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15 pages, 2605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Impact of Electricity Rates on the Feasibility of Solar PV and Energy Storage Systems in Commercial Buildings: Financial vs. Resilience Perspective

by Yuness Badiei and Josue Campos do Prado

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2421; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16052421 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1412

Abstract

The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation and battery energy storage (BES) systems in commercial buildings has been increasing significantly in recent years. Most of these systems, however, are designed to solely minimize the investment and operation costs. With the increasing concerns about [...] Read more.

The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation and battery energy storage (BES) systems in commercial buildings has been increasing significantly in recent years. Most of these systems, however, are designed to solely minimize the investment and operation costs. With the increasing concerns about high-impact low-probability (HILP) events, such as natural disasters, and their impact on power system resilience, there is a substantial need to integrate outage risks in power system infrastructure planning problems. This paper examines the impact of various electricity rates on the feasibility of PV and BES systems in commercial buildings for financial and resilience purposes. Simulation studies are conducted using the Renewable Energy Integration & Optimization (REopt) decision support software to optimize the size of solar PV and BES systems for both financial and resilience purposes, considering different combinations of geographic locations, load profiles, electricity rates, and outage durations. The feasibility assessment is conducted by analyzing and comparing the net present value (NPV) for each combination of parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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16 pages, 1261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a HVDC Link on the Reliability of the Bulk Nigerian Transmission Network

by Omowumi Grace Olasunkanmi, Waliu O. Apena, Andrew R. Barron, Alvin Orbaek White and Grazia Todeschini

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9631; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15249631 - 19 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Regular and reliable access to energy is critical to the foundations of a stable and growing economy. The Nigerian transmission network generates more electricity than is consumed but, due to unpredicted outages, customers are often left without electrical power for several hours during [...] Read more.

Regular and reliable access to energy is critical to the foundations of a stable and growing economy. The Nigerian transmission network generates more electricity than is consumed but, due to unpredicted outages, customers are often left without electrical power for several hours during the year. This paper aims to assess the present reliability indices of the Nigerian transmission network, and to determine the impact of HVDCs on system reliability. In the first part of this paper, the reliability of the Nigerian transmission system is quantified by building a model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory and carrying out a reliability study based on data provided by the Nigerian transmission-system operator. Both network indices and load-point indices are evaluated, and the weakest points in the network are identified. In the second part of the paper, an HVDC model is built and integrated into the existing network at the locations identified by the reliability study. A comparative study using two different HVDC connections is then carried out, to determine the critical impact of HVDC on system reliability. The reliability results indicate that the weakest points of the transmission system are the radial feeders, and the highest impact could be achieved by spanning an HVDC line between two busbars located at the two extremes of a radial feeder: Azura and Yola. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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20 pages, 2862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Evaluation of Standalone Microgrid Based on Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation Method

by Zhipeng Weng, Jinghua Zhou and Zhengdong Zhan

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6706; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15186706 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1318

Abstract

In order to analyze the influence of uncertainty and an operation strategy on the reliability of a standalone microgrid, a reliability evaluation method based on a sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) simulation was developed. Here, the duty cycles of a microturbine (MT), the stochastic [...] Read more.

In order to analyze the influence of uncertainty and an operation strategy on the reliability of a standalone microgrid, a reliability evaluation method based on a sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) simulation was developed. Here, the duty cycles of a microturbine (MT), the stochastic performance of photovoltaics (PV), and wind turbine generators (WTG) were considered. Moreover, the time-varying load with random fluctuation was modeled. In this method, the available capacity of an energy storage system (ESS) was also comprehensively considered by the SMC simulation. Then, the reliability evaluation framework was established from the perspectives of probability, frequency, and duration, and reliability evaluation algorithms under different operation strategies were formulated. Lastly, the influence of WTG and PV penetration and equipment capacity on the reliability was evaluated in the test system. The results showed that the complementary characteristics of wind and solar and the enhancement of the equipment capacity can both improve the reliability; but, with the increase in the penetration rate of WTG and PV, more ESS capacity is needed to cope with the randomness of WTG and PV. In addition, load shedding minimization strategies can minimize the probability and the number of reductions and achieve optimal reliability, which can provide a reference for the formulation of microgrid operation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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19 pages, 7398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Planning of Flexible Generators and Energy Storages under High Penetration of Renewable Power in Taiwan Power System

by Yuan-Kang Wu, Wen-Shan Tan, Yu-Shuang Chiang and Cheng-Liang Huang

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5224; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145224 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1331

Abstract

The proportion of renewable power generation in the world has been increasing in recent years. However, the fluctuations and uncertainties of renewable power generation bring a considerable challenge to future unit scheduling. Therefore, the generation flexibility in power systems becomes more critical as [...] Read more.

The proportion of renewable power generation in the world has been increasing in recent years. However, the fluctuations and uncertainties of renewable power generation bring a considerable challenge to future unit scheduling. Therefore, the generation flexibility in power systems becomes more critical as a large amount of renewable generation is integrated into power systems. The use of flexible generators with energy storage systems is one of the most efficient methods of improving power system flexibility. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the effect of generation flexibility on the cost of unit scheduling. A flexibility index is used to evaluate the generation flexibility in the Taiwan power system, and a multi-scenario analysis for renewable power integration is considered. This study also considers various system constraints, such as the unit commitment of actual hydro and thermal units, the scheduling of flexible internal combustion engines (ICEs) and energy storage systems, and possible curtailments of renewable power generation. According to the seasonable characteristics of renewable power generation, this study provides a suitable capacity for flexible ICE units and energy storage systems. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the cost of unit scheduling is effectively reduced by increasing flexible ICE units and energy storage systems. The results of this study can be used as a reference for power systems in preparing flexible generating units and energy storage systems under the integration of a large amount of renewable power generation in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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19 pages, 2188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Preventive Maintenance Planning for Electric Power Distribution Systems Using Failure Rates and Game Theory

by Noppada Teera-achariyakul and Dulpichet Rerkpreedapong

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5172; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145172 - 17 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3565

Abstract

Current electric utilities must achieve reliability enhancement of considerable distribution feeders with an economical budget. Thus, optimal preventive maintenance planning is required to balance the benefits and costs of maintenance programs. In this research, the proposed method determines the time-varying failure rate of [...] Read more.

Current electric utilities must achieve reliability enhancement of considerable distribution feeders with an economical budget. Thus, optimal preventive maintenance planning is required to balance the benefits and costs of maintenance programs. In this research, the proposed method determines the time-varying failure rate of each feeder to evaluate the likelihood of future interruptions. Meanwhile, the consequences of feeder interruptions are estimated using interruption energy rates, customer-minutes of interruption, and total kVA of service areas. Then, the risk is assessed and later treated as an opportunity for mitigating the customer interruption costs by planned preventive maintenance tasks. Subsequently, cooperative game theory is exploited in the proposed method to locate a decent balance between the benefits of reliability enhancement and the costs required for preventive maintenance programs. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through case studies of large power distribution networks of 12 service regions, including 3558 medium-voltage distribution feeders. The preventive maintenance plans resulting from the proposed method present the best compromise of benefits and costs compared with the conventional approach that requires a pre-specified maintenance budget. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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24 pages, 1908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Reliability Assessment in Expansion Planning of Power Distribution Systems

by Gustavo L. Aschidamini, Gederson A. da Cruz, Mariana Resener, Roberto C. Leborgne and Luís A. Pereira

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5073; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145073 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1726

Abstract

This article proposes a framework that uses analytical assessment of reliability to guide the expansion planning of power distribution systems (PDS) considering reliability criteria. The framework allows the estimation of reliability indices with and without the execution of expansion projects, thus supporting the [...] Read more.

This article proposes a framework that uses analytical assessment of reliability to guide the expansion planning of power distribution systems (PDS) considering reliability criteria. The framework allows the estimation of reliability indices with and without the execution of expansion projects, thus supporting the decision-making process on investments in expansion projects. In the analytical assessment of reliability, failure rates of zones and restoration times are calculated from past data of interruptions in the primary distribution network. In addition, the estimated reliability indices are adjusted to historical values through failure rates proportionate to the length of each zone. To test and validate the proposed framework, it was applied to the distribution network at bus 5 of the Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) and also to a real distribution feeder located in Brazil. The results indicated that the proposed framework can help define the most attractive investments leading to improvements in reliability indices and reduction in unsupplied energy. The estimation of reliability indices and energy not supplied, considered the following expansion alternatives: (i) the installation of normally-closed sectionalizing switches, (ii) the installation of normally-open switches with interconnection to adjacent feeders, (iii) the automation of switches, and (iv) the reconductoring of zones of the primary distribution network. Nevertheless, the proposed framework allows the inclusion of other expansion alternatives. Finally, the proposed framework proved to be handy and useful for real-life applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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13 pages, 4482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Virtual Power Plant Uncertainty Modeling Framework Using Unscented Transform

by Lucas Feksa Ramos, Luciane Neves Canha, Josue Campos do Prado and Leonardo Rodrigues Araujo Xavier de Menezes

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3716; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103716 - 19 May 2022

Viewed by 1526

Abstract

This paper proposes a new strategy for modeling predictability uncertainty in a stochastic context for decision making within a Virtual Power Plant (VPP). Modeling variable renewable energy generation is an essential step for effective VPP planning and operation. However, it is also a [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new strategy for modeling predictability uncertainty in a stochastic context for decision making within a Virtual Power Plant (VPP). Modeling variable renewable energy generation is an essential step for effective VPP planning and operation. However, it is also a challenging task due to the uncertain nature of its sources. Therefore, developing tools to effectively predict these uncertainties is essential for the optimal participation of VPPs in the electricity market. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel method to model the uncertainties associated with energy dispatching in a VPP using the Unscented Transform (UT) method. The proposed algorithm minimizes the risks associated with the VPP operation in a computationally efficient and simple manner, and can be used in real-time on a power system. The proposed framework was evaluated based on an Electric Power System (EPS) model with historical data. Case studies have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in minimizing power demand and renewable-energy-forecasting uncertainty for a VPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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Review

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29 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Transient Recovery Voltage in Power Systems: Models, Standardizations and Analysis

by Eleonora Fripp Lazzari, Adriano Peres de Morais, Maicon Ramos, Renato Ferraz, Tiago Marchesan, Vitor Cristiano Bender, Rodinei Carraro, Herber Fontoura, Cristian Correa and Mariana Resener

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6348; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16176348 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3301

Abstract

Electrical power systems are exposed to transient disturbances that change the voltage and current signals of the network, which can interrupt power and damage equipment. In high-frequency phenomena, it is essential to study the transient recovery voltage (TRV) to ensure the electrical insulation [...] Read more.

Electrical power systems are exposed to transient disturbances that change the voltage and current signals of the network, which can interrupt power and damage equipment. In high-frequency phenomena, it is essential to study the transient recovery voltage (TRV) to ensure the electrical insulation limits of circuit breakers are not violated, thus leading to a safe and reliable operation. Adequate models are crucial to achieving satisfactory results in the studies, according to the range of frequency of the transient being evaluated. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of methods and models for studying electromagnetic transients, focusing on TRV requests imposed on circuit breakers, in addition to fault-clearing simulations on real system modeling. The analyses are fundamental both for the evaluation of the amplitude of the voltage signal and for its rate of rise. We also compare the reviewed models and techniques to provide a handy resource for researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Flexibility, Reliability, and Resilience)

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