Research

18 pages, 1835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Spirulina in Bread Formulated with Wheat Flours of Different Alveograph Strength

by Israel Hernández-López, Cristina Alamprese, Carola Cappa, Virginia Prieto-Santiago, Maribel Abadias and Ingrid Aguiló-Aguayo

Foods 2023, 12(20), 3724; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods12203724 - 10 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

Consumers within the EU are increasingly asking for natural and healthier food products, which are additive-free and environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) in bread formulated with four wheat flours with different [...] Read more.

Consumers within the EU are increasingly asking for natural and healthier food products, which are additive-free and environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) in bread formulated with four wheat flours with different alveograph strengths. The flours used were Manitoba Flour (00/251), Ground-force wholemeal (Whole/126), Standard Bakery Flour (0/W105), and Organic Bakery Flour (2/W66). Powdered Spirulina biomass was used as a new ingredient with a high nutritional profile and bioactive compounds; incorporation was made at two levels: 1.5% and 2.5% of the flour amount. The same bread recipe was used for all formulations, but for the 1.5 and 2.5% variations, 6 g and 10 g of Spirulina were added, respectively. Antioxidant capacity increased with increasing microalgal biomass. The visual and taste attributes of the breads with microalgae underwent noticeable changes compared to their counterparts without microalgae. Biomass addition significantly (p < 0.05) affected bread weight and volume, and different trends were found based on the type of wheat flour. Spirulina-containing breads showed a greener coloration while the microalgae concentration was augmented. The moisture and texture were slightly affected by the addition of the biomass at both levels. The 2.5% concentration samples were well accepted in most cases by consumers, emphasizing the salty flavor as a pleasant feature. No significant sensory differences were observed between samples, and the acceptability index was always higher than 72%. The results show that Spirulina could be an environmentally friendly ingredient for the reformulation of nutritionally enhanced bread with a good texture that is well-accepted by consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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13 pages, 2846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pretreated Green Pea Flour as Wheat Flour Substitutes in Composite Bread Making

by Oscar Moreno-Araiza, Fatma Boukid, Xinying Suo, Shihao Wang and Elena Vittadini

Foods 2023, 12(12), 2284; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods12122284 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

The present study aimed to assess the impact of substituting wheat flour with three different pretreated green pea flour at different addition levels (10–50%) on fresh bread quality during a 7-day storage period. Dough and bread enriched with conventionally milled (C), pre-cooked (P), [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of substituting wheat flour with three different pretreated green pea flour at different addition levels (10–50%) on fresh bread quality during a 7-day storage period. Dough and bread enriched with conventionally milled (C), pre-cooked (P), and soaked under-pressure-steamed (N) green pea flour were evaluated for their rheological, nutritional, and technological features. Compared to wheat flour, legumes had lower viscosity but higher water absorption, development time, and lower retrogradation. Bread made with C10 and P10 showed similar specific volume, cohesiveness, and firmness to the control, whereas addition levels beyond 10% decreased specific volume and increased firmness. During storage, incorporating legume flour (10%) delayed staling. Composite bread increased proteins and fiber. C30 had the lowest rate of starch digestibility, while pre-heated flour increased starch digestibility. In conclusion, P and N can be considered valuable ingredients for making soft and stable bread. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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18 pages, 1980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Processing Method on AQF Functionality in Bakery Items

by Dana Edleman and Clifford Hall

Foods 2023, 12(11), 2210; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods12112210 - 31 May 2023

Viewed by 1244

Abstract

Aquafaba (AQF) has the unique ability to foam like egg whites and is a waste product of cooked chickpea that is not currently utilized by the food industry. Thus, the goal of this research was to concentrate the solids by reverse osmosis (cAQF) [...] Read more.

Aquafaba (AQF) has the unique ability to foam like egg whites and is a waste product of cooked chickpea that is not currently utilized by the food industry. Thus, the goal of this research was to concentrate the solids by reverse osmosis (cAQF) followed by drying. Dried AQF was prepared by cooking chickpea in excess water. After removal of the chickpea, the liquid AQF was subjected to reverse osmosis followed by freeze, tray, or spray drying. The resulting AQF products were incorporated into standard cake mix and sugar cookie formulas. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of cakes made with eggs were significantly higher compared to the cakes made with AQF. Spread factor was significantly greater for cookies made with AQF compared to eggs while hardness was significantly lower in cookies with AQF. Higher flavor and overall acceptability scores were observed in cookies made with AQF compared to cookies made with egg. However, sensory characteristics were generally not different among cakes. In general, cAQF and spray-dried AQF tended to produce cakes and cookies with the best quality and sensory characteristic. This research supports the use of RO and drying methods in producing AQF ingredients for baking applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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11 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Intermediate Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) as an Innovative Ingredient in Bread Making

by Buket Cetiner, Vladimir P. Shamanin, Zeynep H. Tekin-Cakmak, Inna V. Pototskaya, Filiz Koksel, Sergey S. Shepelev, Amanzhol N. Aydarov, Bayram Ozdemir, Alexey I. Morgounov and Hamit Koksel

Foods 2023, 12(11), 2109; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112109 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1390

Abstract

Intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium), a nutritionally dense and sustainable crop, is a promising novel ingredient in bakery applications. The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential of IWG as a novel ingredient in breadmaking. The second aim was [...] Read more.

Intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium), a nutritionally dense and sustainable crop, is a promising novel ingredient in bakery applications. The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential of IWG as a novel ingredient in breadmaking. The second aim was to investigate the characteristics of breads substituted with 15, 30, 45, and 60% IWG flour compared to control bread produced using wheat flour. The gluten content and quality, bread quality, bread staling, yellow pigment, and phenolic and antioxidant properties were determined. Enrichment with IWG flours significantly affected the gluten content and quality and bread characteristics. Increased levels of IWG flour substitution significantly decreased the Zeleny sedimentation and gluten index values and increased the dry and wet gluten contents. The bread yellow pigment content and crumb b* colour value increased with the increasing level of IWG supplementation. IWG addition also had a positive effect on the phenolic and antioxidant properties. Bread with 15% IWG substitution had the highest bread volume (485 mL) and lowest firmness values (654 g-force; g-f) compared to the other breads, including the control (i.e., wheat flour bread). The results indicated that IWG has great potential to be used in bread production as a novel, healthy, and sustainable ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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13 pages, 1634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superfine Marigold Powder Improves the Quality of Sponge Cake: Lutein Fortification, Texture, and Sensory Properties

by Si-Yeon Kim, Seok-Young Hong, Hyun-Su Choi, Jong-Hun Kim, Se-Ho Jeong, Su-Yong Lee, Sung-Hun Kim and Dong-Un Lee

Foods 2023, 12(3), 508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods12030508 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1558

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate and optimize the quality and sensory properties of baked products with lutein-enriched marigold flower powder (MP). Lutein-enriched marigold flowers produced via hydroponic methods using LED lights were used as a functional material in sponge cakes to increase lutein [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate and optimize the quality and sensory properties of baked products with lutein-enriched marigold flower powder (MP). Lutein-enriched marigold flowers produced via hydroponic methods using LED lights were used as a functional material in sponge cakes to increase lutein content. MP particles were divided into coarse (Dv₅₀ = 315 μm), fine (Dv₅₀ = 119 μm), and superfine MP (Dv₅₀ = 10 μm) fractions and added to the sponge cake after being designated to control (sponge cake prepared without MP), coarse MPS (sponge cake prepared with coarse MP), fine MPS (sponge cake prepared with fine MP), and superfine MPS (sponge cake prepared with superfine MP) groups. The sizes and surface properties of superfine MP particles were more homogeneous and smoother than the other samples. As the particle size decreased, the specific volume increased, whereas baking loss, hardness, and chewiness of the sponge cake decreased. Superfine MP and superfine MPS had the highest lutein content. The flavor of marigold and the overall acceptability of sponge cake with superfine MP were 7.90 ± 0.97 and 7.55 ± 0.76, which represents the highest values among the samples. The results of this study have shown that jet milling can contribute to improvements in texture, lutein content, and sensory qualities for baked products with MP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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18 pages, 669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wheat Bread Supplemented with Agaricus bisporus Powder: Effect on Bioactive Substances Content and Technological Quality

by Aneta Sławińska, Bartosz G. Sołowiej, Wojciech Radzki and Emilia Fornal

Foods 2022, 11(23), 3786; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11233786 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

Supplementation of food products with mushroom powder increases their health-promoting value, but at the same time affects technological quality, which often play a key role for consumers. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of adding freeze-dried white and brown [...] Read more.

Supplementation of food products with mushroom powder increases their health-promoting value, but at the same time affects technological quality, which often play a key role for consumers. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of adding freeze-dried white and brown button mushrooms (2.5% and 5%) to wheat bread on its health-promoting properties such as antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), total polyphenols and vitamin D₂ content and as well as the technological quality as colour and texture. The breads were supplemented with mushroom lyophilisates, which were exposed to UVB radiation in order to increase their vitamin D₂ content. The content of total polyphenols and antioxidant properties were determined spectrophotometrically, and the content of vitamin D₂ by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole spectrometer (UHPLC/MS/MS analysis). Colour parameters were determined in the CIE-Lab system and texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory evaluation of the baked products were performed. The addition of dried mushrooms significantly increased the content of bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, vitamin D₂) and the antioxidant properties of bread. A small addition of mushrooms caused a significant change in the basic technological quality of breads (colour parameters, specific volume, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness). At the same time, supplementation with mushroom lyophilisates has a positive effect on most analysed attributes in the nine-point hedonic scale. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that mushroom lyophilisates can be a valuable raw material for the fortification of bread, which is a good matrix and carrier of substances with documented biological activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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15 pages, 3973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Different Sugar Types and Their Concentrations on Salted Duck Egg White Based Meringues

by Somwang Lekjing, Ittiporn Keawpeng, Karthikeyan Venkatachalam and Seppo Karrila

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1248; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11091248 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

Meringues were prepared with salted duck egg white and different sugars (granulated white, cane, palm, and coconut) at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). The prepared meringues were subjected to analyses of functional and physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. The results showed [...] Read more.

Meringues were prepared with salted duck egg white and different sugars (granulated white, cane, palm, and coconut) at various concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). The prepared meringues were subjected to analyses of functional and physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. The results showed that the type and concentration of sugar influenced the meringue quality. Foam properties such as the whipping index, the index of foam durability, and specific density gradually increased with sugar concentration. On the other hand, the overrun and air phase values were stable without significant differences. The color attributes whiteness and the chroma hue of meringues decreased with the sugar concentration regardless of the sugar type. Moisture, water activity, and pH decreased, while weight loss during baking, meringue volume, and hardness gradually increased with sugar concentration. The addition of sugar increased the meringue’s weight, while its height and diameter did not change much. Protein content in the meringue decreased with increased sugar levels, while carbohydrate and ash levels increased. Antioxidant activities increased with the sugar concentration, and unrefined sugars influenced the radical scavenging activities differently from refined sugars. In general, meringue made with coconut sugar at 75% showed preferable qualities over the other sugar types or concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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20 pages, 5390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Role of Acacia (Acacia seyal) and Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) Gums on the Dough Performance and Quality Attributes of Breads and Cakes

by Shahzad Hussain, Mohamed Saleh Alamri, Abdellatif A. Mohamed, Mohamed A. Ibraheem, Akram A. Abdo Qasem, Ghalia Shamlan and Ibrahim A. Ababtain

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1208; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11091208 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2291

Abstract

Two hydrocolloids, acacia gum and cactus gum, were tested in the current study to see if they could improve the quality of the dough or have an effect on the shelf life of pan bread and sponge cake. Both gums considerably (p [...] Read more.

Two hydrocolloids, acacia gum and cactus gum, were tested in the current study to see if they could improve the quality of the dough or have an effect on the shelf life of pan bread and sponge cake. Both gums considerably (p < 0.05) enhanced the dough development time, softness, and mixing tolerance index while decreasing the water absorption. Although the dough was more stable with the addition of acacia gum than with cactus gum, the control sample had the highest peak, final, breakdown, and setback viscosities. Acacia gum, on the other hand, resulted in a higher wheat-flour-slurry pasting temperature (84.07 °C) than cactus gum (68.53 °C). The inclusion of both gums, particularly 3%, reduces the gel’s textural hardness, gumminess, chewiness, springiness, and adhesiveness. Lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) were both increased by the addition of acacia gum to bread and cake, whereas the addition of cactus gum increased both color parameters for cakes. The use of acacia gum increased the bread and cake’s volume. Cactus gum, on the other hand, caused a decrease in bread hardness after 24 h and 96 h. The cake containing acacia gum, on the other hand, was the least stiff after both storage times. Similarly, sensory attributes such as the crumb color and overall acceptability of the bread and cake were improved by 3% with acacia gum. For these and other reasons, the addition of cactus and acacia gums to bread and cake increased their organoleptic qualities, controlled staining, and made them softer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Innovative Ingredients and Processing on Bakery Products and Pasta Quality)

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