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Electrical Phenomena of Modern Transportation Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 6753

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
DITEN, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy
Interests: EMC applied to industrial, military, and transportation systems; power quality and interference; power system modeling and analysis; electrical measurements, design, and construction of measurement setups and instrumentation; earthing, stray current, and lightning protection design
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric transportation systems are becoming increasingly more efficient and attractive, spanning traditional guideway systems (railways, metros, and monorails) and autonomous vehicles (electric vehicles of various sizes).

They all provide their performance and flexibility at the expense of an increasing power demand interacting with the power grids at substations and feeding or charging points. There has been a significant development of solutions to improve the efficiency of both existing systems and novel innovative products, at the infrastructure level as well as down to the single vehicle (or train).

Efficiency for such large and reconfigurable systems is the first challenge when it comes to their effective quantification, either by simulation or mostly experimentally through measurements.

The second significant issue is the impact on the feeding grid upstream, both in terms of stability and power quality; we must in fact remember that high performance implies high power concentration, with quick delivery in short times, as testified by the progress in EV charging stations.

The widespread integration of such transportation systems in the urban context to improve usability and public perception brings along the problem of interaction with humans (e.g., exposure to electromagnetic fields and aspects of electrical safety), existing technological systems (such as traffic lights, telecommunication lines, street lighting, and domestic appliances, for example, in terms of interference), and infrastructure (stray current and impressed potentials for rail-supported systems, upgrades of power distribution to accommodate for feeding, and charging points).

With the continuous evolution of solutions and technology, it is difficult to narrow down a topic proposing a solution without evaluating the interaction of a studied system from the remaining viewpoints: an electric holistic approach to such a modern transportation system is, thus, not to be excluded, backing up the more traditional study of the exemplified electric interaction.

Measurement methods and approaches for the quantification of electrical efficiency are extremely important, provided the involved economic and fiscal aspects, besides long-term benefits for ecology and green transition.

Power quality has, thus far, been studied with a wide range of techniques and approaches in the various sectors that need to be tuned up for a tighter integration of sources, their increasing number, and suitability of reference limits (that were stipulated years ago with different types of connected loads and network topologies).

Similarly, the increasing use of microgrids, the deployment of renewables, and the increased dynamics of connected loads have had a direct impact on network stability that remains a key issue, especially to allow for the flexible integration and expansion of existing grids.

Lastly, interference can be interpreted in a broad sense as the coupling of electric quantities onto an existing system, thus, encompassing induction, conductive coupling, and electromagnetic field emissions, down to the propagation of stray currents and consequential corrosion.

Thank you for your kind attention,

Cordially

Prof. Dr. Andrea Mariscotti
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 8454 KiB  
Article
Extended Pantograph–Catenary Arc Modeling and an Analysis of the Vehicular-Grounding Electromagnetic Transients of Electric Multiple Units
by Ke Huang and Dongdong Su
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17071512 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 446
Abstract
As the operating speed of electric multiple units (EMUs) in high-speed railways increases, pantograph–catenary (PC) detachment arcing occurs frequently. The resulting vehicular-grounding electromagnetic transients are related to the dynamic characteristics of the arc length. During large detachment, the processes of arc extinction and [...] Read more.
As the operating speed of electric multiple units (EMUs) in high-speed railways increases, pantograph–catenary (PC) detachment arcing occurs frequently. The resulting vehicular-grounding electromagnetic transients are related to the dynamic characteristics of the arc length. During large detachment, the processes of arc extinction and arc reignition may occur, resulting in more severe train body (TB) over-voltages and adverse effects on some vehicular electronic devices. As an extension of the previous works, this paper aims to establish a suitable PC arc model to examine the TB transient voltages. To begin with, the arc length dynamic characteristics are reasonably analyzed to deduce the relationship between the detachment distance and the arc length via the chain arc model. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the arc length are introduced, and an arc modeling scheme is proposed to elaborate the vehicle-grid electric power model for EMUs encountering various arcing scenarios. Based on this, the transient over-voltages are analyzed, accounting for both the arc extinction and arc reignition, as well as the mutual influences of multiple detachments in a short time. The influential factors, including arc length characteristics, phase angle, excitation inductance, and grounding parameters, are also involved in the performed analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Phenomena of Modern Transportation Systems)
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20 pages, 8266 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Operation Optimization for Regenerative Braking Energy Utilizing in Urban Rail Traction Power Supply System
by Hao Zhang, Jian Zhang, Linjie Zhou, Peng Xiong and Zhuofan Zhao
Energies 2023, 16(21), 7268; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16217268 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 828
Abstract
The energy feedback system (EFS) is widely accepted to utilize the regenerative braking energy (RBE) in an urban rail traction power supply system (TPSS). However, the sharing relationship of RBE between EFS, traction trains and on-board braking resistors is not clear. In addition, [...] Read more.
The energy feedback system (EFS) is widely accepted to utilize the regenerative braking energy (RBE) in an urban rail traction power supply system (TPSS). However, the sharing relationship of RBE between EFS, traction trains and on-board braking resistors is not clear. In addition, the impact of EFS operation on the sharing of RBE has been rarely studied. This paper proposed a hierarchical operation optimization method for improving the utilization of shared RBE in TPSS through the EFS. An optimizing model for the dynamic start-up voltage threshold of EFS is established, with the objective of minimizing TPSS power consumption. A fast prediction model of train operation information is developed to analyze the steady-state power flow in advance. The optimal solution is searched using a salp swarm algorithm (SSA) on a per second basis. A microsystem of three traction stations and two trains is analyzed. Compared to the conventional constant voltage operation scheme, the optimal solution achieves a maximum additional energy-saving efficiency improvement of 2.44%. Efficient sharing of RBE is identified as the key to achieving energy savings. Regarding the local control part, system stability analysis is verified. Real-time simulation results indicate that the dynamic operating mode of EFS efficiently distributes RBE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Phenomena of Modern Transportation Systems)
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Review

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33 pages, 7756 KiB  
Review
Review of Waveform Distortion Interactions Assessment in Railway Power Systems
by Rafael S. Salles and Sarah K. Rönnberg
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5411; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16145411 - 16 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2156
Abstract
This work aims to cover the measurement, modeling, and analysis of waveform distortions in railway power systems. It is focused on waveform distortion as a phenomenon that includes harmonic distortion, interharmonic distortion, and supraharmonics. A comprehensive view of the interactions of waveform distortions [...] Read more.
This work aims to cover the measurement, modeling, and analysis of waveform distortions in railway power systems. It is focused on waveform distortion as a phenomenon that includes harmonic distortion, interharmonic distortion, and supraharmonics. A comprehensive view of the interactions of waveform distortions in railway systems is needed, together with a grid perspective of power quality incorporating all aspects, sources, propagation, requirements, and effects. It is understood that the communities interested or involved in the subject of railway power systems would benefit from an integrated overview of the literature on the complex problem of waveform distortion. The literature review is divided into four categories: characterization and measurements, modeling, the application of artificial intelligence, and specific issues. For each category of work, the contributions are highlighted, and a discussion on opportunities, gaps, and critical observations is provided. The work successfully builds a framework for the subject with two main characteristics; the review is informative and propositional, providing a road map of opportunities for future works. Some aspects and recommendations can be highlighted. Suggestions for future works and research practices on waveform distortion in electrical transportation are offered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Phenomena of Modern Transportation Systems)
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43 pages, 2360 KiB  
Review
The Electrical Behaviour of Railway Pantograph Arcs
by Andrea Mariscotti
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1465; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16031465 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2702
Abstract
Electric arcing is an unavoidable consequence of the current collection process by sliding contact in railways and metros, and in general in many electrified transportation systems (ETSs). The most relevant consequences in an electrical perspective are: the occurrence of transients triggering resonant behaviour [...] Read more.
Electric arcing is an unavoidable consequence of the current collection process by sliding contact in railways and metros, and in general in many electrified transportation systems (ETSs). The most relevant consequences in an electrical perspective are: the occurrence of transients triggering resonant behaviour and transient responses, reduction of the energy efficiency of the system, conducted and radiated disturbance, in particular for the new radio systems widely employed for signalling and communication. The involved parameters are many (type of materials, current intensity, DC and AC supply, relative speed, temperature), as well as the studied characteristics (arc instability and lifetime, dynamic behaviour, electrical system response, radiation efficiency and coupling to external radio systems). This work reports the state of the art in arc modelling, arcing experimental characterisation, interaction with the supply system, radiated emissions and disturbance to radio systems, providing a complete description of phenomena and of reference data, critically discussing similarity and differences between sources. Proposed arc models are many with different assumptions and simplifications for various applications, so that a critical review and discussion are a necessity, considering the many different approaches and not-so-obvious applicability. The comparison with experimental results highlights unavoidable discrepancies, also because of intrinsic arc variability and for the many involved parameters and operating conditions. The impact of the arc as embedded in the railway system is then considered, speaking of conducted and radiated phenomena, including interference to radio communication systems and arc detection. The most prominent effect for conducted emissions is the excitation of system resonances, including the LC filters onboard rolling stock and substations in DC railways, with consequences for disturbance and energy efficiency, and this is discussed in detail. Conversely, for high frequency emissions, the attenuation along the line circuit is significant and the effective distance of propagation is limited; nevertheless radiated electromagnetic field emissions are a relevant source of disturbance for radio systems within the ETS premises and outside (e.g., at airports). The published approaches to quantify performance reduction are discussed with emphasis on experimental methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Phenomena of Modern Transportation Systems)
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