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Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
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Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 33762

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yung-Tse Hung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
Interests: water supply and water treatment; municipal wastewater treatment; industrial waste treatment; biological waste treatment; water and wastewater treatment plant design; water pollution control; water quality engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hamidi Abdul Aziz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia
Interests: water and wastewater treatment and management; solid waste management; landfill leachate treatment; industrial waste treatment and disposal; biological; chemical and tertiary wastewater treatment; pollution control; water quality engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Issam A. Al-Khatib

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Birzeit University, Birzeit P.O. Box 14, West Bank, Palestine
Interests: water recourses management and quality; environmental assessment; wastewater management; advocacy; coordination and networking
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water has become a scarce resource in the world. The major objective of municipal wastewater treatment is to remove pollutants from wastewater before effluent is discharged back to the environment. Treated effluent can be utilized for various types of water reuse and for resource recovery. Proper wastewater treatment and disposal is also essential for protecting public health. The municipal wastewater treatment processes help to achieve water quality objectives and to reduce water pollution control. Development of advanced wastewater treatment technologies is essential to meeting the regulatory requirements for water quality. 

This Special Issue aims to seek contributions on advanced technologies applied to the treatment of municipal wastewater and sludge. We seek contributions that deal with recent advances in municipal wastewater and sludge treatment technologies, health effects of municipal wastewater, risk management, energy efficient wastewater treatment, water sustainability, water reuse and resource recovery.

Prof. Dr. Yung-Tse Hung
Prof. Dr. Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Prof. Dr. Issam A. Al-Khatib
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced wastewater technology
  • onsite wastewater treatment
  • natural wastewater treatment system
  • biological treatment
  • physicochemical treatment
  • tertiary treatment
  • water quality
  • wastewater treatment and health
  • sludge treatment and disposal
  • energy efficient wastewater treatment
  • water reuse
  • resource recovery
  • municipal wastewater

Published Papers (17 papers)

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9 pages, 3320 KiB  
Communication
Influence of Salts on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Formic Acid in Wastewater
by Azzah Nazihah Che Abdul Rahim, Shotaro Yamada, Haruki Bonkohara, Sergio Mestre, Tsuyoshi Imai, Yung-Tse Hung and Izumi Kumakiri
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15736; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192315736 - 26 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1037
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment technologies have difficulties in feasibly removing persistent organics. The photocatalytic oxidation of these contaminants offers an economical and environmentally friendly solution. In this study, TiO2 membranes and Ag/TiO2 membranes were prepared and used for the decomposition of dissolved [...] Read more.
Conventional wastewater treatment technologies have difficulties in feasibly removing persistent organics. The photocatalytic oxidation of these contaminants offers an economical and environmentally friendly solution. In this study, TiO2 membranes and Ag/TiO2 membranes were prepared and used for the decomposition of dissolved formic acid in wastewater. The photochemical deposition of silver on a TiO2 membrane improved the decomposition rate. The rate doubled by depositing ca. 2.5 mg of Ag per 1 g of TiO2. The influence of salinity on formic acid decomposition was studied. The presence of inorganic salts reduced the treatment performance of the TiO2 membranes to half. Ag/TiO2 membranes had a larger reduction of ca. 40%. The performance was recovered by washing the membranes with water. The anion adsorption on the membrane surface likely caused the performance reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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17 pages, 1188 KiB  
Article
Influence of COD in Toxic Industrial Wastewater from a Chemical Concern on Nitrification Efficiency
by Iwona B. Paśmionka, Piotr Herbut, Grzegorz Kaczor, Krzysztof Chmielowski, Janina Gospodarek, Elżbieta Boligłowa, Marta Bik-Małodzińska and Frederico Márcio C. Vieira
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192114124 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1309
Abstract
COD is an arbitrary indicator of the content of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of COD of industrial wastewater on the nitrification process. This research covered wastewater from acrylonitrile and styrene–butadiene rubbers, [...] Read more.
COD is an arbitrary indicator of the content of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of COD of industrial wastewater on the nitrification process. This research covered wastewater from acrylonitrile and styrene–butadiene rubbers, emulsifiers, polyvinyl acetate, styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian® (self-extinguishing polystyrene intended for expansion) production. The volume of the analyzed wastewater reflected the active sludge load in the real biological treatment system. This research was carried out by the method of short-term tests. The nitrification process was inhibited to the greatest extent by wastewater from the production of acrylonitrile (approx. 51%) and styrene–butadiene (approx. 60%) rubbers. In these wastewaters, nitrification inhibition occurred due to the high COD load and the presence of inhibitors. Four-fold dilution of the samples resulted in a two-fold reduction in the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, in the wastewater from the production of emulsifiers and polyvinyl acetate, a two-fold reduction in COD (to the values of 226.4 mgO2·dm−3 and 329.8 mgO2·dm−3, respectively) resulted in a significant decrease in nitrification inhibition. Wastewater from the production of styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian® inhibited nitrification under the influence of strong inhibitors. Lowering the COD value of these wastewaters did not significantly reduce the inhibition of nitrification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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11 pages, 967 KiB  
Article
Efficiency of Sidestream Nitritation for Modern Two-Stage Activated Sludge Plants
by Thomas Baumgartner, Lydia Jahn, Vanessa Parravicini, Karl Svardal and Jörg Krampe
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12871; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912871 - 08 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1074
Abstract
The operational costs of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mainly driven by electric power consumption, making the energy-efficient operation an all-time present target for engineers and operators. A well known approach to reduce the demand for purchased electricity is the operation of an [...] Read more.
The operational costs of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mainly driven by electric power consumption, making the energy-efficient operation an all-time present target for engineers and operators. A well known approach to reduce the demand for purchased electricity is the operation of an anaerobic sludge stabilisation process. Although anaerobic digesters make it possible to recover large quantities of energy-rich methane gas, additional strategies are required to handle the increased internal return flow of nitrogen, which arises with the sludge dewatering effluent (SDE). SDE treatment increases the oxygen demand and in turn the energy required for aeration. In this study, different SDE treatment processes were compared with regard to the treatment in mainstream, sidestream nitritation, as well as nitritation combined with anammox for two-stage and single-stage WWTPs. Although SDE treatment in sidestream nitritation was found to have no effect on the energy demand of single-stage WWTPs, this concept allows the treatment capacity in the activated sludge tank to be raised, while contributing to a high nitrogen removal under carbon limitation. In contrast, SDE sidestream treatment showed great potential for saving energy at two-stage WWTPs, whereby sidestream nitritation and the further treatment in the first stage was found to be the most efficient concept, with a savings of approx. 11% of the aeration energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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12 pages, 1320 KiB  
Article
Risk Analysis of Heavy Metals Migration from Sewage Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants
by Robert Kowalik, Jarosław Gawdzik, Paulina Bąk-Patyna, Piotr Ramiączek and Nebojša Jurišević
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11829; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811829 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1726
Abstract
More and more attention in sewage sludge management is being devoted to its environmental utilization. This approach is justified both from economic and environmental points of view. However, as with any method, there are certain possibilities and limitations. The goal of the natural [...] Read more.
More and more attention in sewage sludge management is being devoted to its environmental utilization. This approach is justified both from economic and environmental points of view. However, as with any method, there are certain possibilities and limitations. The goal of the natural utilization of sewage sludge is to recover the valuable agronomic properties and fertilizing potential of the sludge. The main aspect limiting the possibility of using sludge as a fertilizer is the heavy metal content. In this paper, an analysis of the risk of environmental contamination in the case of application of sewage sludge with different forms of sludge treatment was carried out. Risk indices such as Igeo and PERI, based on the comparison of total metal content in sludge and soil, as well as RAC and ERD indices, which take into account the mobility of metals in soil, were calculated. It was shown that high levels of potential risk and geoaccumulation indicators do not necessarily disqualify the use of sewage sludge, the key aspect is the form of mobility in which the heavy metals are found in the sludge, and this should be the only aspect taken into account for the possibility of their environmental use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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10 pages, 1876 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Municipality Wastewater Treatment Using Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) Tests
by Gloria Amo-Duodu, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, Sudesh Rathilal and Martha Noro Chollom
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 9805; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19169805 - 09 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1407
Abstract
Wastewater as a substrate potential for producing renewable energy in the form of biogas is gaining global attention. Herein, nanomaterials can be utilised as a nutrient source for microorganisms for anaerobic digestion activity. Therefore, this study explored the impact of seven different magnetic [...] Read more.
Wastewater as a substrate potential for producing renewable energy in the form of biogas is gaining global attention. Herein, nanomaterials can be utilised as a nutrient source for microorganisms for anaerobic digestion activity. Therefore, this study explored the impact of seven different magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) on the anaerobic digestion of wastewater via biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests for biogas production. The BMP assay was carried out with eight bioreactors, where each was charged with 50% wastewater and 30% activated sludge, leaving a headspace of 20%. Aside the control bioreactor, the other seven (7) bioreactors were dosed with 1.5 g of MNMs. This was operated under anaerobic conditions at a mesophilic temperature of 35 °C for 31 days. At the degree of 80% degradation of contaminants, the results that showed bioreactors charged with 1.5 g MNMs of TiO2 photocatalyst composites were more effective than those constituting metallic composites, whereas the control achieved 65% degradation. Additionally, the bioreactor with magnetite (Fe3O4) produced the highest cumulative biogas of 1172 mL/day. Kinetically, the modified Gompertz model favoured the cumulative biogas data obtained with a significant regression coefficient (R2) close to one. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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17 pages, 5507 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Dewatering of Activated Sludge by Skeleton-Assisted Flocculation Process
by Jiahua Xia, Ting Rao, Juan Ji, Bijuan He, Ankang Liu and Yongjun Sun
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6540; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19116540 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1933
Abstract
Sludge dewatering is the fundamental process of sludge treatment. Environmentally friendly and efficient sludge conditioning methods are the premises of sludge to achieve dehydration reduction and resource utilization. In response to sewage plant sludge dehydration, fly ash (FA), polymerized aluminum chloride (PAC), and [...] Read more.
Sludge dewatering is the fundamental process of sludge treatment. Environmentally friendly and efficient sludge conditioning methods are the premises of sludge to achieve dehydration reduction and resource utilization. In response to sewage plant sludge dehydration, fly ash (FA), polymerized aluminum chloride (PAC), and polymer sulfate (PFS) were studied separately to determine their sludge dehydration performance, and the effects of these three conditioner composite regulations on sludge dehydration properties were studied. Compared to the sludge treated only with conditioner, the average particle size of floc increased and the organic matter content in the filtrate decreased. The sludge dewatering efficiency after the conditioning effect is better than that after conditioning a single conditioner. After PFS conditioning with fly ash, the water content and specific resistance (SRF) of the sludge cake can be reduced to 76.39% and 6.63 × 1010 m/kg, respectively. The moisture content and specific resistance (SRF) of the sludge cake can be reduced to 76.10% and 6.91 × 1010 m/kg, respectively. The pH of the sludge and filtrate changed slightly after PAC conditioning with fly ash coupling. These results indicate that fly-ash coupled with PAC and fly-ash coupled with PFS are expected to become a novel and effective environmental protection combined conditioning method for sludge dewatering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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22 pages, 4638 KiB  
Article
Micro- and Macroelements Content of Plants Used for Landfill Leachate Treatment Based on Phragmites australis and Ceratophyllum demersum
by Aleksandra Wdowczyk and Agata Szymańska-Pulikowska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 6035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19106035 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2310
Abstract
One of the key problems associated with the functioning of landfills is the generation of leachate. In order to reduce their negative impact on the environment, various treatment technologies are applied. Among them, solutions based on the use of phytotechnology deserve special attention. [...] Read more.
One of the key problems associated with the functioning of landfills is the generation of leachate. In order to reduce their negative impact on the environment, various treatment technologies are applied. Among them, solutions based on the use of phytotechnology deserve special attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of landfill leachate on the content of micro- and macroelements in plant material. The research was carried out in four municipal waste landfills located in Poland. Emergent macrophytes (P. australis) and submergent macrophytes (C. demersum) were used in this research. The migration and distribution of pollutants reaching the roots and shoots of P. australis from water solutions were also studied. The concentrations of heavy metals in the studied plants were low in all analysed cases. Higher metal contents could often be observed in roots rather than in shoots, but these differences were insignificant. The chemical composition of the studied plant samples was primarily related to the source of origin of the treated leachate (landfill), as clearly demonstrated by cluster analysis. In the conducted studies, no important differences were noted in the accumulation of the studied components between submergent plants (C. demersum) and emergent macrophytes (P. australis). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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18 pages, 3541 KiB  
Article
Effects of Stepwise Temperature Shifts in Anaerobic Digestion for Treating Municipal Wastewater Sludge: A Genomic Study
by Gede Adi Wiguna Sudiartha, Tsuyoshi Imai and Yung-Tse Hung
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19095728 - 08 May 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
In wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), anaerobic digester (AD) units are commonly operated under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. In some cases, during the dry season, maintaining a stable temperature in the digester requires additional power to operate a conditioning system. Without proper conditioning systems, [...] Read more.
In wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), anaerobic digester (AD) units are commonly operated under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. In some cases, during the dry season, maintaining a stable temperature in the digester requires additional power to operate a conditioning system. Without proper conditioning systems, methanogens are vulnerable to temperature shifts. This study investigated the effects of temperature shifts on CH4 gas production and microbial diversity during anaerobic digestion of anaerobic sewage sludge using a metagenomic approach. The research was conducted in lab-scale AD under stepwise upshifted temperature from 42 to 48 °C. The results showed that significant methanogen population reduction during the temperature shift affected the CH4 production. With 70 days of incubation each, CH4 production decreased from 4.55 L·g−1-chemical oxygen demand (COD) at 42 °C with methanogen/total population (M·TP−1) ratio of 0.041 to 1.52 L·g−1 COD (M·TP−1 ratio 0.027) and then to 0.94 L·g−1 COD ( M·TP−1 ratio 0.026) after the temperature was shifted to 45 °C and 48 °C, respectively. Methanosaeta was the most prevalent methanogen during the thermal change. This finding suggests that the Methanosaeta genus was a thermotolerant archaea. Anaerobaculum, Fervidobacterium, and Tepidanaerobacter were bacterial genera and grew well in shifted-up temperatures, implying heat-resistant characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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13 pages, 2315 KiB  
Article
Influence of Particle Size and Zeta Potential in Treating Highly Coloured Old Landfill Leachate by Tin Tetrachloride and Rubber Seed
by Siti Fatihah Ramli, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Fatehah Mohd Omar, Mohd Suffian Yusoff, Herni Halim, Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin, Kamar Shah Ariffin and Yung-Tse Hung
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 3016; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19053016 - 04 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2108
Abstract
Old leachate normally has a low organic compound content, poor biodegradability and is hard to biologically treat. The efficacy of tetravalent metal salts as a coagulant and the application of a natural coagulant as a flocculant in landfill leachate treatment is still inconclusive. [...] Read more.
Old leachate normally has a low organic compound content, poor biodegradability and is hard to biologically treat. The efficacy of tetravalent metal salts as a coagulant and the application of a natural coagulant as a flocculant in landfill leachate treatment is still inconclusive. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the potential application of tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) as the main coagulant and the rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) (RS) as the natural coagulant aid as the sole treatment in eradicating highly coloured and turbid stabilised landfill leachate present at one of the old local landfills in Malaysia. The standard jar test conducted revealed that SnCl4 was able to eliminate 99% and 97.3% of suspended solids (SS) and colour, respectively, at pH8, with 10,000 mg/L dosages, an average particle size of 2419 d·nm, and a zeta potential (ZP) of −0.4 mV. However, RS was found to be ineffective as the main coagulant and could only remove 46.7% of SS and 76.5% of colour at pH3 with 6000 mg/L dosages, and also exhibited smaller particles (933 d·nm) with ZP values of −6.3 mV. When used as a coagulant aid, the polymer bridging mechanism in RS helped in reducing the SnCl4 concentration from 10,000 mg/L to 8000 mg/L by maintaining the same performances. The presence of 1000 mg/L RS as a coagulant aid was able to remove 100% of SS and 97.6% of colour. The study concluded that RS has the potential to be used together with SnCl4 in treating concentrated leachate with SS and colour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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14 pages, 597 KiB  
Article
Heavy Metals in Harvested Rainwater Used for Domestic Purposes in Rural Areas: Yatta Area, Palestine as a Case Study
by Fathi Anabtawi, Nidal Mahmoud, Issam A. Al-Khatib and Yung-Tse Hung
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 2683; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19052683 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2691
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting is considered one of the most important water resources in the Palestinian countryside. In this research, the study area chosen for the study was Yatta town in Hebron city. 75 water samples were collected from 74 cisterns in a number of [...] Read more.
Rainwater harvesting is considered one of the most important water resources in the Palestinian countryside. In this research, the study area chosen for the study was Yatta town in Hebron city. 75 water samples were collected from 74 cisterns in a number of neighborhoods in Yatta, and a structured household survey was conducted with the same households where the water samples were collected. Statistical analysis was made using the SPSS software. An analysis for the samples was made using ICP-MS to test the existence of a number of heavy metals, namely Pb, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd. The results were compared with the WHO and Palestinian limits for drinking water quality. Considering the metals Mn, Co, Cu and Cd, neither of the samples exceeded any of the two limits. For the metals, Pb, Cr, and Ni, two samples exceeded both limits. For the metal, Zn, one sample exceeded the WHO limit only. Sources of pollution by heavy metals of the harvested rainwater were identified by means of a questionnaire distributed to the households. The results showed that except for nickel and the water collection surface of the cistern factor, there is no direct relationship between the factors and activities that may contribute to contaminate harvested rainwater with heavy metals and the existence of heavy metals beyond local and international limits. Based on the questionnaire and literature: Possible sources of lead and zinc are the roof, storage tanks, distribution systems and plumbing; possible sources of chromium are road dust, asbestos brakes and anthropogenic activities occurring around the house; possible source of nickel is leaching from metals in contact with harvested rainwater such as pipes and fittings which are used to collect the harvested rainwater. In addition, an assessment of the potential health risks due to contamination of the harvested rainwater by heavy metals was made for all the samples that exceeded either WHO limit or the Palestinian limit or both. The Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and the Health Risk Index (HRI) were calculated. The assessment was made for both adults and children. The results showed that all the samples are considered safe (HRI < 1), which means that there are no potential health risks for consumers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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16 pages, 2489 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Treated Wastewater Irrigation on the Metabolism of Barley Grown in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
by Alan Alvarez-Holguin, Gabriel Sosa-Perez, Omar Castor Ponce-Garcia, Carlos Rene Lara-Macias, Federico Villarreal-Guerrero, Carlos Gustavo Monzon-Burgos and Jesus Manuel Ochoa-Rivero
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 2345; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19042345 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2047
Abstract
The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation has gained global attention since it reduces pressure on groundwater (GW) and surface water. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TWW on agronomic, photosynthetic, stomatal, and nutritional characteristics of barley plants. The experiment [...] Read more.
The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation has gained global attention since it reduces pressure on groundwater (GW) and surface water. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TWW on agronomic, photosynthetic, stomatal, and nutritional characteristics of barley plants. The experiment with barley was established on two bands: one band was irrigated with GW and the other with TWW. The evaluation was performed 25, 40, 60, 90, and 115 days after sowing (DAS). Results showed that irrigation with TWW increased (p < 0.01) grain yield by 54.3% and forage yield by 39.4% compared to GW irrigation. In addition, it increased plant height (PH) (p = 0.013), chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) (p = 0.006), and leaf area index (LAI) (p = 0.002). TWW also produced a positive effect (p < 0.05) in all the photosynthetic efficiency parameters evaluated. Barley plants irrigated with TWW had lower stomatal density (SD) and area (SA) (p < 0.001) than plants irrigated with GW. Plants irrigated with TWW had a higher P concentration (p < 0.05) in stems and roots and K concentration in leaves than plants irrigated with GW. We concluded that the use of TWW induced important biochemical, physiological, and agronomic changes in barley plants. Hence, the use of TWW may be a sustainable alternative for barley production in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was part of a government project, which aimed to develop a new metropolitan irrigation district with TWW. This study may contribute to the sustainability of water resources and agricultural practices in northern Mexico. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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15 pages, 4531 KiB  
Article
Mild Hydrothermal Synthesis of 11Å-TA from Alumina Extracted Coal Fly Ash and Its Application in Water Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions (Cu(II) and Pb(II))
by Jingjie Yang, Hongjuan Sun, Tongjiang Peng, Li Zeng and Xin Zhou
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(2), 616; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19020616 - 06 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1572
Abstract
Non-biodegradable copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) contaminants in water are highly toxic and have series adverse effects. Therefore, it is very important to extract heavy metals from wastewater before it is discharged into the environment. Adsorption is a cost-effective alternative method for wastewater [...] Read more.
Non-biodegradable copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) contaminants in water are highly toxic and have series adverse effects. Therefore, it is very important to extract heavy metals from wastewater before it is discharged into the environment. Adsorption is a cost-effective alternative method for wastewater treatment. Choosing a low-cost adsorbent can help reduce the cost of adsorption. In this study, conversion of reside after extracting aluminum (REA) produced by sub-molten salt method transform high-alumina coal fly ash (CFA) into 11Å-tobermorite to adsorb Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions at room temperature. The synthesis of the adsorbent was confirmed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method surface analysis. To study the adsorption characteristics, factors such as initial Cu(II) and Pb(II) concentration, pH, contact time, adsorption characteristics and temperature were investigated in batch mode. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) and Pb(II) was 177.1 mg·g−1 and 176.2 mg·g−1, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption model was employed to better describe the isothermal adsorption behavior and confirm the monolayer adsorption phenomenon. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to highlight Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis indicated the removal Cu(II) and Pb(II) by TA-adsorbent was a nonspontaneous and exothermic reaction. The obtained results are of great significance to the conversion of industrial waste to low-cost adsorbent for Cu(II) and Pb(II) removal from water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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17 pages, 3438 KiB  
Article
The Potential Use of Nephelium lappaceum Seed as Coagulant–Coagulant Aid in the Treatment of Semi-Aerobic Landfill Leachate
by Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Nur Syahirah Rahmat and Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 420; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19010420 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1724
Abstract
Chemical-based coagulants and flocculants are commonly used in the coagulation–flocculation process. However, the drawbacks of using these chemical materials have triggered researchers to find natural materials to substitute or reduce the number of chemical-based coagulants and flocculants. This study examines the potential application [...] Read more.
Chemical-based coagulants and flocculants are commonly used in the coagulation–flocculation process. However, the drawbacks of using these chemical materials have triggered researchers to find natural materials to substitute or reduce the number of chemical-based coagulants and flocculants. This study examines the potential application of Nephelium lappaceum seeds as a natural coagulant–coagulant aid with Tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) in eliminating suspended solids (SS), colour, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from landfill leachate. Results showed that the efficiency of Nephelium lappaceum was low when used as the main coagulant in the standard jar test. When SnCl4 was applied as a single coagulant, as much as 98.4% of SS, 96.8% of colour and 82.0% of COD was eliminated at an optimal dose of 10.5 g/L and pH 7. The higher removal efficiency of colour (88.8%) was obtained when 8.40 g/L of SnCl4 was applied with a support of 3 g/L of Nephelium lappaceum. When SnCl4 was utilised as a coagulant, and Nephelium lappaceum seed was used as a flocculant, the removal of pollutants generally improved. Overall, this research showed that Nephelium lappaceum seed is a viable natural alternative for treating landfill leachate as a coagulant aid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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13 pages, 2539 KiB  
Article
Seasonal and Technological Shifts of the WHO Priority Multi-Resistant Pathogens in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant and Its Receiving Surface Water: A Case Study
by Łukasz Jałowiecki, Jakub Hubeny, Monika Harnisz and Grażyna Płaza
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 336; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19010336 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1607
Abstract
The present study was focused on the identification of multi-resistant bacteria from the WHO priority pathogens list in the samples taken from different stages of the full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant and receiving water. Additionally, the seasonal variations of the selected multi-resistant pathogens [...] Read more.
The present study was focused on the identification of multi-resistant bacteria from the WHO priority pathogens list in the samples taken from different stages of the full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant and receiving water. Additionally, the seasonal variations of the selected multi-resistant pathogens were analyzed in the samples. In order to the aim of the study, the metagenomic DNA from the collected samples was isolated and sequenced. The samples were collected in three campaigns (spring, summer, autumn). Metagenomic DNA was isolated by the commercial kits, according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Illumina sequencing system was employed, and the R program was used to metagenomic analysis. It was found that the wastewater samples and receiving water contained the multi-resistant bacteria from the WHO priority pathogens list. The seasonal and technological variations affected the distribution of the pathogens in the wastewater. No effect of the effluent on the pathogens in the receiving water was observed. The results indicated that antibiotic-resistant “priority pathogens” from the WHO list are there in the waste- and receiving water. Technological process and seasons effected their distribution in the environment. Metagenomic analysis can be used as sufficient tool in microbiological and human health risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

14 pages, 1521 KiB  
Review
Application of Advanced Oxidation Technology in Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering: A Critical Review
by Jiahua Xia, Juan Ji, Zhiqiang Hu, Ting Rao, Ankang Liu, Jingqian Ma and Yongjun Sun
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(15), 9287; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19159287 - 29 Jul 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2391
Abstract
Sludge dewatering is an important link in sludge treatment. In practical engineering, the dewatering effect of unconditioned sludge is very poor. The use of advanced oxidation technology can improve sludge dewatering performance, reduce sludge capacity, and remove micro-pollutants, which is beneficial for sludge [...] Read more.
Sludge dewatering is an important link in sludge treatment. In practical engineering, the dewatering effect of unconditioned sludge is very poor. The use of advanced oxidation technology can improve sludge dewatering performance, reduce sludge capacity, and remove micro-pollutants, which is beneficial for sludge post-treatment and disposal. Based on the current status of sludge conditioning and dehydration, the characteristics of the advanced oxidation method for sludge dehydration were systematically explained using various free radical reaction mechanisms and dehydration conditions. The effects of various advanced oxidation technologies on sludge conditioning and dewatering has been extensively discussed. Finally, the application prospects of the advanced oxidation technology in sludge conditioning and dewatering are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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20 pages, 9574 KiB  
Review
From Conventional Disinfection to Antibiotic Resistance Control—Status of the Use of Chlorine and UV Irradiation during Wastewater Treatment
by Muhammad Umar
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1636; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19031636 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3245
Abstract
Extensive use of antibiotics for humans and livestock has led to an enhanced level of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are regarded as one of the main sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the [...] Read more.
Extensive use of antibiotics for humans and livestock has led to an enhanced level of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are regarded as one of the main sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the aquatic environment. A significant amount of research has been carried out to understand the microbiological quality of wastewater with respect to its antibiotic resistance potential over the past several years. UV disinfection has primarily been used to achieve disinfection, including damaging DNA, but there has been an increasing use of chlorine and H2O2-based AOPs for targeting genes, including ARGs, considering the higher energy demands related to the greater UV fluences needed to achieve efficient DNA damage. This review focuses on some of the most investigated processes, including UV photolysis and chlorine in both individual and combined approaches and UV advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using H2O2. Since these approaches have practical disinfection and wastewater treatment applications globally, the processes are reviewed from the perspective of extending their scope to DNA damage/ARG inactivation in full-scale wastewater treatment. The fate of ARGs during existing wastewater treatment processes and how it changes with existing treatment processes is reviewed with a view to highlighting the research needs in relation to selected processes for addressing future disinfection challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

12 pages, 1593 KiB  
Case Report
Municipal Wastewater Connection for Water Crisis and Jaundice Outbreaks in Shimla City: Present Findings and Future Solutions
by Ranju Kumari Rathour, Deepak Sakhuja, Arvind Kumar Bhatt and Ravi Kant Bhatia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11266; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811266 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1390
Abstract
The felicitous tourist destination “Hills Queen” and the capital city of Himachal Pradesh, an enticing state in the Himalayan region, are met with water crisis every year and jaundice outbreaks occasionally. In 2016, there was a severe jaundice outbreak in Shimla city. In [...] Read more.
The felicitous tourist destination “Hills Queen” and the capital city of Himachal Pradesh, an enticing state in the Himalayan region, are met with water crisis every year and jaundice outbreaks occasionally. In 2016, there was a severe jaundice outbreak in Shimla city. In a contemporaneous investigation, we attempted to trace out the possible reason for these crises in Shimla. Samples were collected month wise from different water-supply sources and their physicochemical and microbial loads were analyzed. The microbiological examination found a totally excessive microbial load (1.064 × 109 cfu/mL on common) throughout the year with a maximum (>1.98 × 1010 cfu/mL) in the wet season and minimum (>3.00 × 107 cfu/mL) in the winter. Biochemical and morphological evaluation confirmed that most of the water resources reported a high number of coliforms and Gram-negative microorganisms due to sewage-water infiltration. These microorganisms in the water are responsible for the liver infection that ultimately causes jaundice. For safe and potable water, infiltration of municipal wastewater must be prevented at any cost. Scientific disposal of wastewater and purification of uncooked water have to be conducted earlier than consumption or use for different domestic functions, to avoid water crises and fetal ailment outbreaks in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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