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The Future Development of Automobile Energy
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The Future Development of Automobile Energy

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 26258

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Fabio Orecchini

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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio, 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
Interests: energy; energy sustainability; energy systems; energy conversion; renewable energy technologies; distributed generation; energy storage; automotive industry; automobile energy systems; real drive efficiency and emission analysis; electricity; hydrogen energy technologies; sustainability science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Zuccari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio, 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
Interests: sustainability; renewable energy; renewable energy technologies; energy storage; energy; environmental engineering; sustainable development; electricity; energy conservation; energy management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Adriano Santiangeli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio, 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
Interests: energy systems for mobility; sustainable mobility; renewable energy; energy vectors; technologies and conversion systems; transport/distribution and storage of energy; hydrogen and fuel cells; energy sustainability; smart grids and smart city
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues, greetings from the Special Issue Editors.

We are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies Journal on the key subject area of the future development of automobile energy.

New powertrains and onboard energy storage and conversion systems are at the forefront of application developments in electric, hybrid-electric, biofueled, and hydrogen fueled cars.

Onboard energy storage and powertrain technologies are crucial to achieving critical global targets in efficiency, low-carbon, and low-emissions operations of cars.

Availability and future exploitability of conventional energy resources, as well as accessibility and practical usability of renewable resources and new energy vectors for automobiles play a key role in the overall system sustainability.

The Special Issue, also titled “The Future Development of Automobile Energy,” is focused on the combination of new and efficient onboard technologies, suitable for large scale application, and sustainable complex energy systems.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • Automobile energy systems
  • Energy vectors, integration with renewables and energy storage
  • Hybridization levels and development of mild, full, plug-in hybrids
  • Electric vehicles
  • Charging infrstructure, technologies, and strategies
  • Vehicle-to-X and Mini-Grids
  • Energy storage technologies and strategies
  • Biofuels
  • Hydrogen, fuel cells
  • Lithium-ion battery developments 
  • Energy Systems analysis, modeling, and control
  • Modeling and simulation of efficiency, reliability, safety
  • Experimental research and real drive tests
  • Smartification and Intelligent systems

This Special Issue, therefore, seeks to contribute to the energy sustainability agenda through enhanced technological and scientific knowledge in automobiles.

We therefore invite research papers on innovative technical developments, reviews, case studies, analytical, as well as assessment which are relevant to improve the sustainability of automobile energy.

Prof. Dr. Fabio Orecchini
Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Zuccari
Prof. Dr. Adriano Santiangeli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Energy systems
  • Energy vectors
  • Renewable energy
  • Distributed power generation
  • Power management
  • Electrified vehicles
  • Hybrid vehicles
  • Electric vehicles
  • Charging infrastructure
  • Energy storage
  • Lithium-ion batteries
  • Biofuels
  • Hydrogen
  • Fuel cells
  • Real drive tests
  • Smartification
  • Intelligent systems
  • CO2 emissions
  • Sustainability

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4937 KiB  
Article
Impact of an E-Highway on the Required Battery Capacities and Charging Infrastructure for Cargo Transport with E-Trucks on the Basis of a Real Use Case
by Lukas Netzer, David Wöss, Thomas Märzinger, Werner Müller and Tobias Pröll
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15197102 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
With the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the logistics sector is increasingly coming into focus. While increasing electrification is taking place in the road transport sector, the numbers in heavy-goods transport have so far been vanishingly small. Payload limitations, high investment costs, [...] Read more.
With the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the logistics sector is increasingly coming into focus. While increasing electrification is taking place in the road transport sector, the numbers in heavy-goods transport have so far been vanishingly small. Payload limitations, high investment costs, and charging times make it difficult for logistics companies to think about a conversion. An e-highway on Austria’s highways could provide an approach to counter these problems. Based on route data of an entire truck fleet in the construction logistics sector and by creating a model with Openrouteservice and MATLAB, calculations are carried out to show the savings potential of required battery capacities and charging infrastructure. The results show a high potential for reducing battery capacities and the required charging infrastructure at the locations approached. The results show high reduction potential, keeping the average required capacities in all scenarios below 350 kWh. Having a higher-powered e-highway of 150 kW nets slightly better results, but a major effect can still be achieved with a power of 60 kW. The cost reduction potential related to batteries and charging stations is up to 65% for individual scenarios. Thus, the result of this work primarily aims at presenting the advantages of a potential e-highway for logistics companies operating on Austria’s roads but can also be considered from the regulatory side when it comes to incentivizing sustainable logistics solutions from the political side. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future Development of Automobile Energy)
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19 pages, 39195 KiB  
Article
Design and Real-Time Implementation of a Control System for SiC Off-Board Chargers of Battery Electric Buses
by Haaris Rasool, Boud Verbrugge, Shahid Jaman, Ekaterina Abramushkina, Thomas Geury, Mohamed El Baghdadi and Omar Hegazy
Energies 2022, 15(4), 1434; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15041434 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1859
Abstract
Emerging wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors, such as silicon carbide (SiC), will enable chargers to operate at higher switching frequencies, which grants the ability to deliver high power and enhances efficiency. This paper addresses the modeling of a double-sided cooling (DSC) SiC technology-based off-board [...] Read more.
Emerging wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors, such as silicon carbide (SiC), will enable chargers to operate at higher switching frequencies, which grants the ability to deliver high power and enhances efficiency. This paper addresses the modeling of a double-sided cooling (DSC) SiC technology-based off-board charger for battery electric buses (BEBs) and the design of its control and real-time (RT) implementation. A three-phase active front-end (AFE) rectifier topology is considered in the modeling and control system design for the active part of the DC off-board charger. The control system consists of a dual-loop voltage–current controller and is used to ensure AC to DC power conversion for charging and to achieve the targeted grid current total harmonic distortion (THD) and unity power factor (PF). Linear and nonlinear simulation models are developed in MATLAB/Simulink for optimum control design and to validate the voltage and current control performances. Four types of controllers (i.e., proportional–integral (PI), lead–lag, proportional–resonant (PR), and modified proportional–resonant (MPR)) are designed as current controllers, and a comparative analysis is conducted on the simulation model. In addition, the final design of the dual-loop controller is implemented on the RT–FPGA platform of dSpace MicroLabBox. It is then tested with the charger to validate the control performance with experimental data. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the correct operation of the converter control performance by tracking the reference commands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future Development of Automobile Energy)
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22 pages, 7599 KiB  
Article
Real Drive Truth Test of the Toyota Yaris Hybrid 2020 and Energy Analysis Comparison with the 2017 Model
by Fabio Orecchini, Adriano Santiangeli, Fabrizio Zuccari, Adriano Alessandrini, Fabio Cignini and Fernando Ortenzi
Energies 2021, 14(23), 8032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14238032 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2803
Abstract
This paper presents the performance analysis of a latest-generation hybrid vehicle (Toyota Yaris 2020) with a testing campaign in real road conditions and a comparison with the previous model (Toyota Yaris 2017). The study was conducted by applying the Real Drive Truth Test [...] Read more.
This paper presents the performance analysis of a latest-generation hybrid vehicle (Toyota Yaris 2020) with a testing campaign in real road conditions and a comparison with the previous model (Toyota Yaris 2017). The study was conducted by applying the Real Drive Truth Test protocol, developed by the research group, validated and spread to other full hybrid vehicles: Toyota Prius IV (2016) and Toyota Yaris 2017 (2017). In the case of the 2020 tests, the co-presence on board—deemed unsafe in the usual ways given the ongoing pandemic—was achieved through precise and sophisticated remote control. An on-board diagnostic computer, video transmission and recording equipment guarantee the virtual co-presence of a technical control room and a driver. Thus, several engineers can follow and monitor each vehicle via a 4G modem (installed in each vehicle), analysing data, route and driver behaviour in real-time, and therefore even in the presence of a single occupant in the car under test. The utmost attention has also been paid to adopting anti-COVID behaviours and safety standards: limited personal interactions, reduced co-presence in shared rooms (especially in the control room), vehicle sanitising between different drivers, computers and technicians and video technicians working once at a time. The comparison between the two subsequent vehicle models shows a significant improvement in the performance of the new generation Yaris, both in terms of operation in ZEV (zero-emission vehicle) mode (+15.3%) and in terms of consumption (−35.1%) and overall efficiency of the hybrid powertrain (+8.2%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future Development of Automobile Energy)
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25 pages, 5371 KiB  
Article
Key Factors of Development of Electromobility AMONG Microentrepreneurs: A Case Study from Poland
by Anna Skowrońska-Szmer and Anna Kowalska-Pyzalska
Energies 2021, 14(3), 764; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14030764 - 01 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2189
Abstract
Microentrepreneurs contribute to the growth of electromobility, and hence to sustainable transport, by the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV). This article attempts to identify key factors that may affect the growth of interest in AFV among microentrepreneurs. To find the key factors, [...] Read more.
Microentrepreneurs contribute to the growth of electromobility, and hence to sustainable transport, by the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV). This article attempts to identify key factors that may affect the growth of interest in AFV among microentrepreneurs. To find the key factors, data from 181 Polish microenterprises was collected and analyzed by means of the factor analysis. The results showed that in contrary to the popular opinion, it is not the price of the car that is crucial for its purchase, but the information that leads to knowledge about technical and utility values, and to legal and economic predictability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future Development of Automobile Energy)
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21 pages, 9300 KiB  
Article
Real Drive Well-to-Wheel Energy Analysis of Conventional and Electrified Car Powertrains
by Fabio Orecchini, Adriano Santiangeli and Fabrizio Zuccari
Energies 2020, 13(18), 4788; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13184788 - 14 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2383
Abstract
Reducing fuel consumption and global emissions in the automotive sector has been a main focus of vehicle technology development for long time. The most effective goal to achieve the overall sustainability objectives is to reduce the need for non-renewable and fossil resources. Five [...] Read more.
Reducing fuel consumption and global emissions in the automotive sector has been a main focus of vehicle technology development for long time. The most effective goal to achieve the overall sustainability objectives is to reduce the need for non-renewable and fossil resources. Five vehicles, two conventional ICE, two hybrid-electric, and one pure electric powertrain, are considered. Non-renewable primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions are calculated for each powertrain considered. All data—including calculated values—are based on the experimental measure of fuel consumption taken in real driving conditions. The data were recorded in an experimental campaign in Rome, Italy on urban, extra-urban streets, and highway on a total of 5400 km and 197 h of road acquisitions. The analysis shows significant reductions in non-renewable fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of hybrid-electric powertrains compared to conventional ones (petrol and diesel engines). Furthermore, a supplementary and very interesting comparison analysis was made between the values of energy consumptions measured during the tests in real driving conditions and the values deriving from the NEDC and WLTP homologation cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future Development of Automobile Energy)
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19 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design of Isolated Mini-Grids with Deterministic Methods: Matching Predictive Operating Strategies with Low Computational Requirements
by Andrea Micangeli, Davide Fioriti, Paolo Cherubini and Pablo Duenas-Martinez
Energies 2020, 13(16), 4214; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13164214 - 14 Aug 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1812
Abstract
The lack of electricity access is increasingly concentrated in rural areas of developing countries, in which mini-grids are often a suitable solution; however, given the high risks, it is crucial to minimize costs. This paper aims at analyzing existing methodologies for the optimal [...] Read more.
The lack of electricity access is increasingly concentrated in rural areas of developing countries, in which mini-grids are often a suitable solution; however, given the high risks, it is crucial to minimize costs. This paper aims at analyzing existing methodologies for the optimal design of mini-grids combined with different operating strategies. Typical system operations, like the load-following (LFS) and cycle charging (CCS) strategies, are compared with the more demanding predictive strategies based on Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). The problem is formulated and solved with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), so to simulate traditional and predictive operating strategies. Two reformulations based on the proposed Search Space Update are also detailed and compared with the so-called one-shot MILP model, which is able to con-jointly optimize both the design and the operation of the system, in order to reduce computational requirements with the predictive strategy. The results, tailored with data from a rural mini-grid in Kenya, highlight that heuristic methodologies can perform better than the traditional MILP approach, both in terms of optimality and computational time, especially when advanced operating strategies are considered. Conventional operating strategies (LFS or CCS) appear to be sub-optimal, but require very little computational requirements, which makes them suitable for preliminary designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future Development of Automobile Energy)
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Review

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24 pages, 3518 KiB  
Review
Electric Vehicles in Malaysia and Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges
by Ibham Veza, Mohd Azman Abas, Djati Wibowo Djamari, Noreffendy Tamaldin, Fitri Endrasari, Bentang Arief Budiman, Muhammad Idris, Anthony C. Opia, Firman Bagja Juangsa and Muhammad Aziz
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2564; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072564 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 12434
Abstract
In the roadmaps of the automotive industry, the electric vehicle (EV) is regarded as a crucial technology for the future of automotive power systems. The EV has become a top priority of major global car manufacturers and is expected to disrupt the road [...] Read more.
In the roadmaps of the automotive industry, the electric vehicle (EV) is regarded as a crucial technology for the future of automotive power systems. The EV has become a top priority of major global car manufacturers and is expected to disrupt the road transportation sector. In Malaysia and Indonesia, EVs just started as an important force. However, in Malaysia, the lack of EV infrastructure, along with its strong dependency on fossil fuels, poses an enormous challenge. The situation is very similar in Indonesia. Indonesia has huge potential as Southeast Asia’s largest vehicle market and a major nickel producer, an important EV battery ingredient. Therefore, this article addresses several critical issues in implementing EVs in Malaysia and Indonesia. In preparing this review, we have thoroughly selected very important EV keywords that are frequently asked. We have also interviewed some prominent figures in the field of EV to address the most critical aspects worth including in the paper. In doing so, we plan to provide content that will be beneficial not only to the academic world but also to the automotive industry in general. Firstly, a summary of the EV adoption scenario in each country was presented. Afterwards, the types of EVs and battery capacities available in both countries were explained. The next section focused on the adoption rate of EVs, followed by the discussion of EVs charging infrastructure. In addition to that, issues pertaining to vehicle tax credit were also addressed. The opportunities and challenges of EV were then addressed in depth before concluding remarks were given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future Development of Automobile Energy)
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