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Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene
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Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Occupational Safety and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 61611

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Krystyna Kowalczuk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Associated Professor, Department of Integrated Medical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Białystok, 15-096 Białystok, Poland
Interests: nursing profession; burnout; psychosocial hazards in the workplace; sleep disorders among elderly people
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nicola Mucci

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Associated Professor, Occupational Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
Interests: occupational medicine; occupational health; workplace health promotion; risk assessment; workplace risk factors; cardiovascular risk; psychological well-being; work-related stress; organizational factors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Izabella Uchmanowicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: heart failure; frailty; cognitive function; nutrition; appetite; self-care
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Occupational instability, rapid changes in requirements, and an increase in labor pressures are widespread consequences of economic globalization and technological change. Even in well-established occupational sectors such as health, education, industry, administration, services, workers are exposed to high levels of stress. Surveys of working conditions in Europe show that stressful experiences have recently increased among the European and non-European workforce, although there are differences between countries and economic sectors. Chronic stressful work experiences can adversely affect physical and mental health. It has been documented in many empirical studies based mainly on the stress model concepts. Mental health problems (including anxiety, depression, stress, burnout, suicidal thoughts, tobacco and alcohol use) in many employees, regardless of their specialty, are a major problem in their professional and family life. This special edition aims to provide an overview of the latest research in the field of occupational hygiene and stress in various economic sectors.

Potential research topics:

  • burnout as a social interaction affecting the mental health of an employee
  • the link between burnout and depression
  • the impact of stress on sleep quality
  • occupational discrimination
  • work-home conflict
  • individual and organizational coping strategies
  • the impact of stress on taking risky activities
  • the impact of stress on the development of somatic and mental diseases
  • the impact of burnout on rationing of care

Dr. Krystyna Kowalczuk
Prof. Dr. Nicola Mucci
Prof. Dr. Izabella Uchmanowicz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • anxiety
  • depression
  • stress
  • burnout
  • mental health
  • sleep quality
  • coping
  • mental diseases
  • organizational factors
  • well-being

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Published Papers (20 papers)

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11 pages, 386 KiB  
Article
Does Mindfulness Mediate the Relation between Impulsiveness and Job Stressfulness Perception of Professional Drivers?
by Piotr Mamcarz, Paweł Droździel, Radovan Madleňák, Saugirdas Pukalskas and Sylwia Gwiazdowska-Stańczak
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4559; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20054559 - 04 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
(1) Background: Professional driving is a stressful occupation that requires high levels of attention and decision-making, often leading to job stress. Impulsiveness, a personality trait characterized by a tendency to act without forethought, has been associated with negative outcomes such as anxiety, stress, [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Professional driving is a stressful occupation that requires high levels of attention and decision-making, often leading to job stress. Impulsiveness, a personality trait characterized by a tendency to act without forethought, has been associated with negative outcomes such as anxiety, stress, and risky behaviors. Mindfulness has been proposed as a potential strategy for reducing job stress in various occupational settings. However, little is known about the relationship between these variables. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception among professional drivers. (2) Methods: A total of 258 professional drivers from Poland, Lithuania, and Slovakia, have completed self-report questionnaires: Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy; Subjective Assessment of Work; Five Facet Mindfulness. (3) Results: Results indicated a positive correlation between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception, and a negative correlation with mindfulness. Mindfulness partially mediated the relationship between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception. Additionally, variations were identified in the perceived work environment factors and mindfulness among drivers based on their country of origin. (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that mindfulness could be a useful approach for reducing job stressfulness perception among professional drivers with high levels of impulsiveness. Given the implications of job stressfulness for professional drivers’ health and safety, developing mindfulness interventions tailored to their specific needs could be a promising direction for future research and intervention development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
17 pages, 844 KiB  
Article
How Does Organizational Toxicity Affect Depression? A Moderated Mediation Model
by Ömer Akgün Tekin, Engin Üngüren, Ayşegül Doğrucan and Sevcan Yıldız
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 3834; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20053834 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1575
Abstract
Organizational toxicity is a key organizational issue today, impacting the success of both employees and organizations negatively alike. Negative working conditions revealed by organizational toxicity pave the way for an organizational atmosphere to arise, which negatively influences the physical and psychological well-being of [...] Read more.
Organizational toxicity is a key organizational issue today, impacting the success of both employees and organizations negatively alike. Negative working conditions revealed by organizational toxicity pave the way for an organizational atmosphere to arise, which negatively influences the physical and psychological well-being of employees, causing burn-out syndrome and depression. Thus, organizational toxicity is observed to have a destructive impact on employees and can threaten the future of companies. In this framework, this study examines the mediating role of burnout and moderator role of occupational self-efficacy, in the relationship between organizational toxicity and depression. Conducted as cross-sectional, this study adopts a quantitative research approach. To that end, convenience sampling was used to collect data from 727 respondents who are employed at five-star hotels. Data analysis was completed with SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24 packages. Consequent to the analyses, organizational toxicity was determined to have a positive effect on burnout syndrome and depression. Moreover, burnout syndrome was found to have a mediating effect on the relationship between organizational toxicity and depression. In addition, occupational self-efficacy was found to have a moderator role on the effect of employees’ burnout levels on their depression levels. According to the findings, occupational self-efficacy is an influential variable on reducing the impact that organizational toxicity and burnout have on depression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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9 pages, 367 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anxiety and Depression in Peruvian Medical Students
by Jorge L. Piscoya-Tenorio, Walter V. Heredia-Rioja, Noelia Morocho-Alburqueque, Sandra Zeña-Ñañez, Palmer J. Hernández-Yépez, Cristian Díaz-Vélez, Virgilo E. Failoc-Rojas and Mario J. Valladares-Garrido
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 2907; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20042907 - 07 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
During medical training, students are exposed to stressors that deteriorate mental health. This study determined depression and anxiety prevalence and their associated factors in students from four medical schools in northern Peru. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students from Lambayeque, Peru. [...] Read more.
During medical training, students are exposed to stressors that deteriorate mental health. This study determined depression and anxiety prevalence and their associated factors in students from four medical schools in northern Peru. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students from Lambayeque, Peru. The Goldberg Anxiety and Zung Depression tests were applied. The dependent variables were depression and anxiety, and their association with covariates (age, sex, type of university, socioeconomic level, experience, family problem, and physical activity) was evaluated. Prevalence ratios were calculated using generalized linear models. Of 482 students, the prevalence of anxiety was 61.8% and depression was 22.0%. A severe level of anxiety was observed in 6.2% in the group between 16 and 20 years old. It was observed that private university students had higher frequencies of having depression (PR = 2.01) and anxiety (PR = 1.35); males had a lower risk of anxiety (PR = 0.82), but higher risk of depression compared to females (PR = 1.45). Performing physical activity decreased the prevalence of depression (PR = 0.53); however, it increased the frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.26). Having family problems increased the prevalence of anxiety (PR = 1.26). Medical students from private universities experienced higher rates of depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety were associated with gender and physical activity. These findings highlight the importance of mental health promotion due to its link with quality of life and academic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
16 pages, 367 KiB  
Article
Factors Determining the Mood and Emotions of Nurses Working in Pediatric Wards—A Pilot Study
by Anna Bednarek, Krystyna Kowalczuk and Angelika Kucharzyk
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 1997; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20031997 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
Background: Mood and emotions are important aspects of social interactions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the participation of these emotional states in the implementation of tasks resulting from specific professions. The aim of the study is to identify [...] Read more.
Background: Mood and emotions are important aspects of social interactions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the participation of these emotional states in the implementation of tasks resulting from specific professions. The aim of the study is to identify the factors that determine the mood and emotions of nurses working in pediatric wards. Methods: The pilot studies presented in the paper were carried out using the diagnostic survey method. The collected data were obtained from the authors’ own questionnaire and the standardized measurement tool “Scale for Measuring Mood and Six Emotions” by Bogdan Wojciszke and Wiesław Baryła. The study included 121 nurses working in hospital pediatric wards. The survey questionnaire results were obtained online using Google Forms. Results: Self-assessment of the health condition of nurses is statistically significantly correlated with all emotions and mood (p < 0.05). The better the self-assessment of health, the greater the positive mood measured by the General Mood Scale (GMS) and Mood Scales (MS). The financial situation showed a statistically significant correlation with guilt (p = 0.048), sadness (p = 0.041), and negative mood (p = 0.035). Single people, regardless of gender, were characterized by a greater experience of love (H = 13.497; p < 0.001). The higher the education, the greater the experience of love (p = 0.009). For people with specialization, the presence of negative emotions such as anger (p = 0.039) and guilt (p = 0.049) turned out to be statistically significant. The better the health of children staying in the ward, the higher the negative mood of nurses (p = 0.035). Conclusions: There was a statistically significant relationship between certain demographic factors, self-assessment of health conditions with the specificity of working in pediatric wards, and the experience of mood and different emotions by nurses working with pediatric inpatients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
11 pages, 368 KiB  
Article
Psychosocial Burden and Quality of Life of Surveyed Nurses during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
by Katarzyna Tomaszewska, Bożena Majchrowicz, Katarzyna Snarska and Beata Guzak
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 994; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20020994 - 05 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of occupational burnout on the quality of life (QOL) of nurses surveyed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A total of 668 active nurses employed in public hospitals in Podkarpackie voivodeship (Poland) were surveyed. Throughout the pandemic, all wards where [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the impact of occupational burnout on the quality of life (QOL) of nurses surveyed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A total of 668 active nurses employed in public hospitals in Podkarpackie voivodeship (Poland) were surveyed. Throughout the pandemic, all wards where responders worked had a division into so-called “clean” and “dirty” zones, as well as balanced working hours. The research used the authors’ survey questionnaire Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Polish version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the collected material, while correlations between ordinal or quantitative variables were made using Spearman’s-rho coefficient. According to 94.0% of respondents, stress is an integral part of the nursing profession. The mean of the respondents’ MBI burnout was 50.83 +/− 9.05 pts. The respondents’ overall quality of life also averaged 65.74 +/− 13.12 pts. There were negative statistically significant correlations between the MBI and BREF domains, most of which were characterized by clear strengths of association. Higher exhaustion in various occupational aspects is associated with poorer quality of life in individual domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
11 pages, 366 KiB  
Article
Perceived Stress in Relation to Demographics and Clinical Forms among Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Romualdas Malinauskas, Mindaugas Malinauskas, Vilija Malinauskiene and Vytautas Zabiela
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14073; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192114073 - 28 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1369
Abstract
(1) Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease of the endocardial surface of the heart, caused by infection of the native or prosthetic valve or an indwelling cardiac device. Apart from IE predisposing risk factors that include heart conditions and medical procedures, the [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease of the endocardial surface of the heart, caused by infection of the native or prosthetic valve or an indwelling cardiac device. Apart from IE predisposing risk factors that include heart conditions and medical procedures, the novel trajectories from demographic factors to perceived stress conditions have been under investigation in recent years. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations between perceived stress and demographic characteristics as well as clinical forms of IE among survivors of IE in Kaunas, Lithuania. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study among IE cases (n = 135) at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics Cardiology department during the period 2014–2017 was performed. Data about IE clinical features, sociodemographic characteristics and perceived stress level (Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)) upon diagnosis were collected. Package “SPSS 25.0” was used in the statistical analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed including gender, previous occupation, place of residence and clinical forms of IE in the analysis of perceived stress among survivors of IE. The STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies was used in this study. (3) Results: Perceived stress was experienced by 54.8 percent of the respondents. In the final model, the OR (odds ratio) of perceived stress for females was 2.07 as compared to men; for rural residents, the OR was 2.25 as compared to urban residents. These results were statistically significant. A tendency for increased OR of perceived stress for low-skilled workers as compared to high-skilled ones and classical IE clinical form as compared to non-classical form was observed, but these results were not statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: The present study is an attempt to focus the attention of IE researchers on the effects of psychological state in the disease development. Differences in perceived stress and some demographic characteristics, as well as tendencies of IE clinical forms, were observed among survivors of IE in Kaunas, Lithuania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
14 pages, 396 KiB  
Article
Association between Working Time and Burnout Syndrome in Peruvian Military during the Second Epidemic Wave of COVID-19
by Mario J. Valladares-Garrido, Luis Eduardo Zapata-Castro, Cinthia Karina Picón-Reategui, Ana Paula Mesta-Pintado, Ronald Alberto Picón-Reategui, Mariana Huaman-Garcia, César Johan Pereira-Victorio, Danai Valladares-Garrido and Virgilio E. Failoc-Rojas
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13614; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192013614 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1749
Abstract
There is scant evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout in front-line military personnel and how working time may influence on this condition. We aimed to determine the association between working time and Burnout syndrome in military personnel. A cross-sectional [...] Read more.
There is scant evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout in front-line military personnel and how working time may influence on this condition. We aimed to determine the association between working time and Burnout syndrome in military personnel. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data among 576 military personnel from Lambayeque, Peru during the second wave of COVID-19 in 2021. We used the Maslach Burnout Inventory instrument to measure Burnout Syndrome. We evaluated its association with work time, measured as the number of months that the military member worked during the pandemic. The prevalence of burnout syndrome was 9%. Of the total sample, 39.1% and 10.3% presented depersonalization and emotional exhaustion, respectively. Military personnel working for more than 18 months had a 104% higher prevalence of Burnout syndrome (PR: 2.04, 95%CI: 1.02–4.10). Exposure to a prolonged work time during the pandemic increased the prevalence of Burnout syndrome in military personnel. This information helps to understand the potential effects of the pandemic on this population and provides insight into the time the military members would need rest to prevent Burnout syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
15 pages, 585 KiB  
Article
Wellbeing Training Based on Contemplative Practices in a Sample of Intensive Care and Homecare Professionals: A Pilot and Feasibility Non-Randomized Clinical Trial
by Ausiàs Cebolla, Laura Galiana, Jaime Navarrete, David Alvear, Elena Garrote, Noemí Sansó, José V. Carmona, Mar Juan and María L. Blasco
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13137; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192013137 - 12 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1682
Abstract
Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) and homecare unit professionals are susceptible to higher levels of stress and burnout than other healthcare professionals, which has an impact on their well-being, and in turn on their patients. In terms of data, there is not much [...] Read more.
Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) and homecare unit professionals are susceptible to higher levels of stress and burnout than other healthcare professionals, which has an impact on their well-being, and in turn on their patients. In terms of data, there is not much research about the effects of psychological interventions on ICU and homecare professionals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Wellbeing Training based on Contemplative Practices (WTCP) for the increase of psychological functioning in a sample of ICU and homecare professionals. Methods: A pilot and feasibility non-randomized clinical trial was conducted. Participants in the WTCP group (n = 19) attended an at-work 8-session/2 h group WTCP program aimed at directly training four basic skills: (a) sustained positive emotions, (b) recovery from negative emotions, (c) pro-social behavior and generosity, and (d) mind wandering, mindfulness, and “affective stickiness”. Nineteen professionals were allocated in the control group. Results: Results indicated that WTCP had a positive impact on self-compassion, personal accomplishment (burnout), and frequency of negative emotions. Moreover, a thematic analysis of participant interviews (n = 14) was conducted. Conclusions: These preliminary results are promising, though future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of WTCP using randomized controlled trial methodologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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11 pages, 343 KiB  
Article
Nurses’ Quality of Life and Healthy Behaviors
by Natalia Orszulak, Klaudia Kubiak, Adam Kowal, Michał Czapla and Izabella Uchmanowicz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12927; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912927 - 09 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2676
Abstract
Quality of life (QoL) is closely linked to the health status of the individual. In turn, health status strongly depends on lifestyle. Health behavior, which is defined as the actions and attitudes of a person that affect their physical and mental health, is [...] Read more.
Quality of life (QoL) is closely linked to the health status of the individual. In turn, health status strongly depends on lifestyle. Health behavior, which is defined as the actions and attitudes of a person that affect their physical and mental health, is one of many lifestyle components. The nursing community, which is exposed to a range of dangers associated with the job position and responsibilities of the nursing profession, has to contend with several negative impacts. This results in a decreased quality of life among the nursing staff and reduced effectiveness in providing care services to patients. Methods: This study was conducted using an online Google questionnaire, which was completed by 312 nurses nationwide. The questionnaire included questions about the respondents’ socio-demographic survey and included the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) by Juczyński and the WHOQoL-BREF questionnaire. Results: The mean QoL reported by respondents was 3.65 points (SD = 0.67), meaning that QoL ranked between good and average results. The respondents’ mean rating of their own health was 3.58 points (SD = 0.79), indicating that they rated their health status between satisfactory and average. Low health-behavior prevalence was reported by 139 of the 312 survey participants (44.55%), while 111 respondents (35.58%) had average health-behavior prevalence and 62 (19.87%) had high health-behavior prevalence. Each of the QoL domains correlated significantly (p ˂ 0.05) and positively (r ˃ 0) with the total HBI score and all its subscales. Conclusions: Higher quality of life improves the level of health behavior by nursing staff. Obesity lowers the quality of life in physical, psychological, and social domains. The psychological sphere was the best-rated quality of life domain by nurses. A good material situation for nurses has a positive effect on their quality of life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
13 pages, 360 KiB  
Article
Stress and Occupational Burnout of Nurses Working with COVID-19 Patients
by Katarzyna Tomaszewska, Bożena Majchrowicz, Katarzyna Snarska and Donata Telega
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12688; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912688 - 04 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2523
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic brings many challenges to the daily work of nurses. While carrying out professional tasks for patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, nurses experience tremendous psychological pressure due to their workload in a high-risk environment. This causes severe stress and leads to [...] Read more.
COVID-19 pandemic brings many challenges to the daily work of nurses. While carrying out professional tasks for patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, nurses experience tremendous psychological pressure due to their workload in a high-risk environment. This causes severe stress and leads to occupational burnout. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of stress and occupational burnout among surveyed nurses working with patients with COVID-19. A total of 118 nurses working with patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus participated in the study. Among the respondents, there were 94.9% women and 5.1% men. The average age of the respondents was 38.1 +/− 2.1. The survey was conducted between April and May 2022. The research tool was a survey questionnaire, consisting of three parts: sociodemographic data and self-administered survey questionnaire containing questions about the specifics of working with COVID-19 patients. The third part was a standardized tool: the MBI Burnout Questionnaire by Christina Maslach. Participation in the study was anonymous and voluntary. Statistical analysis for independence of variables used the Chi-square test. On the other hand, coefficients based on the Phi test and Kramer’s V test, as well as non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test (for 2 samples) and Kruskal–Wallis test (for more than 2 samples) were used to determine the strength of the relationship. During these analyses, in addition to standard statistical significance, the corresponding “p” values were calculated using the Monte Carlo method. The results obtained allow us to conclude that surveyed nurses working with COVID-19 patients are exposed to various stressors leading to occupational burnout. The vast majority of respondents, i.e., 90.7%, believe that stress is an integral part of the nursing profession and the average of MBI burnout among respondents was 55.67 +/− 9.77 pts., emotional exhaustion 24.74 +/− 6.11, depersonalization 12.42 +/− 2.99 and a sense of personal achievement 18.52 +/− 4.50 which means that only slightly more than half of the nurses surveyed noticed symptoms of occupational burnout themselves. The research has revealed that working with a patient who is positive for COVID-19 is a cause of stress and is related to experiencing symptoms of burnout in the group of surveyed nurses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
15 pages, 371 KiB  
Article
Burnout among Telecommunication Sales Managers
by Romualdas Malinauskas, Mantas Grinevicius and Vilija Malinauskiene
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811249 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1475
Abstract
(1) Background: Various investigations have confirmed that burnout prevails in intensive and demanding contemporary working environments. Most of these studies have analyzed the associations between emotional exhaustion and various work factors. We studied the gap in the literature by simultaneously considering the three [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Various investigations have confirmed that burnout prevails in intensive and demanding contemporary working environments. Most of these studies have analyzed the associations between emotional exhaustion and various work factors. We studied the gap in the literature by simultaneously considering the three commonly recognized dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) using a representative sample of telecommunication sales managers. (2) Methods: 849 survey respondents completed an anonymous questionnaire that included items representing psychosocial factors at work, lifestyle characteristics, and the Maslach Burnout inventory. The hierarchical regression analysis revealed the predictors of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. (3) Results: job demands and witnessing bullying at the workplace were the most powerful predictors of emotional exhaustion, followed by self-rated health, night work, education, and physical inactivity. Witnessing bullying at the workplace, job control, self-rated health, and physical inactivity were the strongest predictors of depersonalization. Finally, direct experiences of negative acts at the workplace, job control, social support at work, bullying exposure duration, family crises, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol, and body mass index were the most important predictors of reduced personal accomplishments. (4) Conclusions: the present study fills a gap in the research surrounding the three dimensions of burnout. The findings not only confirm that high job demands, low job control, and low social support at work contribute to burnout but also contribute to the novel understanding that workplace bullying plays an integral role. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
11 pages, 533 KiB  
Article
Nurses Coping with Stressful Situations—A Cross-Sectional Study
by Grażyna Iwanowicz-Palus, Mariola Mróz, Krystyna Kowalczuk, Beata Szlendak, Agnieszka Bień and Mateusz Cybulski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10924; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710924 - 01 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1790
Abstract
Nursing belongs to the group of professions particularly exposed to stress. Since the ability to cope with stress is an important aspect of mental health, the aim of this study was to identify the types of nurses’ behaviours in terms of different coping [...] Read more.
Nursing belongs to the group of professions particularly exposed to stress. Since the ability to cope with stress is an important aspect of mental health, the aim of this study was to identify the types of nurses’ behaviours in terms of different coping styles used when dealing with work-related and psychosocial stress. The study was conducted among 1223 Polish nurses by means of a diagnostic survey, using the Coping in Stressful Situations Questionnaire (CISS), the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and a questionnaire of the author’s own design. Three types of nurses were distinguished: Type 1 (non-harmonious/organised)—nurses with lower professional education, longer work experience, at least average severity of stress related to working conditions, the lowest GSES scores, and worse psychophysical condition, who focused on their own emotional state when faced with stressful situations. Type 2 (harmonious)—nurses with higher education, the lowest intensity of work-related stresses, the highest GSES scores, positive self-reported psycho-physical condition, most often using the task-oriented coping style in stressful situations. Type 3 (non-harmonious/disorganised)—nurses with shorter length of service in the profession, the highest intensity of work-related stress, average GSES scores, and poorer self-reported psycho-physical condition. The presented results may provide a basis for preventive measures to minimise stress and increase competence in coping strategies, thus contributing to improved psychological and physical well-being of nurses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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13 pages, 548 KiB  
Article
The Status of Occupational Stress and Its Influence on the Health of Medical Staff in Lanzhou, China
by Dongsheng Zhu, Jinyu Wang, Yurui Zhao, Lu Yang, Jinxia Gao, Xuhong Chang, Sheng Li and Yanni Zheng
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10808; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710808 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2075
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the status quo of occupational stress and its impact on the health of medical staff and provide a theoretical basis for relieving occupational stress and improving the health status of medical staff. The occupational stress and health status [...] Read more.
This study aimed to understand the status quo of occupational stress and its impact on the health of medical staff and provide a theoretical basis for relieving occupational stress and improving the health status of medical staff. The occupational stress and health status of medical staff in 14 hospitals in Lanzhou were studied using a general questionnaire, Effort–Reward Imbalance questionnaire, and Self-Rated Health Measurement Scale. A total of 2169 participants were included in the analysis, and 59.4% of the medical staff experienced occupational stress. The results of the occupational stress survey showed that the prevalence of occupational stress among medical staff aged 40–50, with a master’s degree or above, senior professional title, working for 10–20 years, and working more than 48 h per week was higher than in the other groups. The health survey results showed that, compared with other groups, the scores of physical, mental, and social health were lower in medical staff with working years of 10–20 years and working hours of more than 48 h per week. The results show that working years and working hours per week affect not only the level of occupational stress but also physiological, psychological, and social health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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12 pages, 1013 KiB  
Article
The Spanish Version of the State Self-Compassion Scale–Long Form (SSCS–L): A Study of Its Validity and Reliability in a Sample of Nursing Students
by Laura Galiana, Mireia Guillén, Antonia Pades, Sarah L. Flowers, Gabriel Vidal-Blanco and Noemí Sansó
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 10174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191610174 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1992
Abstract
Background: In nurses, self-compassion mitigates the effects of stress, burnout and compassion fatigue, and enhances empathy, compassion and well-being and quality of life. The Self-Compassion Scale is the most-used instrument. The aim of this study is to validate the Spanish version of the [...] Read more.
Background: In nurses, self-compassion mitigates the effects of stress, burnout and compassion fatigue, and enhances empathy, compassion and well-being and quality of life. The Self-Compassion Scale is the most-used instrument. The aim of this study is to validate the Spanish version of the new developed State Self-Compassion Scale–Long (SSCS–L). Methods: Students of the first year of the Nursing Degree were surveyed online. Together with the SSCS–L, their levels of positive and negative affect was reported. Analyses included descriptive statistics, competitive confirmatory factor analysis, evidence on criterion-related validity and estimates of reliability. Results: The best fitting model for the SSCS–L was the one hypothesizing six-correlated factors of self-compassion: self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, self-judgement, isolation, and over-identification. Positive relations between the positive dimensions of self-compassion and positive affect were found, whereas there were negative relations between the positive poles of self-compassion and negative affect. Estimates of reliability were adequate, except for the dimension of over-identification. Conclusions: Self-compassion has become a key competency for nurses. The SSCS–L is an appropriate tool to allow an adequate assessment of self-compassion in experimental contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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11 pages, 361 KiB  
Article
Determinants Affecting the Rationing of Nursing Care and Professional Burnout among Oncology Nurses
by Aneta Piotrowska, Aleksandra Lisowska, Iwona Twardak, Karolina Włostowska, Izabella Uchmanowicz and Eleonora Mess
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7180; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19127180 - 11 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2410
Abstract
Rationing of nursing care (RNC) is characterized by the omission of any aspect of the required patient care, resulting in incomplete or delayed nursing activities. Oncology nurses are exposed to a very high psychological burden, which can lead to the development of professional [...] Read more.
Rationing of nursing care (RNC) is characterized by the omission of any aspect of the required patient care, resulting in incomplete or delayed nursing activities. Oncology nurses are exposed to a very high psychological burden, which can lead to the development of professional burnout syndrome (PBS). The level of PBS might be related to life and job satisfaction. This study aimed to identify determinants affecting RNC and reveal the relationship between RNC, life and job satisfaction, and the PBS levels among oncology nurses. The sample was a hundred oncology nurses from four hospitals in Poland with a mean age of 43.26 ± 10.69 years. The study was conducted from March 2019 to February 2020. The self-administered sociodemographic questionnaire and validated scales determining missed nursing care, job and life satisfaction, and life orientation were used: Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care-Revised (BERNCA-R), Satisfaction with Job Scale (SWJS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The mean BERNCA score was 1.55 ± 0.15, which indicates the frequency of RNC was between “never” and “rarely”. The mean SWJS score was 11.71 ± 5.97, which showed that nurses were “dissatisfied” and “rather dissatisfied” with their job. A low SWLS score was reported by 59% of nurses, which means that more than half of the respondents described their life satisfaction as low. In LOT-R, 66% of nurses reported pessimistic and 31% neutral life orientation. The mean overall MBI score was 49.27 ± 19.76 points (EE = 63.56 ± 25.37, DEP = 37.2 ± 24.95, and lack of PA = 47.05 ± 22.04), which means that half of the nurses perceived burnout and half did not. Additionally, the higher the job satisfaction (SWJS), the more frequent the RNC (BERNCA) (p < 0.05). The greater the EE, the stronger the sense of lack of PA, and the higher the PBS (MBI) level, the less frequent the RNC (BERNCA). In conclusion, there is a phenomenon of omission of some aspects of care among oncology nurses, but it is not frequent and concerns areas not directly related to therapeutic tasks, but requiring effort and not resulting in quick noticeable effects. It depends only little on life satisfaction and more on job satisfaction and PBS level. The results may indicate the professionalism of Polish nurses, their responsibility towards their patients’ life and health, and the sense of mission that enables them to perform their duties regardless of the external and internal difficulties. The presence of the PBS phenomenon in oncology nurses highlights the need for continued research in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
15 pages, 1401 KiB  
Article
Stress-Inducing Factors vs. the Risk of Occupational Burnout in the Work of Nurses and Paramedics
by Aneta Grochowska, Agata Gawron and Iwona Bodys-Cupak
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5539; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19095539 - 03 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4413
Abstract
Introduction: Contemporary healthcare faces new challenges and expectations from society. The profession of a nurse, as well as a paramedic, is essential for the efficient functioning of healthcare. It has its importance not only in promoting and preserving health but also in prevention. [...] Read more.
Introduction: Contemporary healthcare faces new challenges and expectations from society. The profession of a nurse, as well as a paramedic, is essential for the efficient functioning of healthcare. It has its importance not only in promoting and preserving health but also in prevention. With the increasing importance of providing medical care at the highest level, it is expected of these two professional groups to have more knowledge and skills than a few years earlier. The daily contact with patients and their families, the low level of control of the environment, the hierarchical system of professional dependence, and the dissatisfaction with remuneration are becoming extremely burdensome aspects of the nursing and paramedic professions. Long-term exposure to stressors associated with these medical professions may, in the long term, lead to the emergence of occupational burnout syndrome. The aim of this study is an attempt to answer the question of whether and how stress factors affect the occurrence of occupational burnout in the work of nurses and paramedics working in various medical entities. Material and Methods: The study covered a group of 434 respondents, including 220 nurses and 214 paramedics, working professionally in hospital departments and care and treatment facilities as well as in hospital emergency departments and ambulance services. The study was carried out using a diagnostic survey based on the questionnaire technique using the authors’ questionnaire and the standardized MBI Ch. Maslach. Two statistical values were used to statistically analyze the research results and verify the adopted hypotheses: the chi-square test and the Student’s t-test. Results and Conclusions: The current study showed that the phenomenon of occupational burnout among the studied group affects only nurses, while this problem does not apply to the studied paramedics. The main stressor among the nurses and paramedics is, above all, a very high level of responsibility. Nurses are overburdened by excessive demands and shift work, while paramedics are mostly burdened by an excess of duties. Both nurses and paramedics claim that their work is often stressful, which leads to physical and mental exhaustion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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21 pages, 406 KiB  
Article
Predictors of the Occupational Burnout of Healthcare Workers in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Katarzyna Szwamel, Antonina Kaczorowska, Ewelina Lepsy, Agata Mroczek, Magdalena Golachowska, Ewa Mazur and Mariusz Panczyk
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063634 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3393
Abstract
The study aims at analysing the occupational burnout phenomenon, the level of anxiety and depression, as well as the quality of life (QOL) of healthcare workers (HCW) during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were 497 healthcare workers examined across Poland. The Maslach Burnout Inventory [...] Read more.
The study aims at analysing the occupational burnout phenomenon, the level of anxiety and depression, as well as the quality of life (QOL) of healthcare workers (HCW) during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were 497 healthcare workers examined across Poland. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Short Form (WHOQOL BREF) were used. A total of 71.63% (356) of the respondents presented high and moderate levels of emotional exhaustion during the pandemic, 71.43% (355) reported low and moderate job satisfaction levels, whereas 40.85% (203) displayed high and moderate levels of depersonalization. A group of 62.57% (n = 311) demonstrated clear or borderline states of anxiety disorders, while 38.83% (n = 193) suffered from depression or its borderline symptoms. Direct predictors of occupational burnout included: escalating depression; quality of life domains such as the physical, psychological and social; being provided personal protective equipment (PPE) by an employer; age; medical profession; and material status. Emotional exhaustion appeared to be much higher in nursing and ‘other’ medical professionals than in physiotherapists (p = 0.023). In the times of pandemic, the occupational burnout prophylaxis ought to be focused on early recognition of depression like symptoms and their treatment, as well as providing the staff with PPE and satisfying earnings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
11 pages, 1071 KiB  
Article
Psychosocial Determinants of Stress Perceived among Polish Nursing Students during Their Education in Clinical Practice
by Iwona Bodys-Cupak, Lucyna Ścisło and Maria Kózka
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3410; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19063410 - 14 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2590
Abstract
Background: Nursing students’ education process is related to the occurrence of difficult and stressful situations, especially during clinical placement. The purpose of the education is to develop critical thinking, clinical decision making and teamwork skills in students. This process should allow the students [...] Read more.
Background: Nursing students’ education process is related to the occurrence of difficult and stressful situations, especially during clinical placement. The purpose of the education is to develop critical thinking, clinical decision making and teamwork skills in students. This process should allow the students to integrate into the clinical environment and develop their professional identity. The goal of this research was to assess the relationship between perceived stress and psychosocial factors. Methods: The research was conducted in 2019 among 307 nursing students in Poland. Research questionnaires used in the study were: Perceived Stress Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale, Life Orientation Test-R and Clinical Learning Environment Inventory. Results: There was a significant correlation between stress perceived by the surveyed nursing students and psychosocial components as well as teacher support and student’s satisfaction with clinical education. Satisfaction with the clinical education during the implementation of clinical activities was the highest in people experiencing a low level of stress. The highest level of teacher support was reported by people experiencing a higher level of stress. Conclusion: A higher level of perceived stress corresponded to a lower level of self-efficacy, lower life satisfaction, lower life orientation and lower self-esteem of students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

42 pages, 2075 KiB  
Review
Stress, Burnout, Anxiety and Depression among Teachers: A Scoping Review
by Belinda Agyapong, Gloria Obuobi-Donkor, Lisa Burback and Yifeng Wei
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10706; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710706 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 18601
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, stress and burnout continue to be a problem among teachers, leading to anxiety and depression. Burnout may adversely affect teachers’ health and is a risk factor for poor physical and mental well-being. Determining the prevalence and correlates of stress, burnout, anxiety, [...] Read more.
Background: Worldwide, stress and burnout continue to be a problem among teachers, leading to anxiety and depression. Burnout may adversely affect teachers’ health and is a risk factor for poor physical and mental well-being. Determining the prevalence and correlates of stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression among teachers is essential for addressing this public health concern. Objective: To determine the extent of the current literature on the prevalence and correlates of stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression among teachers. Method: This scoping review was performed using the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews). Relevant search terms were used to determine the prevalence and correlates of teachers’ stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression. Articles were identified using MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Data Base), APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Scopus Elsevier and ERIC (Education Resources Information Center). The articles were extracted, reviewed, collated, and thematically analyzed, and the results were summarized and reported. Results: When only clinically meaningful (moderate to severe) psychological conditions among teachers were considered, the prevalence of burnout ranged from 25.12% to 74%, stress ranged from 8.3% to 87.1%, anxiety ranged from 38% to 41.2% and depression ranged from 4% to 77%. The correlates of stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression identified in this review include socio-demographic factors such as sex, age, marital status, and school (organizational) and work-related factors including the years of teaching, class size, job satisfaction, and the subject taught. Conclusion: Teaching is challenging and yet one of the most rewarding professions, but several factors correlate with stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression among teachers. Highlighting these factors is the first step in recognizing the magnitude of the issues encountered by those in the teaching profession. Implementation of a school-based awareness and intervention program is crucial to resolve the early signs of teacher stress and burnout to avoid future deterioration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

15 pages, 2504 KiB  
Systematic Review
Insomnia—A Systematic Review and Comparison of Medical Resident’s Average Off-Call Sleep Times
by Eve Ardizzone, Emily Lerchbaumer, Johannes C. Heinzel, Natalie Winter, Cosima Prahm, Jonas Kolbenschlag, Adrien Daigeler and Henrik Lauer
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4180; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20054180 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1416
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is known to have serious consequences, including a decrease in performance, attention and neurocognitive function. It seems common knowledge that medical residents are routinely sleep deprived, yet there is little objective research recording their average sleep times. To discern whether residents [...] Read more.
Sleep deprivation is known to have serious consequences, including a decrease in performance, attention and neurocognitive function. It seems common knowledge that medical residents are routinely sleep deprived, yet there is little objective research recording their average sleep times. To discern whether residents may be suffering from the abovementioned side effects, this review aimed to analyze their average sleep times. Thirty papers recording the average sleep time of medical residents were found via a literature search using the key words “resident” and “sleep”. An analysis of the mean sleep times cited therein revealed a range of sleep from 4.2 to 8.6 h per night, the median being 6.2 h. A sub-analysis of papers from the USA showed barely any significant differences in sleep time between the specialties, but the mean sleep times were below 7 h. The only significant difference (p = 0.039) was between the mean sleep times of pediatric and urology residents, with the former achieving less sleep. The comparison of methods for data collection showed no significant difference in the sleep times collected. The results of this analysis imply that residents are regularly sleep deprived and may therefore suffer from the abovementioned consequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Stress, Burnout and Occupational Hygiene)
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