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17 pages, 8400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coordinated Control of Offshore Wind Power and BESS to Provide Power System Flexibility

by Martha N. Acosta, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, Juan Manuel Roldan-Fernandez and Manuel Burgos-Payan

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4650; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14154650 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2896

The massive integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) in modern power systems is imposing several challenges; one of them is the increased need for balancing services. Coping with the high variability of the future generation mix with incredible high shares of VER, the [...] Read more.

The massive integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) in modern power systems is imposing several challenges; one of them is the increased need for balancing services. Coping with the high variability of the future generation mix with incredible high shares of VER, the power system requires developing and enabling sources of flexibility. This paper proposes and demonstrates a single layer control system for coordinating the steady-state operation of battery energy storage system (BESS) and wind power plants via multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC). The proposed coordinated controller is a single layer controller on the top of the power converter-based technologies. Specifically, the coordinated controller uses the capabilities of the distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS) to store electricity when a logic function is fulfilled. The proposed approach has been implemented considering a control logic based on the power flow in the DC undersea cables and coordinated to charging distributed-BESS assets. The implemented coordinated controller has been tested using numerical simulations in a modified version of the classical IEEE 14-bus test system, including tree-HVDC converter stations. A 24-h (1-min resolution) quasi-dynamic simulation was used to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed coordinated control. The controller demonstrated the capacity of fulfilling the defined control logic. Finally, the instantaneous flexibility power was calculated, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed coordinated controller to provide flexibility and decreased requirements for balancing power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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17 pages, 8599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Spanish Offshore Wind Generation in the Iberian Electricity Market: Potential Savings and Policy Implications

by Juan-Manuel Roldan-Fernandez, Javier Serrano-Gonzalez, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt and Manuel Burgos-Payan

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4481; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14154481 - 24 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2836

Abstract

The European Union considers that offshore wind power will play a key role in making the EU the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. Currently, the potential of offshore wind energy is still untapped in Spain. Furthermore, the characteristics of the coastline in Spain [...] Read more.

The European Union considers that offshore wind power will play a key role in making the EU the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. Currently, the potential of offshore wind energy is still untapped in Spain. Furthermore, the characteristics of the coastline in Spain require floating technology, making it challenging to install wind farms due to their current high cost. This work seeks to quantify the impact that Spanish offshore wind energy would have on the Iberian electricity market. Several offshore wind scenarios are evaluated by combining available information in relation to areas suitable for installing wind farms and wind resource data. The impact on the day-ahead electricity market has been obtained by reproducing the market, including these new offshore wind generation scenarios. The introduction of this renewable energy results in a market cost reduction in what is known as the merit-order effect. According to our estimates, for each MWh of offshore wind energy introduced in the market, there would be a market cost reduction of 45 €. These savings can serve as a reference for regulators to adjust their policy framework to boost floating wind offshore generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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20 pages, 1683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Realistic Optimization of Parallelogram-Shaped Offshore Wind Farms Considering Continuously Distributed Wind Resources

by Angel G. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Javier Serrano-González, Manuel Burgos-Payán and Jesús Manuel Riquelme-Santos

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2895; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14102895 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

Offshore wind power plants are becoming a realistic option for the renewable production of electricity. As an improvement tool to the profitability of OWFs, this work presents the first complete non-genetic (and non-binary) evolutionary algorithm to optimize the location, size and layout of [...] Read more.

Offshore wind power plants are becoming a realistic option for the renewable production of electricity. As an improvement tool to the profitability of OWFs, this work presents the first complete non-genetic (and non-binary) evolutionary algorithm to optimize the location, size and layout of a parallelogram-shaped offshore wind farm, as the arrangement that is becoming an standard for offshore wind farms. It has been tested in the HRI site. Most relevant economic data influencing the investment profitability have been taken into account. In addition, the paper introduces a new approach to offshore wind farm optimization based on a continuous behaviour of varying wind conditions, which allows a more realistic estimation of the energy produced. The proposed optimization approach has been tested based on the available information from HRI. Obtained solutions present similar values to the actual offshore wind farm in terms of investment and annual energy produced, but differs with respect to the optimal orientation and profitability. The contributions of this paper are: it details the first method to interpolate a continuous distribution of wind rose and Weibull parameters; it presents the first algorithm to obtain a realistic optimal solution to the location+sizing+micro-siting problem for regular arrangements; it is prepared to work with the most complete set of economic, bathymetric, and wind data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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18 pages, 3622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Pitch Angle Strategy for Energy Maximization in Offshore Wind Farms Considering Gaussian Wake Model

by Javier Serrano González, Bruno López and Martín Draper

Energies 2021, 14(4), 938; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14040938 - 10 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1826

Abstract

This paper presents a new approach based on the optimization of the blade pitching strategy of offshore wind turbines in order to maximize the global energy output considering the Gaussian wake model and including the effect of added turbulence. A genetic algorithm is [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new approach based on the optimization of the blade pitching strategy of offshore wind turbines in order to maximize the global energy output considering the Gaussian wake model and including the effect of added turbulence. A genetic algorithm is proposed as an optimization tool in the process of finding the optimal setting of the wind turbines, which aims to determine the individual pitch of each turbine so that the overall losses due to the wake effect are minimised. The integration of the Gaussian model, including the added turbulence effect, for the evaluation of the wakes provides a step forward in the development of strategies for optimal operation of offshore wind farms, as it is one of the state-of-the-art analytical wake models that allow the evaluation of the energy output of the project in a more reliable way. The proposed methodology has been tested through the execution of a set of test cases that show the ability of the proposed tool to maximize the energy production of offshore wind farms, as well as highlights the importance of considering the effect of added turbulence in the evaluation of the wake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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19 pages, 4646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Micro-Siting of Weathervaning Floating Wind Turbines

by Javier Serrano González, Manuel Burgos Payán, Jesús Manuel Riquelme Santos and Ángel Gaspar González Rodríguez

Energies 2021, 14(4), 886; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14040886 - 08 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2740

Abstract

This paper presents a novel tool for optimizing floating offshore wind farms based on weathervaning turbines. This solution is grounded on the ability of the assembly (wind turbine plus floater) to self-orientate into the wind direction, as this concept is allowed to freely [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel tool for optimizing floating offshore wind farms based on weathervaning turbines. This solution is grounded on the ability of the assembly (wind turbine plus floater) to self-orientate into the wind direction, as this concept is allowed to freely pivot on a single point. This is a passive yaw potential solution for floating wind farms currently in the demonstration phase. A genetic algorithm is proposed for optimizing the levelised cost of energy by determining the geographical coordinates of the pivot points (i.e., the position over which the assembly can rotate to self-orient to the incoming wind direction). A tailored evaluation module is proposed to take into account the weathervaning motion around the pivot point depending on the incoming wind direction. The results obtained show the suitability of the proposed method to solve the addressed problem under realistic conditions. Additionally, the influence of the feasible region defined by the plot and the maximum area occupied on floating offshore wind farm design are also analysed in the proposed test cases. These deployable area constraints are of great importance for the viability of this technology, as it requires more space than classical solutions anchored to a fixed point. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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17 pages, 1724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of the HVDC Link Connecting Offshore Wind Farms to Onshore Power Systems

by Roland Ryndzionek and Łukasz Sienkiewicz

Energies 2020, 13(8), 1914; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13081914 - 14 Apr 2020

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9254

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of the DC link development and evolution dedicated to HVDC structure for connecting offshore wind power plants to onshore power systems. The growing demand for the green energy has forced investors in power industry to look for resources [...] Read more.

This paper presents an overview of the DC link development and evolution dedicated to HVDC structure for connecting offshore wind power plants to onshore power systems. The growing demand for the green energy has forced investors in power industry to look for resources further out at sea. Hence, the development of power electronics and industrial engineering has enabled offshore wind farms to be situated further from the shore and in deeper waters. However, their development will require, among other technologies, DC-DC conversion systems. The advantages of HVDC over HVAC technology in relation to transmission distance are given. The different HVDC configurations and topologies of HVDC converters are elucidated. In this context, the HVDC grids are a promising alternative for the expansion of the existing AC grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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17 pages, 7078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of a LVRT Control Strategy of Offshore Wind Farms on the HTS Power Cable

by Thai-Thanh Nguyen, Hak-Man Kim and Hyung Suk Yang

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1194; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13051194 - 05 Mar 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2271

Abstract

High temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables are a potential solution for the grid integration of offshore wind farms since the HTS cable can conduct bulk wind power at low voltage levels. However, the transient current through the HTS cable in cases of low [...] Read more.

High temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables are a potential solution for the grid integration of offshore wind farms since the HTS cable can conduct bulk wind power at low voltage levels. However, the transient current through the HTS cable in cases of low voltage ride through (LVRT) operation has a negative impact on the HTS cable operation due to the quenching phenomenon. This paper analyzes the impact of LVRT control strategies on the HTS cable operation. In addition, a coordinated control of wind turbines for LVRT improvement of an offshore wind farm is proposed. The feasibility of the HTS cable application for the grid connection of offshore wind farms is also discussed in this study. The proposed controller is designed for the wind turbine generator based on a type-4 permanent magnet synchronous generator. In the proposed controller, the transient current through the HTS cable is reduced by regulating the machine side power during fault conditions. The feasibility of the proposed controller is validated in the PSCAD/EMTDC program (Manitoba Hydro International Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, version 4.2.1). The effects of transient current on the cable temperatures and resistances are analyzed in this study. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy could reduce the transient current and temperature rise of the HTS cable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessReview

Radial Water Barrier in Submarine Cables, Current Solutions and Innovative Development Directions

by Leszek Resner and Sandra Paszkiewicz

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2761; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14102761 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 10020

Abstract

With wind turbines increasing in size, installed at greater distances from the mainland, and greater depths, submarine cables are facing new challenges. Materials and technologies used so far for the production of submarine cables with lead, aluminium, or copper sheaths make them unsuitable [...] Read more.

With wind turbines increasing in size, installed at greater distances from the mainland, and greater depths, submarine cables are facing new challenges. Materials and technologies used so far for the production of submarine cables with lead, aluminium, or copper sheaths make them unsuitable or even obsolete for modern solutions such as floating wind farms. The article discusses types of submarine cables, their construction, working conditions, and operational factors, with emphasis placed on the role of the radial water barrier. The focus has been placed on dry and semi-dry designs. The article is also devoted to a discussion regarding directions of further development, possible materials, and constructions that may appear in the future. Current research and results regarding the use of multi-layer coatings with the use of thermoplastic block copolymers for the layer with high moisture absorption are also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Offshore in Wind Farms: Design, Operation, and Maintenance)

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