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Nanoparticles in CNS Diseases
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Nanoparticles in CNS Diseases

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 14928

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Szilvia Veszelka

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
Interests: biological barriers; blood-brain barrier; nanoparticles; brain targeting; drug delivery; brain endothelial cells; CNS diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The central problem in the current treatment of brain disorders is a suitable drug amount reaching the brain. The entry of a great majority of neuropharmaceutical candidates (hydrophilic molecules, biopharmaceuticals, efflux transporter ligands) into the brain is restricted due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The anatomical basis of the BBB is formed by brain endothelial cells lining the cerebral microvasculature. On the one hand, the main roles of the BBB are the creation of ionic homeostasis for neuronal functions, the supply of CNS with nutrients, and the protection of neural cells from toxic insults. On the other hand, the BBB is the main obstacle preventing therapeutics from reaching their targets in the CNS. To solve this unmet therapeutical need, there are research efforts to develop nanosized drug delivery systems for the CNS. Advances in these novel nanoparticles have progressed rapidly in recent years. These systems show great potential as drug carriers to the CNS; moreover, the combination of therapeutics and diagnostics produced new tools such as theranostics.

This Special Issue concerning “Nanoparticles in CNS Diseases” welcomes original research and reviews in this field, with a focus on all aspects of the design, characterization, evaluation, and testing of nanoparticles on different biological models, in order to develop new products and methods to treat neuronal diseases.

Dr. Szilvia Veszelka
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

nanoparticles

CNS Diseases

brain targeting

blood–brain barrier

biopharmaceuticals

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 5683 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Comparative Study of Solid Lipid and PLGA Nanoparticles Designed to Facilitate Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Insulin
by Hussein Akel, Ildikó Csóka, Rita Ambrus, Alexandra Bocsik, Ilona Gróf, Mária Mészáros, Anikó Szecskó, Gábor Kozma, Szilvia Veszelka, Mária A. Deli, Zoltán Kónya and Gábor Katona
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(24), 13258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222413258 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
The brain insulin metabolism alteration has been addressed as a pathophysiological factor underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Insulin can be beneficial in AD, but its macro-polypeptide nature negatively influences the chances of reaching the brain. The intranasal (IN) administration of therapeutics in AD suggests [...] Read more.
The brain insulin metabolism alteration has been addressed as a pathophysiological factor underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Insulin can be beneficial in AD, but its macro-polypeptide nature negatively influences the chances of reaching the brain. The intranasal (IN) administration of therapeutics in AD suggests improved brain-targeting. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) are promising carriers to deliver the IN-administered insulin to the brain due to the enhancement of the drug permeability, which can even be improved by chitosan-coating. In the present study, uncoated and chitosan-coated insulin-loaded SLNs and PLGA NPs were formulated and characterized. The obtained NPs showed desirable physicochemical properties supporting IN applicability. The in vitro investigations revealed increased mucoadhesion, nasal diffusion, and drug release rate of both insulin-loaded nanocarriers over native insulin with the superiority of chitosan-coated SLNs. Cell-line studies on human nasal epithelial and brain endothelial cells proved the safety IN applicability of nanoparticles. Insulin-loaded nanoparticles showed improved insulin permeability through the nasal mucosa, which was promoted by chitosan-coating. However, native insulin exceeded the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation compared with nanoparticulate formulations. Encapsulating insulin into chitosan-coated NPs can be beneficial for ensuring structural stability, enhancing nasal absorption, followed by sustained drug release. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in CNS Diseases)
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Review

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17 pages, 2364 KiB  
Review
Nanocarriers for Delivery of Oligonucleotides to the CNS
by David Male and Radka Gromnicova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(2), 760; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23020760 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2276
Abstract
Nanoparticles with oligonucleotides bound to the outside or incorporated into the matrix can be used for gene editing or to modulate gene expression in the CNS. These nanocarriers are usually optimised for transfection of neurons or glia. They can also facilitate transcytosis across [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles with oligonucleotides bound to the outside or incorporated into the matrix can be used for gene editing or to modulate gene expression in the CNS. These nanocarriers are usually optimised for transfection of neurons or glia. They can also facilitate transcytosis across the brain endothelium to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. This review examines the different formulations of nanocarriers and their oligonucleotide cargoes, in relation to their ability to enter the brain and modulate gene expression or disease. The size of the nanocarrier is critical in determining the rate of clearance from the plasma as well as the intracellular routes of endothelial transcytosis. The surface charge is important in determining how it interacts with the endothelium and the target cell. The structure of the oligonucleotide affects its stability and rate of degradation, while the chemical formulation of the nanocarrier primarily controls the location and rate of cargo release. Due to the major anatomical differences between humans and animal models of disease, successful gene therapy with oligonucleotides in humans has required intrathecal injection. In animal models, some progress has been made with intraventricular or intravenous injection of oligonucleotides on nanocarriers. However, getting significant amounts of nanocarriers across the blood-brain barrier in humans will likely require targeting endothelial solute carriers or vesicular transport systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in CNS Diseases)
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23 pages, 1843 KiB  
Review
Exosomes and Brain Metastases: A Review on Their Role and Potential Applications
by Filipa D. Oliveira, Miguel A. R. B. Castanho and Vera Neves
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10899; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms221910899 - 08 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3640
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are a frequent complication in patients with advanced stages of cancer, associated with impairment of the neurological function, quality of life, prognosis, and survival. BM treatment consists of a combination of the available cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, [...] Read more.
Brain metastases (BM) are a frequent complication in patients with advanced stages of cancer, associated with impairment of the neurological function, quality of life, prognosis, and survival. BM treatment consists of a combination of the available cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Even so, cancer patients with BM are still linked to poor prognosis, with overall survival being reported as 12 months or less. Intercellular communication has a pivotal role in the development of metastases, therefore, it has been extensively studied not only to better understand the metastization process, but also to further develop new therapeutic strategies. Exosomes have emerged as key players in intercellular communication being potential therapeutic targets, drug delivery systems (DDS) or biomarkers. In this Review, we focus on the role of these extracellular vesicles (EVs) in BM formation and their promising application in the development of new BM therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in CNS Diseases)
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19 pages, 2744 KiB  
Review
Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
by Keelan Jagaran and Moganavelli Singh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 9082; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22169082 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5340
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders involve the slow and gradual degeneration of axons and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in abnormalities in cellular function and eventual cellular demise. Patients with these disorders succumb to the high medical costs and the disruption of their [...] Read more.
Neurodegenerative disorders involve the slow and gradual degeneration of axons and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in abnormalities in cellular function and eventual cellular demise. Patients with these disorders succumb to the high medical costs and the disruption of their normal lives. Current therapeutics employed for treating these diseases are deemed palliative. Hence, a treatment strategy that targets the disease’s cause, not just the symptoms exhibited, is desired. The synergistic use of nanomedicine and gene therapy to effectively target the causative mutated gene/s in the CNS disease progression could provide the much-needed impetus in this battle against these diseases. This review focuses on Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, the gene/s and proteins responsible for the damage and death of neurons, and the importance of nanomedicine as a potential treatment strategy. Multiple genes were identified in this regard, each presenting with various mutations. Hence, genome-wide sequencing is essential for specific treatment in patients. While a cure is yet to be achieved, genomic studies form the basis for creating a highly efficacious nanotherapeutic that can eradicate these dreaded diseases. Thus, nanomedicine can lead the way in helping millions of people worldwide to eventually lead a better life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in CNS Diseases)
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