the first time. Based on this, the attribute division process of decision tree model is optimized, which can improve the limitation of the high requirement of random forest on the integrity of feature data. Finally, the improved effect of the proposed method is verified by 23,754 low-voltage grids, and it has a better accuracy under the condition of missing a large number of samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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15 pages, 3178 KiB  
Article
Research on Optimization Strategy of Battery Swapping for Electric Taxis
by Hao Qiang, Yanchun Hu, Wenqi Tang and Xiaohua Zhang
Energies 2023, 16(5), 2296; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16052296 - 27 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1940
Abstract
Nowadays, sustainability-related issues have attracted growing attention due to fossil fuel depletion and environmental concerns. Considering many cities have gradually replaced taxis with electric vehicles (EVs), to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and traditional energy consumption, this paper studies the optimization strategy of battery [...] Read more.
Nowadays, sustainability-related issues have attracted growing attention due to fossil fuel depletion and environmental concerns. Considering many cities have gradually replaced taxis with electric vehicles (EVs), to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and traditional energy consumption, this paper studies the optimization strategy of battery swapping for electric taxis (ETs), and it is not only to ease congestion in the battery swapping station (BSS) but also for electric taxis to address their range anxiety and maximize their benefits. Firstly, based on the road network, the Dijkstra algorithm is adopted to provide the optimal path for ETs to BSSs with the minimum energy consumption. Then, this paper proposes the optimization objective function with minimum cost, which contains the battery service cost based on the battery’s state of charge, waiting cost caused by waiting for swapping battery in BSSs and the carbon emission reduction benefit generated during ETs driving to BSSs, and uses a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) algorithm to solve this function. Finally, taking the Leisure Park of Laoshan City in Beijing as an example, the numerical simulation is carried out and the proposed battery swapping strategy is efficient to alleviate the congestion of BSSs and maximize the total benefit of ETs, and the cost based on the proposed strategy is 14.21% less than that of disorderly swapping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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14 pages, 4065 KiB  
Article
Demand Response Using Disturbance Estimation-Based Kalman Filtering for the Frequency Control
by Xuehua Wu, Qianqian Qian and Yuqing Bao
Energies 2022, 15(24), 9377; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15249377 - 11 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 797
Abstract
Demand response (DR) has a great potential for stabilizing the frequency of power systems. However, the performance is limited by the accuracy of the frequency detection, which is affected by measurement disturbances. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a disturbance estimation-based Kalman [...] Read more.
Demand response (DR) has a great potential for stabilizing the frequency of power systems. However, the performance is limited by the accuracy of the frequency detection, which is affected by measurement disturbances. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a disturbance estimation-based Kalman filtering method, which is utilized for the frequency control. By using the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), the Kalman filtering method can estimate the state of the ON/OFF loads well. In this way, the influence of detection error can be reduced, and the DR performance can be improved. Test results show that the proposed disturbance estimation-based Kalman filtering method has a higher accuracy of frequency detection than existing methods (such as the low-pass filter method) and therefore improves the frequency control performance of DR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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12 pages, 3182 KiB  
Article
Research on Packet Control Strategy of Constant-Frequency Air-Conditioning Demand Response Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
by Qian Liu, Guangnu Fu, Gang Ma, Jun He and Weikang Li
Energies 2022, 15(23), 8985; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15238985 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 906
Abstract
To better utilize air-conditioning load in terms of demand side response potential and improve precision and speed, a control strategy of traditional temperature-control air conditioning, determining frequency load as the research object, and air conditioning determined with a frequency theory model and the [...] Read more.
To better utilize air-conditioning load in terms of demand side response potential and improve precision and speed, a control strategy of traditional temperature-control air conditioning, determining frequency load as the research object, and air conditioning determined with a frequency theory model and the Monte Carlo method, were used to construct a power aggregation model. This was combined with user feedback to study thermal comfort as a lateral load demand response resource to determine the potential demand response of power systems. Based on the state-queuing model, an air-conditioning load grouping control strategy using an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed which can accurately control the air-conditioning load following the reference load. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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18 pages, 2683 KiB  
Article
Schedule Strategy Considering the Overload Violation Risk to the Security Region in Distribution Networks
by Jiacheng Jia, Guiliang Yin, Lingling Sun and Ahmed Abu-Siada
Energies 2022, 15(23), 8781; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15238781 - 22 Nov 2022
Viewed by 912
Abstract
Due to the uncertainty of the nodal power caused by the varying renewable energies and the variety of loads, the line power of the distribution network (DN) is uncertainty also. In extreme scenarios, the line power may exceed the loading limits and incur [...] Read more.
Due to the uncertainty of the nodal power caused by the varying renewable energies and the variety of loads, the line power of the distribution network (DN) is uncertainty also. In extreme scenarios, the line power may exceed the loading limits and incur overload violations. In this paper, a risk analysis specifically for overload violations based on the security region of the DN is established. This method takes the N-0 security of the DN as the reference to determine the bidirectional security region and violation distances. The calculation of the probability distribution of the overload violation in the distribution lines is established according to the distribution of node injections of the DN by using the semi-invariant algorithm. By referring to the security boundaries, the optimization model of the anti-violation strategy to minimize the cost of anti-violation is derived, by which the severity of violation risk events is obtained accordingly. Assessment of the risk cost is built with the CVaR index for violation events. Based on the above algorithms, the risk-tolerated scheduling model of the DN is arrived at with the objective of minimizing the comprehensive risk cost and operating cost. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by a modified IEEE 33-node example. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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20 pages, 18393 KiB  
Article
A Distributed Two-Level Control Strategy for DC Microgrid Considering Safety of Charging Equipment
by Xiang Li, Zhenya Ji, Fengkun Yang, Zhenlan Dou, Chunyan Zhang and Liangliang Chen
Energies 2022, 15(22), 8600; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15228600 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 971
Abstract
A direct current (DC) microgrid containing a photovoltaic (PV) system, energy storage and charging reduces the electric energy conversion link and improves the operational efficiency of the system, which has a broad development prospect. The instability and randomness of PV and charging loads [...] Read more.
A direct current (DC) microgrid containing a photovoltaic (PV) system, energy storage and charging reduces the electric energy conversion link and improves the operational efficiency of the system, which has a broad development prospect. The instability and randomness of PV and charging loads pose a challenge to the safe operation of DC microgrid systems. The safety of grid operation and charging need to be taken into account. However, few studies have integrated the safety of charging devices with grid operation. In this paper, a two-level control strategy is used for the DC microgrid equipped with hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) with the charging equipment’s safety as the entry point. The primary control strategy combines the health of the charging equipment with droop control to effectively solve the problem of common DC bus voltage deviation and power distribution. The consistency the control algorithm for multiple groups of hybrid ESSs ensures the local side DC bus voltage level and ensures reasonable power distribution among the ESSs. The simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the control strategy can achieve power allocation with stable voltage levels in the case of fluctuating health of the charging equipment, which guarantees the safe operation of the microgrid and charging equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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16 pages, 3545 KiB  
Article
A Singular Spectrum Analysis and Gaussian Process Regression-Based Prediction Method for Wind Power Frequency Regulation Potential
by Xianbo Du and Jilai Yu
Energies 2022, 15(14), 5126; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145126 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1189
Abstract
The development of primary frequency regulation (FR) technology has prompted wind power to provide support for active power control systems, and it is critical to accurately assess and predict the wind power FR potential. Therefore, a prediction model for wind power virtual inertia [...] Read more.
The development of primary frequency regulation (FR) technology has prompted wind power to provide support for active power control systems, and it is critical to accurately assess and predict the wind power FR potential. Therefore, a prediction model for wind power virtual inertia and primary FR potential is proposed. Firstly, the primary FR control mode is divided and the mapping relationship of operating wind speed and FR potential is constructed. Secondly, a hybrid prediction method of singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) is proposed for predicting the speed of wind. Finally, the wind speed sequence is adopted to calculate the FR potential with various regulation modes in future time. The results show the advantages of the proposed method in the prediction accuracy of wind power FR potential and the ability to characterize the uncertainty information of the prediction results. Accurate modeling and prediction of wind power FR potential can significantly promote wind turbines to implement fine control of primary FR and optimal allocation of FR capacity within wind farm and group. Based on the actual operation data, the deterministic prediction and probability prediction of the FR potential of wind farms are conducted in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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16 pages, 2800 KiB  
Article
Observer-Based H∞ Load Frequency Control for Networked Power Systems with Limited Communications and Probabilistic Cyber Attacks
by Yixuan Ge, Guobao Liu, Guishu Zhao, Huai Liu and Ji Sun
Energies 2022, 15(12), 4234; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15124234 - 08 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1290
Abstract
This paper studies load frequency control (LFC) for networked power systems with limited communications and probabilistic cyber attacks. Some restrictions exist during the information transmission, which can impair behavior and lead to instability of power systems. Throughout this paper, we consider such power [...] Read more.
This paper studies load frequency control (LFC) for networked power systems with limited communications and probabilistic cyber attacks. Some restrictions exist during the information transmission, which can impair behavior and lead to instability of power systems. Throughout this paper, we consider such power systems that involve multi-path missing measurements and input–output time-varying delays as well as cyber attacks in the communication channels. A feedback controller is presented, which is based on the observer to implement H∞ LFC for power systems with disturbance rejection level γ. By Lyapunov stability theory, adequate criteria are given to ensure the stable operation of power systems. Finally, the validity of theoretical analysis is demonstrated and illustrated by numerical simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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19 pages, 3708 KiB  
Article
Disturbance Observer-Based Model Predictive Super-Twisting Control for Soft Open Point
by Zhengqi Wang, Haoyu Zhou and Hongyu Su
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3657; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103657 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1595
Abstract
This paper presents a disturbance observer-based model predictive of super-twisting control for Soft Open Point (SOP). First, with the consideration of the disturbances caused by parameter mismatches and unmodelled dynamics, a super-twisting sliding-mode observer (STO) is proposed to observe the disturbances, and the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a disturbance observer-based model predictive of super-twisting control for Soft Open Point (SOP). First, with the consideration of the disturbances caused by parameter mismatches and unmodelled dynamics, a super-twisting sliding-mode observer (STO) is proposed to observe the disturbances, and the observed disturbances are introduced into the inner-loop as the compensation to improve the anti-disturbance of SOP system. Second, the outer-loop controller is designed by applying the super-twisting sliding-mode control (STC) approach to improve the dynamic performance and robustness. Third, to deal with large current harmonics by traditional model predictive control (MPC), a Three-Vector-based MPC (TV-MPC) is proposed to increase the number of voltage vectors in a sampling time. Finally, it is verified by simulations that the proposed method can reduce current harmonics, DC-side voltage setting time and improve the dynamic performance of SOP system effectively. In case of parameter mismatches, the proposed observer can observe the disturbances correctly to enhance the robustness of the SOP system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
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