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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 33481

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Dr. Fabio Bisegna

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Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
Interests: light and lighting; heat transfer; radiation; UV; energy management; cultural heritage; smart city; energy savings; health
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few decades, cities have had to change and renovate to face new challenges, as the urban context has become the focal point of the main socioeconomic processes and energy and environmental transformations. The smart city concept has been introduced as a model for developing the city of the future, and most improvements and transformations in this model are based on energy aspects.

In this context, lighting has assumed a fundamental role, from energy, environmental, and human comfort perspectives. On one hand, the discovery of blue LED made the realization of low energy consumption lighting systems feasible: The success of the new LED light sources on the market is basically due to high-energy performances and flexibility in terms of control and management. On the other hand, light has been discovered to have effects on people beyond vision, such as relevant impacts on human life, wellbeing, visual comfort, visual performance, photobiological and psychological issues, safety, and health.

This Special Issue seeks to improve knowledge of all these dimensions of light (energy, performance, psychology, safety, physiology, economics, etc.) in the smart city era, asking for scientific and multidisciplinary contributions that bring innovation and new perspectives. We therefore invite papers on innovative technical developments, reviews, case studies, and analytical, as well as assessment, papers from different disciplines, which are relevant to smart city lighting systems.

Prof. Fabio Bisegna
Guest Editor

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Keywords

lighting applications
energy savings
visual performance
health
safety
daylight
electrical light
circadian system
outdoor
indoor
smart

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 4453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melanopic Limits of Metamer Spectral Optimisation in Multi-Channel Smart Lighting Systems

by Babak Zandi, Adrian Eissfeldt, Alexander Herzog and Tran Quoc Khanh

Energies 2021, 14(3), 527; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14030527 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5337

Abstract

Modern indoor lighting faces the challenge of finding an appropriate balance between energy consumption, legal requirements, visual performance, and the circadian effectiveness of a spectrum. Multi-channel LED luminaires have the option of keeping image-forming metrics steady while varying the melanopic radiance through metamer spectra for non-visual purposes. Here, we propose the theoretical concept of an automated smart lighting system that is designed to satisfy the user’s visual preference through neural networks while triggering the non-visual pathway via metamers. To quantify the melanopic limits of metamers at a steady chromaticity point, we have used 561 chromaticity coordinates along the Planckian locus (2700 K to 7443 K, ±Duv 0 to 0.048) as optimisation targets and generated the spectra by using a 6-channel, 8-channel, and 11-channel LED combination at three different luminance levels. We have found that in a best-case scenario, the melanopic radiance can be varied up to 65% while keeping the chromaticity coordinates constant

(Δ u^{'} v^{'} \leq 7.05 \times 10^{- 5})

by using metamer spectra. The highest melanopic metamer contrast can be reached near the Planckian locus between 3292 and 4717 K within a Duv range of −0.009 to 0.006. Additionally, we publish over 1.2 million optimised spectra generated by multichannel LED luminaires as an open-source dataset along with this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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25 pages, 12531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renovation of Public Lighting Systems in Cultural Landscapes: Lighting and Energy Performance and Their Impact on Nightscapes

by Lodovica Valetti, Francesca Floris and Anna Pellegrino

Energies 2021, 14(2), 509; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14020509 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3068

Abstract

The technological innovation in the field of lighting and the need to reduce energy consumption connected to public lighting are leading many municipalities to undertake the renewal of public lighting systems, by replacing the existing luminaires with LED technologies. This renovation process is usually aimed at increasing energy efficiency and reducing maintenance costs, whist improving the lighting performance. To achieve these results, the new luminaires are often characterised by a luminous flux distribution much more downward oriented, which may remarkably influence and alter the perception of the night image of the sites. In this study the implications of the renovation of public lighting systems in terms of lighting and energy performance as well as the effects relating to the alteration of the night image, in historical contexts characterized by significant landscape value, are analysed. Results, along with demonstrating the positive effect that more sustainable and energy efficient lighting systems may have on the lighting performance and energy consumptions of public lighting systems, evidences the impact they may have on the alteration of the nocturnal image. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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19 pages, 5930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Single-Stage High Power Factor Power Supply for Providing an LED Street-Light Lamp Featuring Soft-Switching and Bluetooth Wireless Dimming Capability

by Chun-An Cheng, Hung-Liang Cheng, Chien-Hsuan Chang, En-Chih Chang, Wei-Shiang Hung, Chin-Chih Lai and Long-Fu Lan

Energies 2021, 14(2), 477; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14020477 - 18 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

Light-emitting diode (LED) has the characteristics of environmental protection and energy saving, having become the lighting source of a new generation of street-light lamps. The traditional two-stage power supply for providing an LED street-light lamp is composed of an AC-DC converter with a power-factor-correction (PFC) function at the front stage and a DC-DC converter at the rear stage. The two-stage power supply for an LED street-light lamp has a large number of electronic components and costs, and the circuit efficiency is not high. Therefore, this paper presents a novel single-stage high power factor AC-DC power supply for providing an LED street-light lamp featuring soft-switching and Bluetooth wireless dimming capability through using smart tablets or smartphones to remote control the output power of the LED street-light lamp for achieving energy-saving benefits. The proposed AC-DC LED power supply integrates an interleaved buck converter circuit with coupled inductors and a half-bridge LLC resonant converter circuit into a single-stage power conversion circuit. Moreover, the coupled inductor of the interleaved buck converter circuit is designed to operate in the discontinuous conduction mode, which can naturally achieve PFC. In addition, the two power switches in the novel LED power supply have zero-voltage switching (ZVS) characteristics, which can reduce the switching losses of the power switches. The two output diodes have the characteristics of zero-current switching (ZCS), which can reduce the conduction losses of the power diodes. This paper developed a single-stage prototype circuit for providing an 144 W (36 V/4 A)-rated LED street-light lamp. According to the experimental results of the prototype circuit with an AC input voltage of 110 volts, the presented single-stage LED power supply offers high power factor (PF > 0.99), low input-current total harmonic distortion factor (THD < 3%), and high efficiency (>89%). In addition, this paper used the built-in Bluetooth wireless communication function of a smart tablet or smart phone to fulfill remote dimming control. By changing the duty ratio of the control signal, we could realize remote dimming control of 20% to 100% of the output LED street-light lamp power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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21 pages, 3945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Object Shape and Position Identification for Needs of Dynamic Luminance Shaping in Object Floodlighting and Projection Mapping

by Sebastian Słomiński and Magdalena Sobaszek

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6442; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13236442 - 05 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1819

Abstract

Innovative lighting and dynamic sound systems as well as adaptive object mapping solutions constitute a rapidly developing branch of lighting technology and multimedia technology. In order to make it possible to adjust the content to specific objects in the scene, it is necessary to correctly identify them and place them in the accepted frame of reference. Dynamic identification and tracking of objects can be carried out based on two particular types of input data: data from markers installed on objects and data from digital recording systems, founding the operation on infrared (IR), visible light (RGB) and the most advanced RGB-D (RGB and depth) analysis. Most systems used today are those that use various types of markers. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of such solutions as well as a target system for dynamic identification and mapping of objects and the human body based on the analysis of data from digital RGB-D cameras. Analyses of identification times, implementation of perspective transformations and 3D-to-2D transformations have been carried out in relation to a planar and cuboidal moving surface. Time analyses have been performed in relation to the resolution of registered and processed images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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17 pages, 4891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Reality System and Scientific Visualisation for Smart Designing and Evaluating of Lighting

by Rafał Krupiński

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5518; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13205518 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3620

Abstract

The current lighting solutions, both in terms of design process and later implementation, are becoming more and more intelligent. It mainly arises from higher opportunities to use information technology (IT) processes for these purposes. Designs cover many aspects, from physiological to including technical. The paper describes the problems faced by any designers while creating, evaluating them, and presenting the final results of their work in a visualisation form. Development of virtual reality (VR) technology and augmented reality, which is now taking place before our eyes, makes us inclined to think how to use this reality in lighting technology. The article presents some examples of applying VR technology in various types of smart lighting designs, for interiors and outdoor objects. The performed computer simulations are compared to reality. Some surveys, in terms of visualization rendering, were carried out. In the article, the current capabilities and main limitations of virtual reality of lighting are discussed, as well as what can be expected in the future. The luminance analysis of the virtual reality display is carried out, which shows that this equipment can be used in lighting technology after the appropriate calibration. Moreover, an innovative lighting design system based on virtual reality is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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21 pages, 1959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ceiling and Wall Illumination, Utilance, and Power in Interior Lighting

by Piotr Pracki, Michał Dziedzicki and Paulina Komorzycka

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4744; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13184744 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2592

Abstract

The common use of electric lighting in interiors has led to the need to search for user- and environmentally-friendly solutions. In this research, the impact of the luminaires and room parameters on the selected parameters of general lighting in interiors was assessed. To achieve the objective of this work, a computer simulation and statistical analysis of results were conducted. The illuminance uniformity on work plane, ceiling and wall relative illuminances, utilance, and normalized power density of lighting installations for 432 situations were analyzed in detail. The scenarios were varied in terms of room size, reflectance, lighting class, luminaire downward luminous intensity distribution, and layout. The lighting class was a factor having the highest impact on ceiling and wall illumination, utilance, and power. It was also shown that the impact of lighting class on ceiling illumination, utilance and power, was different in interiors of various sizes. The impact of reflectances and luminaire layouts on the analyzed parameters was significantly lower. The results also demonstrated that the use of different lighting classes gave the possibility of reducing the power of general lighting in interiors at a level of 30% on average. Based on the results, a classification of energy efficiency in general lighting in interiors was also proposed. Understanding the correlations between the lighting system used and the effects achieved is helpful in obtaining comfortable and efficient lighting solutions in interiors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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21 pages, 8621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Video Analysis of Pedestrian Movement (VAPM) under Different Lighting Conditions—Method Exploration

by Maria Johansson, Aliaksei Laureshyn and Mikael Nilsson

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4141; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13164141 - 11 Aug 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

When daylight hours are limited, pedestrians are dependent on appropriate outdoor lighting. Although new city lighting applications must consider both energy usage and pedestrian responses, current methods used to capture pedestrian walking behaviour during dark conditions in real settings are limited. This study reports on the development and evaluation of a video-based method that analyses pedestrians’ microscopic movements (VAPM—video analysis of pedestrian movements), including placement and speed, in an artificially lit outdoor environment. In a field study utilising between-subjects design, 62 pedestrians walked along the same path under two different lighting applications. VAPM accurately discriminated pedestrians’ microscopic movements in the two lighting applications. By incorporating methodological triangulation, VAPM successfully complemented observer-based assessments of pedestrians’ perceptions and evaluations of the two lighting applications. It is suggested that in evaluations of pedestrian responses to city lighting applications, observer-based assessments could be successfully combined with an analysis of actual pedestrian movement while walking in the lit environment. However, prior to employing a large-scale application of VAPM, the methodology needs to be further adapted for use with drones and integration into smart city lighting systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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26 pages, 9155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Reality for Smart Urban Lighting Design: Review, Applications and Opportunities

by Michelangelo Scorpio, Roberta Laffi, Massimiliano Masullo, Giovanni Ciampi, Antonio Rosato, Luigi Maffei and Sergio Sibilio

Energies 2020, 13(15), 3809; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13153809 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6037

Abstract

More and more cities are evolving into smart cities, increasing their attractiveness, energy efficiency, and users’ satisfaction. Lighting systems play an important role in the evolution process, thanks to their ability to affect city life at night along with people’s mood and behaviour. In this scenario, advanced lighting design methods such as virtual reality (VR) became essential to assess lighting systems from different points of view, especially those linked with the city users’ expectations. Initially, the review highlights a list of objective and subjective parameters to be considered for the lighting design of three main city areas/applications: roads, green areas and buildings. Besides, the state-of-art in using VR for outdoor lighting design is established. Finally, the Unreal game engine is used to analyse the ability of VR to take into account the lighting parameters, not yet investigated in current literature and to highlight the VR potential for augmenting lighting design. The results confirm the benefit of using VR in lighting design, even if further investigations are needed to establish its reliability, especially from the photometrical point of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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17 pages, 4163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Luminaire Photometric Intensity Curve Measurements Quality on Road Lighting Design Parameters

by Dariusz Czyżewski and Irena Fryc

Energies 2020, 13(13), 3301; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13133301 - 28 Jun 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3382

Abstract

This article presents the research on a road lighting design. In this kind of design for a specific type of a roadway, the number and spacing of luminaires are calculated on the basis of luminaire photometric parameters such as intensity curve (LPIC) and luminous flux. The values of these parameters are measured using the luxmeter, i.e., a measuring instrument in which the spectral sensitivity should imitate spectral sensitivity of the human eye V(λ). However, the luxmeter’s spectral sensitivity S(λ) is not perfectly matched with the required one and varies for different instruments, resulting in measurement errors. To avoid this measurement error, the spectral mismatch correction factor (SMCF) should be applied to luxmeter’s readings. For a given luxmeter, the SMCF values depend on the measured light’s spectral composition SPD (described also by the lamp’s correlated color temperature CCT). Unfortunately, many laboratories do not apply SMCF to their luxmeter readings. Typical measurement laboratories are not in possession of SMCF data as this kind of data is hard to obtain and can be provided only by the state-of-the-art photometric laboratories for a high cost. Consequently, these typical measurement laboratories provide inaccurate LPIC data to costumers. In this article, it has been shown that a design process of road lighting installations needs to be based on lighting fixture LPIC’s measurements with SMCF values being taken into account. Omitting this fact may result in road lighting installation made on the basis of a design utilizing incorrect LPIC data, which would have higher energy consumption then expected at a design stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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12 pages, 4610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Applicability of the Space Syntax Methodology for the Determination of Street Lighting Classes

by Francesco Leccese, Davide Lista, Giacomo Salvadori, Marco Beccali and Marina Bonomolo

Energies 2020, 13(6), 1476; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13061476 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2446

Abstract

Street lighting plays a crucial role in a city’s night landscape and in urban traffic management, influencing users’ comfort and safety. To contain costs of public street lighting systems and to avoid energy waste, illuminance levels on road surfaces must be adequate to fit actual traffic volumes, as prescribed by regulations. This is true not only for motorized roads but also for sidewalks, paths, and pedestrian areas. Regulations in force establish a relationship between road traffic volumes and minimum illuminance levels through the lighting classes selection procedure. Lighting classes selection is based on various para meters among which traffic volume is the most difficult to evaluate because traffic volumes are generally estimated or measured by a traffic observation campaign. In this paper, an alternative method for classes association which is based on a space syntax approach, is described. The method was applied to the case study town of Pontedera (Italy) for the analysis of the pedestrian and motorized traffic and it shows a good correlation between measured and estimated traffic volumes, demonstrating how the methodology, with a precise and quick estimation of traffic volumes, can help lead to a suitable design of the lighting infrastructure, aiming to reduce energy waste and to avoid oversized lighting systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Lighting Systems)

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