Research

12 pages, 1105 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors for Periodontitis Focusing on the Saliva Microbiome and Polymorphism

by Naoki Toyama, Daisuke Ekuni, Daisuke Matsui, Teruhide Koyama, Masahiro Nakatochi, Yukihide Momozawa, Michiaki Kubo and Manabu Morita

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126430 - 14 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4570

Abstract

Few studies have exhaustively assessed relationships among polymorphisms, the microbiome, and periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to assess associations simultaneously among polymorphisms, the microbiome, and periodontitis. We used propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio to select subjects, and then [...] Read more.

Few studies have exhaustively assessed relationships among polymorphisms, the microbiome, and periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to assess associations simultaneously among polymorphisms, the microbiome, and periodontitis. We used propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio to select subjects, and then 22 individuals (mean age ± standard deviation, 60.7 ± 9.9 years) were analyzed. After saliva collection, V3-4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced to investigate microbiome composition, alpha diversity (Shannon index, Simpson index, Chao1, and abundance-based coverage estimator) and beta diversity using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances. A total of 51 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to periodontitis were identified. The frequencies of SNPs were collected from Genome-Wide Association Study data. The PCoA of unweighted UniFrac distance showed a significant difference between periodontitis and control groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in alpha diversity and PCoA of weighted UniFrac distance (p > 0.05). Two families (Lactobacillaceae and Desulfobulbaceae) and one species (Porphyromonas gingivalis) were observed only in the periodontitis group. No SNPs showed significant expression. These results suggest that periodontitis was related to the presence of P. gingivalis and the families Lactobacillaceae and Desulfobulbaceae but not SNPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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15 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Reported Gingival Bleeding: A Multicenter Study in France

by Thomas Veynachter, Valérie Orti, Estelle Moulis, Hélène Rousseau, Nathalie Thilly, Fani Anagnostou, Sylvie Jeanne and Catherine Bisson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8563; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17228563 - 18 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2078

Abstract

Gingival bleeding (GB) is a common sign of gingival inflammation which indicates the presence of periodontal diseases. This cross-sectional multicenter survey aimed to assess the prevalence of self-reported gingival bleeding (SRGB) in French adults and identify the main associated factors. A questionnaire-based interview [...] Read more.

Gingival bleeding (GB) is a common sign of gingival inflammation which indicates the presence of periodontal diseases. This cross-sectional multicenter survey aimed to assess the prevalence of self-reported gingival bleeding (SRGB) in French adults and identify the main associated factors. A questionnaire-based interview was randomly proposed to 794 individuals in four French cities (Nancy, Montpellier, Paris, and Rennes). Subjects were recruited in preventive medicine centers (50%), railway stations, and malls (50%). The questionnaire comprised 25 items: SRGB characteristics, socioeconomic variables, oral hygiene habits, use of drugs, and anxiety level. The overall prevalence of SRGB was 63.2% [59.8%; 66.6%], with 58.7% bleeding after toothbrushing and 4.5% spontaneous bleeding. Males reported significantly lower SRGB prevalence than females (p = 0.04). The distribution of SRGB frequency was inversely proportional to age (p < 0.0001). No association between drug use and SRGB was found. The people interviewed in the preventive medicine centers reported the highest frequency of SRGB (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate logistic model, SRGB was significantly related to occupation, smoking status, brushing frequency, and anxiety level. In conclusion, SRGB was prevalent in more than half of the sample and was mainly associated with age, toothbrushing frequency, and anxiety level. Thus, providing information to patients about the importance of this oral manifestation may play an important role in preventing periodontal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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19 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relations of Psychosocial Factors and Cortisol with Periodontal and Bacterial Parameters: A Prospective Clinical Study in 30 Patients with Periodontitis Before and After Non-Surgical Treatment

by Marie Dubar, Isabelle Clerc-Urmès, Cédric Baumann, Céline Clément, Corentine Alauzet and Catherine Bisson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(20), 7651; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17207651 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2327

Abstract

(1) Background: The progression of periodontitis, induced by polymicrobial dysbiosis, can be modified by systemic or environmental factors such as stress or anxiety affecting host response. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential associations between psychosocial factors scores or salivary [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The progression of periodontitis, induced by polymicrobial dysbiosis, can be modified by systemic or environmental factors such as stress or anxiety affecting host response. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential associations between psychosocial factors scores or salivary cortisol levels with clinical periodontal parameters and bacterial environment in patients with periodontitis; (2) Methods: Subgingival microbiota was collected in two pathological and one healthy sites from thirty diseased patients (before/after scaling and root planing (SRP)) and from one healthy site from thirty control patients. Usual clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and a saliva sample was harvested. Patients completed stress and anxiety self-assessment questionnaires. Cortisol concentrations were determined by ELISA and bacteria were identified by PCR; (3) Results: No correlation between salivary cortisol and the stress-anxiety self-declared was found (p > 0.05), but high concentrations of this molecule were associated positively and linearly with periodontal pocket depth (p = 0.04). It appeared that certain psychosocial stressors are associated with a modulation of the bacterial colonization of pockets of diseased group (before/after SRP), notably concerning Tannerella forsythia (p = 0.02), Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.03), Fusobacterium nucleatum (p = 0.049) and Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.01). (4) Conclusion: This study reveals associations between bacteria colonization and psychosocial parameters in periodontitis that needs to be further investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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12 pages, 732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perception of Gingival Bleeding by People and Healthcare Professionals: A Multicentre Study in an Adult French Population

by Alexandre Baudet, Thomas Veynachter, Hélène Rousseau, Fani Anagnostou, Sylvie Jeanne, Valérie Orti, Nathalie Thilly, Céline Clément and Catherine Bisson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17165982 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3033

Abstract

Gingival bleeding (GB) is a common sign of gingival inflammation, which indicates the presence of periodontal diseases. This study aimed to describe the perception of French adults about their self-reported GB and answers of healthcare professionals regarding the GB reported by these interviewees. [...] Read more.

Gingival bleeding (GB) is a common sign of gingival inflammation, which indicates the presence of periodontal diseases. This study aimed to describe the perception of French adults about their self-reported GB and answers of healthcare professionals regarding the GB reported by these interviewees. A questionnaire administered by one investigator in each of three public settings of four cities in France from September 2016 to November 2017. Among 794 adults interviewed, 502 (63.2%) reported a GB. Among them, 414 (82.5%) believed that GB is benign, and 309 (61.6%) declared one or more responses. The three main responses were to use mouthwash (29.3%), to change to a soft-bristle toothbrush (20.1%) and to modify the brushing technique (19.3%). Almost half (49.0%) questioned at least one healthcare professional concerning their GB: a dentist (43.0%), a physician (14.1%), and a pharmacist (8.0%). The main response of each healthcare professional was: for dentists: a “prescription of mouthwash”, for physicians to say “gingival bleeding is not serious”; and for pharmacists: “to sell a mouthwash”. Most of the participants considered their GB as benign and had inappropriate responses, which indicates their lack of knowledge regarding periodontal health. The same conclusions can be drawn for healthcare professionals, as reported by interviewees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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Review

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24 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evidence and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Relationship between the Oral Microbiome and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review

by Yoann Maitre, Rachid Mahalli, Pierre Micheneau, Alexis Delpierre, Gilles Amador and Frédéric Denis

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11157; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182111157 - 24 Oct 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3194

Abstract

This review aims to clarify the nature of the link between Alzheimer’s disease and the oral microbiome on an epidemiological and pathophysiological level, as well as to highlight new therapeutic perspectives that contribute to the management of this disease. We performed a systematic [...] Read more.

This review aims to clarify the nature of the link between Alzheimer’s disease and the oral microbiome on an epidemiological and pathophysiological level, as well as to highlight new therapeutic perspectives that contribute to the management of this disease. We performed a systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews checklist, from January 2000 to July 2021. The terms “plaque,” “saliva,” and “mouth” were associated with the search term “oral diseases” and used in combination with the Boolean operator “AND”/“OR”. We included experimental or clinical studies and excluded conferences, abstracts, reviews, and editorials. A total of 27 articles were selected. Evidence for the impact of the oral microbiome on the pathophysiological and immunoinflammatory mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease is accumulating. The impact of the oral microbiome on the development of AD opens the door to complementary therapies such as phototherapy and/or the use of prebiotic compounds and probiotic strains for global or targeted modulation of the oral microbiome in order to have a favourable influence on the evolution of this pathology in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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16 pages, 1919 KiB

Open AccessReview

Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review

by Jocelyne Gare, Aida Kanoute, Nicolas Meda, Stephane Viennot, Denis Bourgeois and Florence Carrouel

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 7194; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18137194 - 05 Jul 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4840

Abstract

Background: Pre-eclampsia, the second most frequent direct source of maternal mortality, is a multisystem gestational disorder characterized by proteinuria and maternal hypertension after the 20th gestational week. Although the causes of pre-eclampsia are still discussed, research has suggested that the placenta has a [...] Read more.

Background: Pre-eclampsia, the second most frequent direct source of maternal mortality, is a multisystem gestational disorder characterized by proteinuria and maternal hypertension after the 20th gestational week. Although the causes of pre-eclampsia are still discussed, research has suggested that the placenta has a central place in the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, current surveys indicated that periodontal disorders observed during the pregnancy and more particularly, periodontal pathogens could be link to the risk of pre-eclampsia. Objectives: This article aims to review recent studies focusing on periodontal conditions and pathogens associated with pre-eclampsia. Methods: The process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Results: Metabolic conditions, immunological changes, fluctuating progesterone and estrogen levels of the pregnant woman induce a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and contribute to increase inflammation of periodontal tissues. Periodontal pathogens could diffuse through the bloodstream inducing a placenta inflammatory response as well as inflammatory molecules produced in response to periodontopathogens could migrate through the bloodstream leading to a placenta inflammatory response. Also, periodontopathogens can colonize the vaginal microbiota through the gastrointestinal tract or during oro-genital contacts. Conclusion: A cumulative bi-directional relationship between periodontal conditions, pathogens and the pre-eclampsia exists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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Other

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12 pages, 1401 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Probiotic Monotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri (Prodentis) as a Coadjutant to Reduce Subgingival Dysbiosis in a Patient with Periodontitis

by Claudia Salinas-Azuceno, Miryam Martínez-Hernández, José-Isaac Maldonado-Noriega, Adriana-Patricia Rodríguez-Hernández and Laurie-Ann Ximenez-Fyvie

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7835; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19137835 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2004

Abstract

(1) Background: Probiotics can be considered a non-invasive periodontal monotherapy for the modulation of microbiota when periodontal treatment is not accessible. The aim was to evaluate the ability of Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis as monotherapy to modulate periodontal parameters and subgingival biofilm dysbiosis. (2) [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Probiotics can be considered a non-invasive periodontal monotherapy for the modulation of microbiota when periodontal treatment is not accessible. The aim was to evaluate the ability of Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis as monotherapy to modulate periodontal parameters and subgingival biofilm dysbiosis. (2) Methods: A 30-year-old patient with periodontitis was followed longitudinally after one month of daily consumption of L. reuteri Prodentis (T0). Periodontal measurements and microbial identification by Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization of 40 bacteria were compared between baseline (T0) and 30 days (T1) or 90 days (T2), using the Kruskal–Wallis (KW) and Mann–Whitney U (MW) tests. (3) Results: Low values of pocket depth, attachment level, dental plaque, gingival erythema (GE), and suppuration were observed at T0 vs. T1, with the clinical improvement of GE (p < 0.05, MW) and the recovery of tooth 46 fistulation. T1 vs. T0 comparisons showed lower levels (Lev) or proportions (Prop) of Parvimonas micra (Lev: p < 0.05, MW; Prop: p < 0.01, MW) and Streptococcus gordonii (Prop: p < 0.05, MW), and a predominance (Lev/Prop) of Actinomyces odontolyticus and Streptococcus mitis; lower levels and proportions of P. micra, Eubacterium saburreum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia were observed in tooth 46 (T1/T2 vs. T0). (4) Conclusions: Under monotherapy with L. reuteri Prodentis, periodontal measurements of the patient were maintained, with selective changes in the subgingival microbiota that were proportional to the time of probiotic administration, with any additional periodontal treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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14 pages, 1571 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Analysis the Link between Periodontal Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review

by Leslie Borsa, Margaux Dubois, Guillaume Sacco and Laurence Lupi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 9312; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18179312 - 03 Sep 2021

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8174

Abstract

The hypothesis of an infectious connection from the oro-pharyngeal sphere to the brain underlines the interest in analyzing the link between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the link between Alzheimer’s disease and periodontal disease [...] Read more.

The hypothesis of an infectious connection from the oro-pharyngeal sphere to the brain underlines the interest in analyzing the link between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the link between Alzheimer’s disease and periodontal disease in patients aged 65 and over. Databases (PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Library, and Embase) were analyzed for relevant references up to 21 June 2021. The authors independently selected the studies and extracted the data. The quality of included studies was checked using the National Institutes of Health’s quality assessment tools. Five studies were included. The selected studies described in their results an increase in F. nucleatum in Alzheimer’s disease patients (adjusted p = 0.02), and its incidence was linked to C. rectus and P. gingivalis (adjusted HR = 1.22 (1.04–1.43), p = 0.012) as well as A. naeslundii (crude HR = 2.0 (1.1–3.8)). The presence of periodontitis at baseline was associated with a six-fold increase in the rate of cognitive decline over a 6-month follow-up period (ADAS-Cog mean change = 2.9 ± 6.6). The current review suggests an association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The treatment of periodontal disease could be a way to explore Alzheimer’s disease prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Oral Health)

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