Energies

15 pages, 1402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of Factors Underpinning the Superior Performance of Ducted Horizontal-Axis Helical Wind Turbines

by Shaikh Zishan Suheel, Ahmad Fazlizan, Halim Razali, Kok Hoe Wong, Altaf Hossain Molla, Rajkumar Singh Rathore, M. S. Hossain Lipu and Mahidur R. Sarker

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3029; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123029 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2024

Abstract

The societal and economic reliance on non-renewable energy sources, primarily fossil fuels, has raised concerns about an imminent energy crisis and climate change. The transition towards renewable energy sources faces challenges, notably in understanding turbine shear forces within wind technology. To address this [...] Read more.

The societal and economic reliance on non-renewable energy sources, primarily fossil fuels, has raised concerns about an imminent energy crisis and climate change. The transition towards renewable energy sources faces challenges, notably in understanding turbine shear forces within wind technology. To address this gap, a novel solution emerges in the form of the ducted horizontal-axis helical wind turbine. This innovative design aims to improve airflow dynamics and mitigate adverse forces. Computational fluid dynamics and experimental assessments were employed to evaluate its performance. The results indicate a promising technology, showcasing the turbine’s potential to harness energy from diverse wind sources. The venturi duct aided in the augmentation of the velocity, thereby increasing the maximum energy content of the wind by 179.16%. In addition, 12.16% of the augmented energy was recovered by the turbine. Notably, the integration of a honeycomb structure demonstrated increased revolutions per minute (RPM) by rectifying the flow and reducing the circular wind, suggesting the impact of circular wind components on turbine performance. The absence of the honeycomb structure allows the turbine to encounter more turbulent wind (circular wind), which is the result of the movement of the fan. Strikingly, the downwash velocity of the turbine was observed to be equal to the incoming velocity, suggesting the absence of an axial induction factor and, consequently, no back force on the system. However, limitations persist in the transient modelling and in determining optimal performance across varying wind speeds due to experimental constraints. Despite these challenges, this turbine marks a significant stride in wind technology, highlighting its adaptability and potential for heightened efficiency, particularly at higher speeds. Further refinement and exploration are imperative for broadening the turbine’s application in renewable energy generation. This research emphasizes the turbine’s capacity to adapt to different wind velocities, signaling a promising avenue for more efficient and sustainable energy production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)

27 pages, 1703 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Blockchain for Nuclear Material Tracking: A Scoping Review and Innovative Model Proposal

by Irem Nur Ecemis, Fatih Ekinci, Koray Acici, Mehmet Serdar Guzel, Ihsan Tolga Medeni and Tunc Asuroglu

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3028; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123028 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Ensuring safe and transparent tracking of nuclear materials in the modern era is critical for global security and compliance with international regulations. Blockchain technology, a decentralized and immutable ledger, offers a new approach to recording transactions, increasing trust without intermediaries. In this study, [...] Read more.

Ensuring safe and transparent tracking of nuclear materials in the modern era is critical for global security and compliance with international regulations. Blockchain technology, a decentralized and immutable ledger, offers a new approach to recording transactions, increasing trust without intermediaries. In this study, it was investigated whether nuclear material tracking was performed with advanced technology blockchain from past to present; it was seen that there needed to be a study on this subject in the literature, and that there was a gap. Search results proving this are presented. The authors present a model that can enable nuclear material tracking with blockchain technology, which will create a solid structure for recording and verifying every process step in the nuclear supply chain, from the creation of the first product to destruction. This model discusses how nuclear materials, which are very important to track from the beginning until they become waste, can be tracked with blockchain technology, and the contributions they can make nationally and internationally are explained. As a result of the research, it is shown that blockchain technology has the potential to pave the way for more resilient and precise nuclear supply chains by significantly increasing the security and efficiency of nuclear material tracking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain, IoT and Smart Grids Challenges for Energy II)

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13 pages, 1645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidating Synergetic Effects of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Slaughterhouse Waste with Livestock Manures

by Sangyeol Jo, Rahul Kadam, Heewon Jang, Dongyun Seo and Jungyu Park

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3027; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123027 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2024

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Abstract

This study quantitatively analyzed the synergistic effects of co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste (SHW) with cattle manure (CM) and pig manure (PM) on methane production by applying statistical methods. The biochemical methane potential of volatile solid concentration-based mixtures showed that the biodegradability (BD) of [...] Read more.

This study quantitatively analyzed the synergistic effects of co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste (SHW) with cattle manure (CM) and pig manure (PM) on methane production by applying statistical methods. The biochemical methane potential of volatile solid concentration-based mixtures showed that the biodegradability (BD) of the co-substrates was improved as the mixing proportion of the highly biodegradable SHW increased. Furthermore, mathematical analysis using the modified Gompertz model showed that an increase in the SHW mixture ratio shortened the lag phase at the initial period by more than 58%. The synergy index (SI) analysis revealed that co-digestion of CM and SHW mixed at an equal ratio of 1:1 in sample S4 resulted in a higher SI of 1.18 compared to 1.10 for PM and SHW in sample S5. An overlay plot based on BD and SI identified the optimal mixture ratio as 26.9:31.0:42.1 (CM/PM/SHW), where both BD and SI reached their maximum values. The study successfully demonstrated that co-digestion of SHW with livestock manure enhances BD through a synergistic effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A4: Bio-Energy)

11 pages, 9828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Flow-Induced Stress Investigation on a Prototype Reversible Pump–Turbine Runner

by Dehao Zhang, Qiang Quan, Xingxing Huang, Zhengwei Wang, Biao Wang and Yunfeng Xiao

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3026; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123026 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Pump–turbine units with high heads are subjected to strong pressure pulsations from the unsteady transient flow in fluid channels, which can produce severe vibrations and high stresses on the pump–turbine structural components. Therefore, reducing transient flow-induced stresses on prototype reversible pump–turbine units is [...] Read more.

Pump–turbine units with high heads are subjected to strong pressure pulsations from the unsteady transient flow in fluid channels, which can produce severe vibrations and high stresses on the pump–turbine structural components. Therefore, reducing transient flow-induced stresses on prototype reversible pump–turbine units is an important measure for ensuring their safe and efficient operation. A high-head prototype reversible pump–turbine with a rated head of 440 m was used to investigate the transient flow characteristics and the flow-induced-stresses in this study. First, the flow passages of the pump–turbine unit and the structure of the reversible pump–turbine runner were constructed with CAD tools. Next, CFD simulations at the full load were performed to investigate the pressure pulsation characteristics of the pump turbine in both the time domain and the frequency domain. After this, the pressure files calculated by the CFD were exported and applied to a finite element model of the pump–turbine runner to calculate the transient flow-induced dynamic stresses. The results show that the pressure pulsations in the flow passage are closely related to the rotational speed, the guide vane number, and the runner blade number of the pump–turbine unit. The maximum flow-induced stresses on the pump–turbine runner at the full load were below 2 MPa and lower than the allowable value, which reveals that the designs of the pump–turbine runner and the flow passage are acceptable. The conclusions can be used as a reference to evaluate the design of high-head pump–turbines units. The approaches used to carry out the transient flow-induced stress calculations can be applied not only to pump–turbines units but also to other types of fluid turbomachinery such as pumps, turbines, fans, compressors, turbochargers, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical and Experimental Methods in Research: Renewable Energy Systems)

16 pages, 19054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on RPLESO

by Chengpeng Zhou, Bo Wang, Kai Liu and Kaixuan Ren

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3025; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123025 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 101

Abstract

In view of the problem of the low-speed jitter of household lawn mowers driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) at low speeds and high torque, and the complicated parameters of traditional non-linear active disturbance rejection controllers, a partially optimized linear active [...] Read more.

In view of the problem of the low-speed jitter of household lawn mowers driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) at low speeds and high torque, and the complicated parameters of traditional non-linear active disturbance rejection controllers, a partially optimized linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) driving PMSM strategy is proposed. First, the linear extended state observer (LESO), which bears a significant burden in terms of speed and load estimation in active disturbance rejection control, is optimized by reducing its order to improve the anti-disturbance performance of the active disturbance rejection controller within a limited bandwidth. Secondly, the reduced-order parallel linear extended state observer (RPLESO) is obtained by optimizing the parallel structure of the order-reduced LESO, which improves the control precision and robustness of the system. Through a simulation and experimental verification, the optimized LADRC control of the PMSM system is shown to improve the parameter adjustability, speed estimation precision and system robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Permanent Magnet Motor and Motor Control)

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13 pages, 1499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Light-Load Efficiency Improvement Technique for an Inductive Power Transfer System through a Reconfigurable Circuit

by Xuebin Zhou, Jiabin Wang and Lin Yang

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3024; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123024 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 91

Abstract

Constant voltage (CV) charging and efficiency improvement are the most basic and main targets to be achieved in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. However, efficiency may be jeopardized as battery charging progresses, especially under a light-load condition, which accounts for most of the [...] Read more.

Constant voltage (CV) charging and efficiency improvement are the most basic and main targets to be achieved in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. However, efficiency may be jeopardized as battery charging progresses, especially under a light-load condition, which accounts for most of the charging time. Traditional maximum-efficiency tracking (MET) control provides an effective solution to the above issues. However, MET control not only brings the difficulties of complicated control and increased cost/volume, but also increases the additional power losses because of the introduction of additional converters or hard-switching in dual-shift phase control. To address the above difficulty, a light-load efficiency improvement (LLEI) technique is presented in this study. Under a heavy-load condition, both the inverter and rectifier operate in conventional full-bridge mode with satisfactory efficiency. Under a light-load condition, both the rectifier and inverter are reconfigured as a voltage-doubler rectifier and half-bridge inverter, respectively, to achieve two targets: one is to keep the charging voltage roughly unchanged, and the other is to force the equivalent load resistance (ELR) approach to the optimal point to improve system power transfer efficiency. A demonstrative experimental prototype with a charging voltage of 60 V is constructed and tested to validate the LLEI method proposed in this study. The experimental results show that the proposal can ensure stable CV charging and significantly improve the system efficiency under a light-load condition over the whole charging process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Wireless Power Transfer Systems)

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10 pages, 3037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Relationship between Fuel Prices and Vehicle Numbers in Urban Road Networks

by Monika Ziemska-Osuch

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3023; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123023 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 88

Abstract

The article presents an analysis of the relationship between the price of fuel and diesel oil and traffic intensity in the city. First, an analysis of fuel prices was prepared over fourteen months and the number of passenger cars and trucks per day [...] Read more.

The article presents an analysis of the relationship between the price of fuel and diesel oil and traffic intensity in the city. First, an analysis of fuel prices was prepared over fourteen months and the number of passenger cars and trucks per day was examined at the same time. From the results obtained, the highest, lowest, and average values were obtained. On this basis, it was noticed that when the price of fuel was the highest, there were fewer passenger cars, but when the price dropped, the number of vehicles increased. Another conclusion from the analysis is that when the price of fuel dropped even more than the average, there were no more cars. Based on the analysis, it was noticed that the number of vehicles may vary by up to 8000 passenger vehicles per day within one intersection. Then, a microsimulation model was performed in the PTV Vissim program to check the amount of pollution generated by vehicles in three variants: the highest, lowest, and average traffic intensities. The results show that the average daily CO pollution at the moment of the lowest traffic intensity is 15,000 g lower than the average, so the high price of fuel causes much less pollution for the consumer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Transport Economics and Renewable Energy Sources)

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27 pages, 8336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Electrification Using Renewable Energies: Microgrid Installation Model with Combined Mixture k-Means Clustering Algorithm, Mixed Integer Linear Programming, and Onsset Method

by Moyème Kabe, Yao Bokovi, Kwami Senam Sedzro, Pidéname Takouda and Yendoubé Lare

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3022; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123022 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 118

Abstract

Optimal planning and design of microgrids are priorities in the electrification of off-grid areas. Indeed, in one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7), the UN recommends universal access to electricity for all at the lowest cost. Several optimization methods with different strategies [...] Read more.

Optimal planning and design of microgrids are priorities in the electrification of off-grid areas. Indeed, in one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7), the UN recommends universal access to electricity for all at the lowest cost. Several optimization methods with different strategies have been proposed in the literature as ways to achieve this goal. This paper proposes a microgrid installation and planning model based on a combination of several techniques. The programming language Python 3.10 was used in conjunction with machine learning techniques such as unsupervised learning based on K-means clustering and deterministic optimization methods based on mixed linear programming. These methods were complemented by the open-source spatial method for optimal electrification planning: onsset. Four levels of study were carried out. The first level consisted of simulating the model obtained with a cluster, which is considered based on the elbow and k-means clustering method as a case study. The second level involved sizing the microgrid with a capacity of 40 kW and optimizing all the resources available on site. The example of the different resources in the Togo case was considered. At the third level, the work consisted of proposing an optimal connection model for the microgrid based on voltage stability constraints and considering, above all, the capacity limit of the source substation. Finally, the fourth level involved a planning study of electrification strategies based mainly on microgrids according to the study scenario. The results of the first level of study enabled us to obtain an optimal location for the centroid of the cluster under consideration, according to the different load positions of this cluster. Then, the results of the second level of study were used to highlight the optimal resources obtained and proposed by the optimization model formulated based on the various technology costs, such as investment, maintenance, and operating costs, which were based on the technical limits of the various technologies. In these results, solar systems account for 80% of the maximum load considered, compared to 7.5% for wind systems and 12.5% for battery systems. Next, an optimal microgrid connection model was proposed based on the constraints of a voltage stability limit estimated to be 10% of the maximum voltage drop. The results obtained for the third level of study enabled us to present selective results for load nodes in relation to the source station node. Finally, the last results made it possible to plan electrification using different network technologies and systems in the short and long term. The case study of Togo was taken into account. The various results obtained from the different techniques provide the necessary leads for a feasibility study for optimal electrification of off-grid areas using microgrid systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimal Planning, Integration and Control of Smart Grids and Microgrids Systems)

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19 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Biogas Plant Digestate Management Methods

by Mateusz Nowak, Wiktor Bojarski and Wojciech Czekała

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3021; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123021 - 19 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive economic and energy efficiency analysis of selected digestate management methods, considering their implications on operational costs and resource management. To achieve this aim, the study focuses on a comparative assessment of different digestate [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive economic and energy efficiency analysis of selected digestate management methods, considering their implications on operational costs and resource management. To achieve this aim, the study focuses on a comparative assessment of different digestate management methods, including land application, mechanical separation, the composting process and pellet production. The economic analysis involves the evaluation of the initial investment, operational expenses, and potential revenue streams associated with each method. The most economical and popular solution of digestate management is direct use as fertilizer, with total costs of 1.98 EUR·Mg⁻¹. All of the other methods involve higher digestate management costs, respectively; for separation it is 2.42 EUR·Mg⁻¹, for composting it is 2.81 EUR·Mg⁻¹. The process that is the most energy-intensive, but profitable, is the production of pellets from digestate, resulting in profits of 334,926 EUR·year⁻¹. It should be noted that the other analyzed methods of digestate management also bring many environmental benefits, affecting sustainability and reducing emissions. The results of this research will contribute unique data on the feasibility of managing the digestate and its fractions. The calculations of economic and energy values for different strategies will allow for the optimization of the overall performance of the biogas plant, thus promoting a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel Production and Bio-Waste Management)

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21 pages, 22649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy, Economic and Environmental (3E) Analysis for an Optimal CSP Technology Integration in Morocco

by Nabil Ammari, Ahmed Alami Merrouni, Abderrahmane Mendyl, Elmiloud Chaabelasri and Tamás Weidinger

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3020; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123020 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 119

Abstract

Among the existing solar technologies, Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) stands out as the most efficient and adaptable option for base load applications, primarily due to its thermal storage capabilities. However, despite its potential, the implementation of this technology still lacks competitiveness compared to [...] Read more.

Among the existing solar technologies, Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) stands out as the most efficient and adaptable option for base load applications, primarily due to its thermal storage capabilities. However, despite its potential, the implementation of this technology still lacks competitiveness compared to Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Therefore, optimizing the plant components and operational factors becomes crucial for its cost-effective utilization, particularly in the desert regions of Morocco. Hence, the objective of this study comprised two main aspects: first, to conduct a parametric analysis aimed at selecting the optimal configuration for a parabolic trough collector (PTC)-based power plant suitable for the Moroccan context. Subsequently, an environmental analysis was performed to assess the impact of soiling on the plant operation. This step aimed to refine the precision of the techno-economic analysis and enhance the project’s bankability. High-quality in situ meteorological data and soiling measurements were utilized for these analyses. Furthermore, to ensure the reliability of the results, the results from the employed simulation tool were validated against real data obtained from an operational power plant. The results indicate that Morocco holds significant potential for the integration of large-scale CSP plants. A capacity of 1 MW utilizing PTC technology could yield an annual electricity production of up to 33 GWhe, with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) estimated at 0.1465 EUR/kWh. However, accounting for soiling effects in the yield analysis, which is recommended for precise yield calculations, revealed a decrease in the annual production to 28 GWhe for the same 1 MW capacity. This reduction represented a 20% loss from the nominal conditions, resulting in a corresponding increase in electricity cost by 30.6 €/MWh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solar Technologies and Thermal Energy Storage)

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22 pages, 14448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Collaborative Modulation Method of Dual-Side Backflow Power Optimization and Zero-Voltage Switching for Dual Active Bridge

by Yun Zhang, Xiaodong Liu, Tong Li, Zhen Huang and Jinrong Chen

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3019; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123019 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 91

Abstract

Dual active bridge (DAB) converters are widely used in DC microgrids because of their superior bidirectional energy flow regulation capability and characteristics, such as wide voltage gain and zero-voltage switching (ZVS). However, due to the inherent contradiction between the minimum backflow power and [...] Read more.

Dual active bridge (DAB) converters are widely used in DC microgrids because of their superior bidirectional energy flow regulation capability and characteristics, such as wide voltage gain and zero-voltage switching (ZVS). However, due to the inherent contradiction between the minimum backflow power and the ZVS of the power switches, the existing modulation methods are difficult to optimize and coordinate. Most of the studies increase the complexity of energy flow regulation in the optimization process. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a collaborative modulation method of dual-side backflow power optimization and ZVS for DAB. The method constructs a dual-side backflow power optimization modulation strategy that is simple to control and uniform in all working conditions by analyzing the mathematical model of backflow power. Meanwhile, based on this optimized modulation strategy, a regulatory factor of phase-shift ratio is introduced to collaborate with the ZVS of the power switches, which reduces the backflow power while ensuring the ZVS of the primary and secondary sides. Finally, a 500W DAB prototype is built, and the experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed modulation method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic and Power Conversion Systems for Renewable Energy)

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13 pages, 5668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Markov Chain Analysis of Ship Energy Efficiency

by Yordan Garbatov, Dimitar Yalamov and Petar Georgiev

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3018; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123018 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 108

Abstract

A formulation is presented for the assessment of the CO₂ generated by ships in operation and their evolution with time, conditional on the current legislation using Markov chains. Any potential deep repair or retrofitting of the ship propulsion system or enhancement of [...] Read more.

A formulation is presented for the assessment of the CO₂ generated by ships in operation and their evolution with time, conditional on the current legislation using Markov chains. Any potential deep repair or retrofitting of the ship propulsion system or enhancement of route operational characteristics during the service life are not accounted for. The Markov transition matrix is defined based on the ship operations and CO₂ history of A, B, C, D, and E carbon intensity indicator (CII) rates. The transition between different CII rate states in the survey data is used to estimate the probability of transition of the analysed ships between different CII grates. Distinct transition matrices employing the progressively tightened legislation of CII are employed and analysed. In addition, the transition matrices can be fed into risk-based models that take the CII rates as input for defining the most appropriate ship energy efficiency management plan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization)

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16 pages, 6227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Feedforward Control Based on Estimated Electromagnetic Parameters upon a Novel Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Actuator with a Unibody Magnetic Circuit

by Zhaoxi Yi, Meizhu Luo, Ji-an Duan and Yan Jiang

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3017; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123017 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 104

Abstract

This paper focuses on the study of the tracking performance of a novel two-degrees-of-freedom (two-DOF) voice coil motor (VCM). Intelligent control algorithms estimate the motor control model by the relationship between the input and output values, and it is hard to achieve excellent [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the study of the tracking performance of a novel two-degrees-of-freedom (two-DOF) voice coil motor (VCM). Intelligent control algorithms estimate the motor control model by the relationship between the input and output values, and it is hard to achieve excellent tracking performance due to the wider variational range of motor electromagnetic parameters (MEPs). This paper proposes estimated methods for MEPs and an adaptive feedforward control algorithm based on estimated MEPs (ACBE). ACBE can alter its control parameters from inside out in time with the change in MEPs. Experiments are carried out to verify that the proposed ACBE realized excellent tracking performance upon the novel two-DOF VCM. This study indicates that an adaptive control algorithm with high-precision control parameters has better tracking performance upon a motor control model with large variation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linear/Planar Motors and Other Special Motors)

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18 pages, 9736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Characterization of Boron Nitride-Filled Insulation for Aerospace and Avionics Applications

by Gian Carlo Montanari, Muhammad Shafiq, Sukesh Babu Myneni, Maricela Lizcano and Tiffany S. Williams

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3016; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123016 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 92

Abstract

The environmental challenges associated with high-power, high-voltage electrified aircraft require a targeted approach with regard to the development of next-generation aerospace electrical insulation. This study reports findings on polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) as a matrix material based on its unique thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties, [...] Read more.

The environmental challenges associated with high-power, high-voltage electrified aircraft require a targeted approach with regard to the development of next-generation aerospace electrical insulation. This study reports findings on polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) as a matrix material based on its unique thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties, filled with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with micron- and nanoscale particulates. The inorganic ceramic filler was selected for its thermally conductive and electrically insulating performance in extreme environments. The main goal was to investigate the dielectric strength and electrical resistance (endurance) to partial discharges (PDs). Since PDs are a leading accelerated degradation phenomenon causing premature failure in organic electrical insulation, the capability of an insulating material to endure PD-induced degradation for the whole (or part of) its design life is of paramount importance. It was observed that incorporation of h-BN micro fillers can significantly improve the PD resistance, even in comparison with insulating materials typically used for electrified transportation, such as corona-resistant Kapton. It was also observed that a suitable combination of micro and nano fillers can also be used as a viable solution to increase the electrical performance and reliability of the avionics insulation components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F6: High Voltage)

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19 pages, 856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green and Reserve Logistics of Packaging and Plastic Packaging Waste under the Conditions of Circular Economy at the Level of the European Union Member States

by Adriana Scrioșteanu and Maria Magdalena Criveanu

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3015; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123015 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 126

Abstract

Sustainable development involves constant efforts to reduce pollution by using resources as efficiently as possible. One of the sources of pollution is waste from packaging, recovery, and of course, the possibility of recycling them. The research theme of this paper is the reverse [...] Read more.

Sustainable development involves constant efforts to reduce pollution by using resources as efficiently as possible. One of the sources of pollution is waste from packaging, recovery, and of course, the possibility of recycling them. The research theme of this paper is the reverse logistics of plastic packaging, which allows the realization of the idea of circular economy and green logistics, which promotes the idea of sustainable development. The EU is strongly committed to issues related to the management of plastic packaging and waste to reduce environmental pollution and achieve circularity goals. Through this article, we aim to highlight the degree to which the EU member states are included in the plastic packaging recycling targets for the year 2030. To highlight the evolution trend for the recycling rate of plastic packaging, we used an advanced forecasting model that runs a series of variables in order to draw up a forecast as accurate as possible. After highlighting the recycling rates for plastic packaging at the level of the EU member states, we proceeded to outline some recommendations in order to encourage the EU member states to make the recycling process more efficient. The current study continues the series of studies dealing with the problem of recycling, but it covers a topic not addressed until this moment, namely the behavior of the citizen regarding the recycling activity seen through the prism of national culture. The current study aims to strengthen the specialized literature in this field and to offer innovative solutions that appeal to the respective national cultures regarding the availability of the populations of the EU member states to address the problem of recycling plastic packaging, not only from a legislative perspective but also from a cultural one. In conclusion, this study generates a model of approach to government policies regarding the recycling of plastic packaging considering the types of national cultures prevailing in the EU member countries, with this being possible by grouping the countries into culturally homogenous clusters. In this way, the environmental policies enunciated by governments can be adapted to convey the message in a more personal way, considering the cultural differences between the EU member states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Business Models and Circular Economy in Energy Production and Consumption)

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26 pages, 15067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrity Experiments for Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Wellbore Components under Cyclic CO₂ Injection Conditions

by Taofik H. Nassan, Carsten Freese, Dirk Baganz, Hakan Alkan, Oleksandr Burachok, Jonas Solbakken, Nematollah Zamani, Morten Gunnar Aarra and Mohd Amro

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3014; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123014 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 124

Abstract

Integrity of wellbores and near wellbore processes are crucial issues in geological carbon storage (GCS) projects as they both define the confinement and injectivity of CO₂. For the proper confinement of CO₂, any flow of CO₂ along the [...] Read more.

Integrity of wellbores and near wellbore processes are crucial issues in geological carbon storage (GCS) projects as they both define the confinement and injectivity of CO₂. For the proper confinement of CO₂, any flow of CO₂ along the wellbore trajectory must be prevented using engineered barriers. The effect of cyclic stimuli on wellbore integrity, especially in the context of GCS projects, has been given less attention. In this study, the effect of pressure- and temperature-cycling on two types of wellbore composites (i.e., casing-cement and cement-caprock) have been investigated experimentally in small- and large-scale laboratory setups. The experiments have been carried out by measuring the effective permeability of the composites under pressure and thermal cyclic conditions. Furthermore, the permeability of individual samples (API class G and HMR+ cement and caprock) was measured and compared to the permeability of the composites. The results indicate that the permeability of API class G cement when exposed to CO₂ is in the order of 10⁻²⁰ m² (10⁻⁵ mD) as a result of the chemical reaction between the cement and CO₂. In addition, the tightness of the composite cement–rock has been confirmed, while the permeability of the composite casing–cement falls within the acceptable range for tight cement and the CO₂ flow was identified to occur through or close to the interface casing–cement. Results from thermal cycling within the range −9 to 14 °C revealed no significant effect on the integrity of the bond casing–cement. In contrast, pressure cycling experiments showed that the effective pressure has a larger influence on the permeability. The potential creation of micro-cracks under pressure variations may require some time for complete closing. In conclusion, the pressure and temperature cycling from this study did not violate the integrity of the casing–cement composite sample as the permeability remained low and within the acceptable range for wellbore cement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage)

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43 pages, 8938 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrated Planning and Operation Dispatching of Source–Grid–Load–Storage in a New Power System: A Coupled Socio–Cyber–Physical Perspective

by Tianlei Zang, Shijun Wang, Zian Wang, Chuangzhi Li, Yunfei Liu, Yujian Xiao and Buxiang Zhou

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3013; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123013 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 124

Abstract

The coupling between modern electric power physical and cyber systems is deepening. An increasing number of users are gradually participating in power operation and control, engaging in bidirectional interactions with the grid. The evolving new power system is transforming into a highly intelligent [...] Read more.

The coupling between modern electric power physical and cyber systems is deepening. An increasing number of users are gradually participating in power operation and control, engaging in bidirectional interactions with the grid. The evolving new power system is transforming into a highly intelligent socio–cyber–physical system, featuring increasingly intricate and expansive architectures. Demands for stable system operation are becoming more specific and rigorous. The new power system confronts significant challenges in areas like planning, dispatching, and operational maintenance. Hence, this paper aims to comprehensively explore potential synergies among various power system components from multiple viewpoints. It analyzes numerous core elements and key technologies to fully unlock the efficiency of this coupling. Our objective is to establish a solid theoretical foundation and practical strategies for the precise implementation of integrated planning and operation dispatching of source–grid–load–storage systems. Based on this, the paper first delves into the theoretical concepts of source, grid, load, and storage, comprehensively exploring new developments and emerging changes in each domain within the new power system context. Secondly, it summarizes pivotal technologies such as data acquisition, collaborative planning, and security measures, while presenting reasonable prospects for their future advancement. Finally, the paper extensively discusses the immense value and potential applications of the integrated planning and operation dispatching concept in source–grid–load–storage systems. This includes its assistance in regards to large-scale engineering projects such as extreme disaster management, facilitating green energy development in desertification regions, and promoting the construction of zero-carbon parks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)

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15 pages, 31003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visualisation Testing of the Vertex Angle of the Spray Formed by Injected Diesel–Ethanol Fuel Blends

by Artur Krzemiński and Adam Ustrzycki

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3012; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123012 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 333

Abstract

The internal combustion engine continues to be the main source of power in various modes of transport and industrial machines. This is due to its numerous advantages, such as easy adaptability, high efficiency, reliability and low fuel consumption. Despite these beneficial qualities of [...] Read more.

The internal combustion engine continues to be the main source of power in various modes of transport and industrial machines. This is due to its numerous advantages, such as easy adaptability, high efficiency, reliability and low fuel consumption. Despite these beneficial qualities of internal combustion engines, growing concerns are related to their negative environmental impacts. As a result, environmental protection has become a major factor determining advancements in the automotive industry in recent years, with the search for alternative fuels being one of the priorities in research and development activities. Among these, fuels of plant origin, mainly alcohols, are attracting a lot of attention due to their high oxygen content (around 35%). These fuels differ from diesel oil, for instance, in kinematic viscosity and density, which can affect the formation of the fuel spray and, consequently, the proper functioning of the compression–ignition engine, as well as the performance and purity of the exhaust gases emitted into the environment. The process of spray formation in direct injection compression–ignition engines is extremely complicated and requires detailed analysis of the fast-changing variables. This explains the need for using complicated research equipment enabling visualisation tests and making it possible to gain a more accurate understanding of the processes that take place. The present article aims to present the methodology for alternative fuel visualisation tests. To achieve this purpose, sprays formed by diesel–ethanol blends were recorded. A visualisation chamber and a high-speed camera were used for this purpose. The acquired video provided the material for the analysis of the changes in the vertex angle of the spray formed by the fuel blends. The test was carried out under reproducible conditions in line with the test methodology. The shape of the fuel spray is impacted by an increase in the proportional content of ethanol in the diesel and dodecanol blend. Based on the present findings, it is possible to note that the values of the vertex angle in the spray produced by the diesel–ethanol blend with the addition of dodecanol are most similar to those produced by diesel oil at an injection pressure of 100 MPa. The proposed methodology enables an analysis of the injection process based on the spray macrostructure parameters, and it can be applied in the testing of alternative fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II))

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24 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Communities and Electric Mobility as a Win–Win Solution in Built Environment

by Joana Calado Martins and Manuel Duarte Pinheiro

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3011; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123011 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 284

Abstract

Recently, there has been an increasing effort to promote energy efficiency, using renewable energies and electric mobility to achieve a more sustainable future and even carbon neutrality by 2050. This paper aims to understand if combining these technologies leads to a win–win solution. [...] Read more.

Recently, there has been an increasing effort to promote energy efficiency, using renewable energies and electric mobility to achieve a more sustainable future and even carbon neutrality by 2050. This paper aims to understand if combining these technologies leads to a win–win solution. For that, the system’s characteristics that will be used for the simulation were defined as a residential community consumption scenario with and without electric vehicles charging overnight. The simulation was completed in software, and eight scenarios were tested: high population density/low population density with/without electric mobility and hourly tariff/simple tariff. After these scenarios had been tested, the conclusion was that the low population density and hourly tariff without and with electric mobility were the best two cases economically (in terms of levelized cost of energy, net present costs, and savings) and environmentally, and the worst was high population density with hourly tariff and electric mobility. Other scenarios were then tested, including changes in the load curve, namely a commercial load curve, and changes in the load curve of electric vehicle chargers, mainly daytime charging. The conclusion was that even though the initial hypothesis did not lead to a win–win solution, with changes in the hypothesis, the integration of electric mobility in energy communities might lead to that. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Built Environment)

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19 pages, 7259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerically Investigating the Energy-Harvesting Performance of an Oscillating Flat Plate with Leading and Trailing Flaps

by Suleiman Saleh and Chang-Hyun Sohn

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3010; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123010 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 224

Abstract

This study investigates the power generation capability of an oscillating wing energy harvester equipped with two actively controlled flaps positioned at the leading and trailing flaps of the wing. Various parameters, including flap lengths and pitch angles for the leading flap and trailing [...] Read more.

This study investigates the power generation capability of an oscillating wing energy harvester equipped with two actively controlled flaps positioned at the leading and trailing flaps of the wing. Various parameters, including flap lengths and pitch angles for the leading flap and trailing flap, are explored through numerical simulations. The length of the main wing body ranges from 40% to 65% of the chord length, c, while the leading and trailing flaps vary accordingly, summing up to the total length of the flat plate c = 100%. The pitch angles of the two flaps are adjusted within predefined limits. The pitch angle for the leading flap varies between 25° and 55°, while the trailing flap’s angle ranges from 10° to 40° across 298 different simulation scenarios. The results indicate that employing both leading and trailing flaps enhances the power output compared to a wing with a single flap configuration. The trailing flap deflects the incoming fluid more vertically, while the leading flap increases pressure difference across the surface of the main wing body, synergistically improving overall performance. The power output occurs at a specific length percentage: a leading flap of 30%, a main wing body of 50%, and a trailing flap of 20%, with pitch angles of 50°, 85°, and 30°, respectively, increasing the output power increments by 4.39% compared to a wing with a leading flap, 4.92% compared to a wing with a trailing flap, and 28.24% compared to a single flat plate. The highest efficiency for the specified length percentages is 40.37%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Fluid Dynamics: Technologies and Applications for Renewable Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Home Energy Management Systems (HEMSs) with Optimal Energy Management of Home Appliances Using IoT

by Hyung-Chul Jo, Hyang-A Park, Soon-Young Kwon and Kyeong-Hee Cho

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3009; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123009 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 231

Abstract

Home appliances connected to Internet-of-Things (IoT) platforms have been extensively installed in smart homes. In this context, home energy management systems (HEMSs) have emerged as a viable solution for reducing energy costs. Although several studies have analyzed the implementation of HEMSs, a majority [...] Read more.

Home appliances connected to Internet-of-Things (IoT) platforms have been extensively installed in smart homes. In this context, home energy management systems (HEMSs) have emerged as a viable solution for reducing energy costs. Although several studies have analyzed the implementation of HEMSs, a majority of these studies were based on the installation of numerous sensors. Owing to the complexity and costs associated with the installation of multiple sensors, implementation of HEMSs in smart homes is challenging. This paper presents an energy management scheme for an HEMS that minimizes the energy cost in a smart home with data obtained from IoT-based appliances typically used in a smart home. Case studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Prototype software (version 11) based on the proposed method for a HEMS and a test house with IoT-based appliances were also implemented in the case studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-grid Energy Management)

29 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lifecycle Assessment of Strategies for Decarbonising Wind Blade Recycling toward Net Zero 2050

by Kyle Pender, Filippo Romoli and Jonathan Fuller

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3008; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123008 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 208

Abstract

The wind energy sector faces a persistent challenge in developing sustainable solutions for decommissioned Wind Turbine Blades (WTB). This study utilises Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the gate-to-gate carbon footprint of high-profile disposal and recycling methods, aiming to determine optimal strategies for WTB [...] Read more.

The wind energy sector faces a persistent challenge in developing sustainable solutions for decommissioned Wind Turbine Blades (WTB). This study utilises Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the gate-to-gate carbon footprint of high-profile disposal and recycling methods, aiming to determine optimal strategies for WTB waste treatment in the UK. While this article analyses the UK as a case study, the findings are applicable to, and intended to inform, recycling strategies for WTB waste globally. Long-term sustainability depends heavily on factors like evolving energy grids and changing WTB waste compositions and these must be considered for robust analysis and development strategy recommendations. In the short to medium term, mechanical recycling of mixed WTB waste is sufficient to minimise Global Warming Potential (GWP) due to the scarcity of carbon fibre in WTB waste streams. Beyond 2040, carbon fibre recycling becomes crucial to reduce GWP. The study emphasises the importance of matching WTB sub-structure material compositions with preferred waste treatment options for the lowest overall impact. Future development should focus on the extraction of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) structures in WTB waste streams, commercialising large-scale CFRP structure recycling technologies, establishing supply chains, and validating market routes for secondary carbon fibre products. In parallel, scaling up low-impact options, like mechanical recycling, is vital to minimise WTB waste landfilling. Developing viable applications and cost-effective market routes for mechanical recyclates is necessary to displace virgin glass fibres, while optimising upstream recycling processes based on product requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Renewable Energy Technologies)

20 pages, 6079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Transparent Structures to Improve Light Comfort in Library Spaces and Minimize Energy Consumption: A Case Study of Warsaw, Poland

by Ivanna Voronkova and Anna Podlasek

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3007; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123007 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 141

Abstract

Light plays a key role in shaping the quality and atmosphere of interior spaces, and its importance and contradictions are amplified in the design of libraries. This study focuses on the problems associated with both insufficient natural light and excessive light. In both [...] Read more.

Light plays a key role in shaping the quality and atmosphere of interior spaces, and its importance and contradictions are amplified in the design of libraries. This study focuses on the problems associated with both insufficient natural light and excessive light. In both cases, visual discomfort is the result. The reason for these problems lies in the use of translucent structures with different parameters and properties in library architecture. This study analyzed the lighting environment in the main reading rooms of two university libraries in Warsaw. The research methods were based on a field survey of objects and an analysis of the architectural and construction parameters of the premises, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of various types of translucent materials used in the reading rooms. The results of this study shed light on the relationship between the interior space of the reading room and the geometry of transparent structures, as well as the effectiveness of daylighting in libraries in the natural conditions of Warsaw. The key point of the present study was to recognize the critical role that transparent materials and structures play in mitigating potential operational problems in library spaces. Wise selection of these elements at the design stage can help minimize problems related to thermal energy regulation, ventilation control, acoustic insulation, and increased visual comfort. The importance of this research area lies in its potential to optimize library buildings by increasing energy efficiency and reducing reliance on artificial lighting, heating, and air conditioning. Careful consideration of transparent materials at the design stage promises long-term benefits in the form of sustainable library spaces that not only meet functional requirements, but also contribute to a more environmentally conscious architectural landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)

24 pages, 2222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linked Data Generation Methodology and the Geospatial Cross-Sectional Buildings Energy Benchmarking Use Case

by Edgar A. Martínez-Sarmiento, Jose Manuel Broto, Eloi Gabaldon, Jordi Cipriano, Roberto García and Stoyan Danov

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3006; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123006 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 137

Abstract

Cross-sectional energy benchmarking in the building domain has become crucial for policymakers, energy managers and property owners as they can compare an immovable property performance against its closest peers. For this, Key Performance Indicator (KPIs) are formulated, often relying on multiple and heterogeneous [...] Read more.

Cross-sectional energy benchmarking in the building domain has become crucial for policymakers, energy managers and property owners as they can compare an immovable property performance against its closest peers. For this, Key Performance Indicator (KPIs) are formulated, often relying on multiple and heterogeneous data sources which, combined, can be used to set benchmarks following normalization criteria. Geographically delimited parameters are important among these criteria because they enclose entities sharing key common characteristics the geometrical boundaries represent. Linking georeferenced heterogeneous data is not trivial, for it requires geographical aggregation, which is often taken for granted or hidden within a pre-processing activity in most energy benchmarking studies. In this article, a novel approach for Linked Data (LD) generation is presented as a methodological solution for data integration together with its application in the energy benchmarking use case. The methodology consists of eight phases that follow the best principles and recommend standards including the well-known GeoSPARQL Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for leveraging the geographical aggregation. Its feasibility is demonstrated by the integrated exploitation of INSPIRE-formatted cadastral data and the Buildings Performance Certification (BPCs) available for the Catalonia region in Spain. The outcomes of this research support the adoption of the proposed methodology and provide the means for generating cross-sectional building energy benchmarking histograms from any-scale geographical aggregations on the fly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)

24 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Distribution Network Expansion Planning Based on Wasserstein Distance and Dual Relaxation

by Jianchu Liu, Xinghang Weng, Mingyang Bao, Shaohan Lu and Changhao He

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3005; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123005 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 153

Abstract

In the future, a high proportion of distributed generations (DG) will be integrated into the distribution network. The existing active distribution network (ADN) planning methods have not fully considered multiple uncertainties, differentiated regulation modes or the cost of multiple types of interconnection switches. [...] Read more.

In the future, a high proportion of distributed generations (DG) will be integrated into the distribution network. The existing active distribution network (ADN) planning methods have not fully considered multiple uncertainties, differentiated regulation modes or the cost of multiple types of interconnection switches. Meanwhile, it is difficult to solve large-scale problems at small granularity. Therefore, an expansion planning method of ADN considering the selection of multiple types of interconnection switches is proposed. Firstly, a probability distribution ambiguity set of DG output and electrical-load consumption based on the Wasserstein distance is established for dealing with the issue of source-load uncertainty. Secondly, a distributionally robust optimization model for collaborative planning of distribution network lines and multiple types of switches based on the previously mentioned ambiguity set is established. Then, the original model is transformed into a mixed integer second-order cone programming (SOCP) model by using the convex relaxation method, the Lagrangian duality method and the McCormick relaxation method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is systematically verified using the example of Portugal 54. The results indicate that the proposed method raises the annual net profit by nearly 5% compared with the traditional planning scheme and improves the reliability and low-carbon nature of the planning scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning and Operation of Integrated Renewable Energy Distribution System)

30 pages, 4330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bi-Level Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering Spatial–Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Charging Loads in Uncertain Environments

by Haiqing Gan, Wenjun Ruan, Mingshen Wang, Yi Pan, Huiyu Miu and Xiaodong Yuan

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3004; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123004 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 143

Abstract

With the increase in the number of distributed energy resources (DERs) and electric vehicles (EVs), it is particularly important to solve the problem of EV charging station siting and capacity determination under the distribution network considering a large proportion of DERs. This paper [...] Read more.

With the increase in the number of distributed energy resources (DERs) and electric vehicles (EVs), it is particularly important to solve the problem of EV charging station siting and capacity determination under the distribution network considering a large proportion of DERs. This paper proposes a bi-level planning model for EV charging stations that takes into account the characteristics of the spatial–temporal distribution of charging loads under an uncertain environment. First, the Origin–Destination (OD) matrix analysis method and the real-time Dijkstra dynamic path search algorithm are introduced and combined with the Larin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method to establish the EV charging load prediction model considering the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. Second, the upper objective function with the objective of minimizing the cost of EV charging station planning and user charging behavior is constructed, while the lower objective function with the objective of minimizing the cost of distribution network operation and carbon emission cost considering the uncertainty of wind power and photovoltaics is constructed. The constraints of the lower-layer objective function are transformed into the upper-layer objective function through Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, the optimal location and capacity of charging stations are finally determined, and the model of EV charging station siting and capacity determination is established. Finally, the validity of the model was verified by planning the coupled IEEE 33-node distribution network with the traffic road map of a city in southeastern South Dakota, USA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Distributed Energy Resources on Power Systems)

18 pages, 20081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paleoenvironment and Hydrocarbon Potential of Salinized Lacustrine Shale with High Terrigenous Input in the Paleogene Biyang Depression (East China): Evidence from Organic Petrography and Geochemistry

by Yu Song, Paerzhana Paerhati, Shilin Xu, Shu Jiang, Bo Gao, Shuifu Li, Qiang Cao, Zhonghui Li, Li Wan and Chuang Li

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3003; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123003 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 242

Abstract

Salinized lacustrine shale (SLS) represents a frontier in the global quest for unconventional hydrocarbon resources. The impact of terrigenous input, which includes terrigenous organic matter (OM) and detrital matter, on the deposition and hydrocarbon potential of SLS is still controversial. Here, we examine [...] Read more.

Salinized lacustrine shale (SLS) represents a frontier in the global quest for unconventional hydrocarbon resources. The impact of terrigenous input, which includes terrigenous organic matter (OM) and detrital matter, on the deposition and hydrocarbon potential of SLS is still controversial. Here, we examine this issue using the newly discovered SLS within the Paleogene Biyang Depression, employing a combination of organic petrographic and geochemical analyses. A high influx of terrigenous input (terrigenous OM and detrital matter) promotes the formation of SLS. On the one hand, terrigenous higher plants emerge as the primary source of OM in the SLS, as indicated by the dominance of terrigenous macerals (e.g., terrigenous liptinite) and the abundance of plant-derived biomarkers (e.g., tricyclic terpanes). Additionally, a portion of the OM may originate from bacteria. On the other hand, the rapid input of detrital matter improves the preservation of OM, resulting in the deposition of SLS with high total organic carbon (TOC) contents and low hydrogen index (HI) values. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of SLS deposition and provide guidance for regional hydrocarbon exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Reservoir Characteristics and Evolution Mechanisms of the Shale)

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17 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Air Over-Stoichiometry Dependent Voltage Model for HT-PEMFC MEAs

by Sylvain Rigal, Amine Jaafar, Christophe Turpin, Théophile Hordé, Jean-Baptiste Jollys and Paul Kreczanik

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3002; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123002 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 164

Abstract

In this work, three commercially available Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) from Advent Technology Inc. and Danish Power Systems, developed for a use in High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC), were tested under various Operating Conditions (OCs): over-stoichiometry of hydrogen gas (1.05, [...] Read more.

In this work, three commercially available Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) from Advent Technology Inc. and Danish Power Systems, developed for a use in High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC), were tested under various Operating Conditions (OCs): over-stoichiometry of hydrogen gas (1.05, 1.2, 1.35), over-stoichiometry of air gas (1.5, 2, 2.5), gas oxidant (O₂ or air) and temperature (140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C). For each set of operating conditions, a polarization curve (V–I curve) was performed. A semi-empirical and macroscopic (0D) model of the fuel cell voltage was established in steady state conditions in order to model some of these experimental data. The proposed parameterization approach for this model (called here the “multi-VI” approach) is based on the sensitivity to the operating conditions specific to each involved physicochemical phenomenon. According to this method, only one set of parameters is used in order to model all the experimental curves (optimization is performed simultaneously on all curves). A model depending on air over-stoichiometry was developed. The main objective is to validate a simple (0D) and fast-running model that considers the impact of air over-stoichiometry on cell voltage regarding all commercially available MEAs. The obtained results are satisfying with Advent^PBI MEA and Danish Power Systems MEA: an average error less than 1.5% and a maximum error around 15% between modelled and measured voltages with only nine parameters to identify. However, the model was not as adapted to Advent TPS^® MEA: average error and maximum error around 4% and 21%, respectively. Most of the obtained parameters appear consistent regardless of the OCs. The predictability of the model was also validated in the explored domain during the sensibility study with an interesting accuracy for 27 OCs after being trained on only nine curves. This is attractive for industrial application, since it reduces the number of experiments, hence the cost of model development, and is potentially applicable to all commercial HT-PEMFC MEAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy Conversion)

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22 pages, 9264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

E-Heater Performance for Aftertreatment Warm-Up in a 48V Mild-Hybrid Heavy-Duty Truck over Real Driving Cycles

by Praveen Kumar, Rafael Lago Sari, Ashish Shah and Brock Merritt

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3001; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123001 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 270

Abstract

High-efficiency and low-emissions heavy-duty (HD) internal combustion engines (ICEs) offer significant GHG reduction potential. Mild hybridization via regenerative braking and enabling the use of an electric heater component (EHC) for the aftertreatment system (ATS) warm-up extends these benefits, which can mitigate tailpipe GHG [...] Read more.

High-efficiency and low-emissions heavy-duty (HD) internal combustion engines (ICEs) offer significant GHG reduction potential. Mild hybridization via regenerative braking and enabling the use of an electric heater component (EHC) for the aftertreatment system (ATS) warm-up extends these benefits, which can mitigate tailpipe GHG and NOx emissions simultaneously. Understanding such integrated hybrid powertrains is essential for the system optimization of real-world driving conditions. In the present work, the potential of a low engine-out NOx (1.5–2.5 g/kWh range) ‘Low-NOx’ HD diesel engine and EHCs were analyzed in a 48V P1 mild-hybrid system for a class 8 commercial vehicle concept and compared with those in an EPA-2010-certified HD diesel truck as a baseline under real-world driving cycles, including those from the US, Europe, India, China, as well as the world harmonized vehicle cycle (WHVC). For analysis, an integrated 1-D vehicle model was utilized that consisted of models of the ‘Low-NOx’ HD engine, the stock ATS, and a production EHC. For the real driving cycles, ‘GT-RealDrive’-based vehicle speed profiles were generated for busy trucking routes for different markets. For each cycle, the effects of the Low-NOx and EHC performances were quantified in terms of the ATS warm-up time, engine-out NOx emissions, and net fuel consumption. Depending on the driving route, the regenerative braking fully or partly neutralized the EHC power penalty without a significant impact on the ATS thermal performance. For a two-EHC system, the fueling penalty associated with every second reduction in the warm-up time

{F C}_{E H C}

(g/s) was several-fold higher for the real driving routes compared with the WHVC. Overall, while a multi-EHC setup accelerated the ATS warm-up, a single EHC integrated at the SCR inlet showed minimized EHC heating power, leading to a minimized fueling penalty. Finally, for the India and China routes, being highly transient, the P1 hybridization proved inadequate for GHG reduction due to the limited energy recuperation. A stronger hybridization was desirable for such driving cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hybrid Electric Powertrain and Vehicle)

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16 pages, 10458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rasterized Data Image Processing (RDIP) Techniques for Photovoltaic (PV) Data Cleaning and Application in Power Prediction

by Ning Zang, Yong Tao, Zuoteng Yuan, Chen Yuan, Bailin Jing and Renfeng Liu

Energies 2024, 17(12), 3000; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en17123000 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 226

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has attracted widespread interest as a clean and sustainable energy source, with increasing global attention given to renewable energy. However, the operation and monitoring of PV power generation systems often result in large amounts of data containing missing values, [...] Read more.

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has attracted widespread interest as a clean and sustainable energy source, with increasing global attention given to renewable energy. However, the operation and monitoring of PV power generation systems often result in large amounts of data containing missing values, outliers, and noise, posing challenges for data analysis and application. Therefore, PV data cleaning plays a crucial role in ensuring data quality, enhancing data availability and reliability. This study proposes a PV data cleaning method based on Rasterized Data Image Processing (RDIP) technology, which integrates rasterization and image processing techniques to select optimal contours and extract essential data. To validate the effectiveness of our method, we conducted comparative experiments using three data cleaning methods, including our RDIP algorithm, the Pearson correlation coefficient interpolation method, and cubic spline interpolation method. Subsequently, the cleaned datasets from these methods were utilized for power prediction using two linear regression models and two neural network models. The experimental results demonstrated that data cleaned using the RDIP algorithm improved the short-term forecast accuracy by approximately 1.0% and 3.7%, respectively, compared to the other two methods, indicating the feasibility and effectiveness of the RDIP approach. However, it is worth noting that the RDIP technique has limitations due to its reliance on integer parameters for grid division, potentially leading to coarse grid divisions. Future research efforts could focus on optimizing the selection of binarization thresholds to achieve better cleaning results and exploring other potential applications of RDIP in PV data analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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