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Fermentation
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Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass
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Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass

A special issue of Fermentation (ISSN 2311-5637). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Fermentation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 20641

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Malek Alkasrawi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UWSP Paper Science & Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA
Interests: biorefinery; enzymatic hydrolysis; ethanol fermentation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Fermentation ‘’Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass’’ will focus on the current advances of the 1st and 2nd generation conversion processes of biomass into liquid biofuels and chemicals. Authors are invited to submit papers focusing on maximizing the biofuel yields via advanced fermentation technology. Fermentation technology may include, but is not limited to, fermentation chemistry, fermentation kinetics, process economy, molecular biology, and process scale-up. The profit in fermentation technologies is very marginal; therefore, the expected biofuel production should correspond to the economic concentration. Economical biofuel concentration corresponds to minimal energy demand in the downstream processing of biofuel recovery. Overall, the outcomes should directly impact the process economy.

Dr. Malek Alkasrawi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fermentation is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fermentation chemistry
  • process calling
  • process economy
  • down stream processing
  • biofuels

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2587 KiB  
Article
High Foam Phenotypic Diversity and Variability in Flocculant Gene Observed for Various Yeast Cell Surfaces Present as Industrial Contaminants
by Catarina M. de Figueiredo, Daniella H. Hock, Débora Trichez, Maria de Lourdes B. Magalhães, Mario L. Lopes, Henrique V. de Amorim and Boris U. Stambuk
Fermentation 2021, 7(3), 127; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7030127 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2675
Abstract
Many contaminant yeast strains that survive inside fuel ethanol industrial vats show detrimental cell surface phenotypes. These harmful effects may include filamentation, invasive growth, flocculation, biofilm formation, and excessive foam production. Previous studies have linked some of these phenotypes to the expression of [...] Read more.
Many contaminant yeast strains that survive inside fuel ethanol industrial vats show detrimental cell surface phenotypes. These harmful effects may include filamentation, invasive growth, flocculation, biofilm formation, and excessive foam production. Previous studies have linked some of these phenotypes to the expression of FLO genes, and the presence of gene length polymorphisms causing the expansion of FLO gene size appears to result in stronger flocculation and biofilm formation phenotypes. We performed here a molecular analysis of FLO1 and FLO11 gene polymorphisms present in contaminant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Brazilian fuel ethanol distilleries showing vigorous foaming phenotypes during fermentation. The size variability of these genes was correlated with cellular hydrophobicity, flocculation, and highly foaming phenotypes in these yeast strains. Our results also showed that deleting the primary activator of FLO genes (the FLO8 gene) from the genome of a contaminant and highly foaming industrial strain avoids complex foam formation, flocculation, invasive growth, and biofilm production by the engineered (flo8∆::BleR/flo8Δ::kanMX) yeast strain. Thus, the characterization of highly foaming yeasts and the influence of FLO8 in this phenotype open new perspectives for yeast strain engineering and optimization in the sugarcane fuel-ethanol industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass)
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14 pages, 887 KiB  
Article
Application of Pichia kudriavzevii NBRC1279 and NBRC1664 to Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for Bioethanol Production
by Hironaga Akita, Tetsuya Goshima, Toshihiro Suzuki, Yuya Itoiri, Zen-ichiro Kimura and Akinori Matsushika
Fermentation 2021, 7(2), 83; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7020083 - 27 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2662
Abstract
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is capable of performing enzymatic saccharification and fermentation for biofuel production in a single vessel. Thus, SSF has several advantages such as simplifying the manufacturing process, operating easily, and reducing energy input. Here, we describe the application of [...] Read more.
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is capable of performing enzymatic saccharification and fermentation for biofuel production in a single vessel. Thus, SSF has several advantages such as simplifying the manufacturing process, operating easily, and reducing energy input. Here, we describe the application of Pichia kudriavzevii NBRC1279 and NBRC1664 to SSF for bioethanol production. When each strain was incubated for 144 h at 35 °C with Japanese cedar particles, the highest ethanol concentrations were reached 21.9 ± 0.50 g/L and 23.8 ± 3.9 g/L, respectively. In addition, 21.6 ± 0.29 g/L and 21.3 ± 0.21 g/L of bioethanol were produced from Japanese eucalyptus particles when each strain was incubated for 144 h at 30 °C. Although previous methods require pretreatment of the source material, our method does not require pretreatment, which is an advantage for industrial use. To elucidate the different characteristics of the strains, we performed genome sequencing and genome comparison. Based on the results of the eggNOG categories and the resulting Venn diagram, the functional abilities of both strains were similar. However, strain NBRC1279 showed five retrotransposon protein genes in the draft genome sequence, which indicated that the stress tolerance of both strains is slightly different. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass)
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21 pages, 2859 KiB  
Article
Production of Renewable Lipids by the Diatom Amphora copulata
by Natanamurugaraj Govindan, Gaanty Pragas Maniam, Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim, Ahmad Ziad Sulaiman, Azilah Ajit, Tawan Chatsungnoen and Yusuf Chisti
Fermentation 2021, 7(1), 37; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7010037 - 11 Mar 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3468
Abstract
The asymmetric biraphid pennate diatom Amphora copulata, isolated from tropical coastal waters (South China Sea, Malaysia), was cultured for renewable production of lipids (oils) in a medium comprised of inorganic nutrients dissolved in dilute palm oil mill effluent (POME). Optimal levels of [...] Read more.
The asymmetric biraphid pennate diatom Amphora copulata, isolated from tropical coastal waters (South China Sea, Malaysia), was cultured for renewable production of lipids (oils) in a medium comprised of inorganic nutrients dissolved in dilute palm oil mill effluent (POME). Optimal levels of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate were identified for maximizing the biomass concentration in batch cultures conducted at 25 ± 2 °C under an irradiance of 130 µmol m−2 s−1 with a 16 h/8 h light-dark cycle. The maximum lipid content in the biomass harvested after 15-days was 39.5 ± 4.5% by dry weight in a POME-based medium with optimal levels of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. Under the optimized conditions the maximum dry mass concentration of the diatom was 660 mg L−1 on day 12, declining to ~650 mg L−1 on day 15. For the 15-day batch operation, the final average productivities of the biomass and the lipids were 43.3 ± 4.5 mg L−1 d−1 and 17.1 ± 0.3 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. The fatty acids in the diatom lipids were found to be (%, w/w of total lipids): palmitoleic acid (39.8%), palmitic acid (31.9%), myristic acid (6.8%), oleic acid (4.7%), stearic acid (4.5%), arachidonic acid (3.9%), eicosapentaenoic acid (3.6%), linoleic acid (2.5%), tetracosanoic acid (1.7%), and linolenic acid (0.6%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass)
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13 pages, 925 KiB  
Article
Effects of Energy Cane (Saccharum spp.) Juice on Corn Ethanol (Zea mays) Fermentation Efficiency: Integration towards a More Sustainable Production
by Pietro Sica, Laysa Maciel Lewandowski Meira Prado, Pedro Granja, Elias Miguel de Carvalho, Eduardo de Castro Mattos, Rubens Perez Calegari, Manuella Silverio, Bianca Chaves Martins and Antonio Sampaio Baptista
Fermentation 2021, 7(1), 30; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7010030 - 22 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3043
Abstract
Despite being considered renewable, corn (Zea mays) ethanol still generates much debate over the use of fossil fuels in its production and is considered less sustainable than sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) ethanol. In Brazil, corn ethanol is starting to be produced [...] Read more.
Despite being considered renewable, corn (Zea mays) ethanol still generates much debate over the use of fossil fuels in its production and is considered less sustainable than sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) ethanol. In Brazil, corn ethanol is starting to be produced in the Center-West and is expected to increase with the RenovaBio, a promising policy for biofuels adoption. In this context, energy cane (Saccharum spp.) is a biomass crop with high yields that can provide bagasse to supply the energy demand of the corn ethanol industry and provide juice with about 10% sugar content. However, the effects of introducing its juice in the production process are unknown. For these reasons, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of adding energy cane juice in corn ethanol production. Energy cane juice brings several advantages: (i) It provides sugars that can reduce by almost 50% the amount of corn and enzymes used, (ii) reduces the amount of water needed for ethanol production, and (iii) increases significantly the fermentation efficiency from 86.4% to 90.8% by providing minerals that support yeast growth. Therefore, energy cane can be integrated into the corn ethanol production process, making the fermentation more efficient and the production systems more sustainable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass)
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15 pages, 3151 KiB  
Article
Harnessing the Residual Nutrients in Anaerobic Digestate for Ethanol Fermentation and Digestate Remediation Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by Victor Chinomso Ujor, Christopher Chukwudi Okonkwo, Brennen Bradley Rush, Grace Ellen McCrea and Thaddeus Chukwuemeka Ezeji
Fermentation 2020, 6(2), 52; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation6020052 - 18 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3278
Abstract
This study evaluated the feasibility of concomitant nutrient removal, cleaner water recovery, and improved ethanol production via glucose fermentation in the liquid fraction of anaerobic digestate (ADE) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 25%, 50%, and 100% (v/v) ADE supported the growth of S. [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the feasibility of concomitant nutrient removal, cleaner water recovery, and improved ethanol production via glucose fermentation in the liquid fraction of anaerobic digestate (ADE) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 25%, 50%, and 100% (v/v) ADE supported the growth of S. cerevisiae, glucose utilization (~100 g/L) and ethanol production (up to 50.4 ± 6.4 g/L). After a 144 h fermentation in the 50% ADE, the concentrations of ammonia, total nitrogen, phosphate, and total phosphorus decreased 1000-, 104.43-, 1.94-, and 2.20-fold, respectively. Notably, only 0.40 ± 0.61 mg/L ammonia was detected in the 50% ADE post-fermentation. Similarly, the concentrations of aluminum, copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, sodium, iron, sulfur, zinc, chloride, and sulfate decreased significantly in the ADE. Further analysis suggests that the nitrogen (ammonia and protein), phosphate, and the metal contents of the digestate work in tandem to promote growth and ethanol production. Among these, ammonia and protein appear to exert considerable effects on S. cerevisiae. These results represent a significant first step towards repurposing ADE as a resource in bio-production of fuels and chemicals, whilst generating effluent that is economically treatable by conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass)
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18 pages, 665 KiB  
Review
Very High Gravity Bioethanol Revisited: Main Challenges and Advances
by Daniel Gomes, Mariana Cruz, Miriam de Resende, Eloízio Ribeiro, José Teixeira and Lucília Domingues
Fermentation 2021, 7(1), 38; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7010038 - 13 Mar 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4432
Abstract
Over the last decades, the constant growth of the world-wide industry has been leading to more and more concerns with its direct impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Resulting from that, rising efforts have been dedicated to a global transition from an oil-based [...] Read more.
Over the last decades, the constant growth of the world-wide industry has been leading to more and more concerns with its direct impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Resulting from that, rising efforts have been dedicated to a global transition from an oil-based industry to cleaner biotechnological processes. A specific example refers to the production of bioethanol to substitute the traditional transportation fuels. Bioethanol has been produced for decades now, mainly from energy crops, but more recently, also from lignocellulosic materials. Aiming to improve process economics, the fermentation of very high gravity (VHG) mediums has for long received considerable attention. Nowadays, with the growth of multi-waste valorization frameworks, VHG fermentation could be crucial for bioeconomy development. However, numerous obstacles remain. This work initially presents the main aspects of a VHG process, giving then special emphasis to some of the most important factors that traditionally affect the fermentation organism, such as nutrients depletion, osmotic stress, and ethanol toxicity. Afterwards, some factors that could possibly enable critical improvements in the future on VHG technologies are discussed. Special attention was given to the potential of the development of new fermentation organisms, nutritionally complete culture media, but also on alternative process conditions and configurations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel Fermentation from Renewable Biomass)
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