Chronic diseases (CDs) have shown an increased prevalence over the last few decades and represent nowadays one of the main causes of death due to several comorbidities that may be ascribed to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state or peroxidation able to interfere with physiological functions. Hence, in chronic diseases affecting the cardio-pulmonary system, kidneys, liver, or central nervous system, an altered redox state would turn the physiological state into a pathologic condition through the alteration of lipids, proteins, or DNA. In the liver, the increased peroxidation could reduce insulin sensitivity and change the expression/activity of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. In the central nervous system, the neurovascular unit would be the target of the altered redox state. As regards the kidneys, oxidative stress could also be involved in the onset of comorbidities arising during haemodialysis and transplantation. In any case, the interaction between the redox system and innate immune signaling could constitute a complex network of regulation of the inflammatory response. Note that, in all of the abovementioned conditions, “mitochondrial dysfunction” would act as triggering factor. For the above reasons, the use of novel noninvasive markers aimed at evaluating oxidative stress and inflammation could represent powerful tools for the management of patients.

Prof. Dr. Elena Grossini
Guest Editor

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• Biomarkers
• Chronic disease
• Inflammation
• Mitochondrial function
• Nitric oxide
• Reactive oxygen species