Editorial

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Open AccessEditorial

Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function

by Guglielmo Duranti

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(12), 10227; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms241210227 - 16 Jun 2023

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Abstract

Skeletal muscle is continuously exposed during its activities to mechanical/oxidative damage [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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Research

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24 pages, 1432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Single Whole-Body Cryostimulation on Cytokine Status and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers during Exhaustive Physical Effort: A Crossover Study

by Alicja Jurecka, Alina Woźniak, Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska, Beata Augustyńska, Łukasz Oleksy, Artur Stolarczyk and Artur Gądek

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(6), 5559; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms24065559 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1414

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) preceding submaximal exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in professional, male athletes. The subjects (n = 32, age 25.2 ± 37) were exposed to low temperatures [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) preceding submaximal exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in professional, male athletes. The subjects (n = 32, age 25.2 ± 37) were exposed to low temperatures (−130 °C) in a cryochamber and then participated in 40 min of exercise (85% HRmax). Two weeks afterwards, the control exercise (without WBC) was performed. Blood samples were taken before the start of the study, immediately after the WBC procedure, after exercise preceded by WBC (WBC exercise) and after exercise without WBC. It has been shown that catalase activity after WBC exercise is lower in comparison with activity after control exercise. The interleukin 1β (IL-1-1β) level was higher after control exercise than after WBC exercise, after the WBC procedure and before the start of the study (p < 0.01). The WBC procedure interleukin 6 (IL-6) level was compared with the baseline level (p < 0.01). The level of Il-6 was higher both after WBC exercise and after control exercise compared with the level recorded after the WBC procedure (p < 0.05). Several significant correlations between the studied parameters were shown. In conclusion, the changes in the cytokine concentration in the athletes’ blood confirm that body exposition to extremely low temperatures before exercise could regulate the inflammatory reaction course and secretion of cytokines during exercise. A single session of WBC in the case of well-trained, male athletes does not significantly affect the level of oxidative stress indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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15 pages, 2993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phloroglucinol Inhibits Oxidative-Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity in C2C12 Murine Myoblasts through Nrf-2-Mediated Activation of HO-1

by Cheol Park, Hee-Jae Cha, Hyun Hwangbo, Seon Yeong Ji, Da Hye Kim, Min Yeong Kim, EunJin Bang, Su Hyun Hong, Sung Ok Kim, Soon-Jeong Jeong, Hyesook Lee, Sung-Kwon Moon, Jung-Hyun Shim, Gi-Young Kim, Suengmok Cho and Yung Hyun Choi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4637; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms24054637 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

Phloroglucinol is a class of polyphenolic compounds containing aromatic phenyl rings and is known to have various pharmacological activities. Recently, we reported that this compound isolated from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga belonging to the family Laminariaceae, has potent antioxidant activity [...] Read more.

Phloroglucinol is a class of polyphenolic compounds containing aromatic phenyl rings and is known to have various pharmacological activities. Recently, we reported that this compound isolated from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga belonging to the family Laminariaceae, has potent antioxidant activity in human dermal keratinocytes. In this study, we evaluated whether phloroglucinol could protect against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage in murine-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Our results revealed that phloroglucinol suppressed H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage while blocking the production of reactive oxygen species. We also found that phloroglucinol protected cells from the induction of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial impairment caused by H₂O₂ treatment. Furthermore, phloroglucinol enhanced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as the expression and activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, such anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of phloroglucinol were greatly abolished by the HO-1 inhibitor, suggesting that phloroglucinol could increase the Nrf2-mediated activity of HO-1 to protect C2C12 myoblasts from oxidative stress. Taken together, our results indicate that phloroglucinol has a strong antioxidant activity as an Nrf2 activator and may have therapeutic benefits for oxidative-stress-mediated muscle disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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18 pages, 3812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Myomaker and Myomixer Characterization in Gilthead Sea Bream under Different Myogenesis Conditions

by Miquel Perelló-Amorós, Aitor Otero-Tarrazón, Violeta Jorge-Pedraza, Isabel García-Pérez, Albert Sánchez-Moya, Jean-Charles Gabillard, Fatemeh Moshayedi, Isabel Navarro, Encarnación Capilla, Jaume Fernández-Borràs, Josefina Blasco, Josep Chillarón, Daniel García de la serrana and Joaquim Gutiérrez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 14639; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms232314639 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1990

Abstract

Skeletal muscle is formed by multinucleated myofibers originated by waves of hyperplasia and hypertrophy during myogenesis. Tissue damage triggers a regeneration process including new myogenesis and muscular remodeling. During myogenesis, the fusion of myoblasts is a key step that requires different genes’ expression, [...] Read more.

Skeletal muscle is formed by multinucleated myofibers originated by waves of hyperplasia and hypertrophy during myogenesis. Tissue damage triggers a regeneration process including new myogenesis and muscular remodeling. During myogenesis, the fusion of myoblasts is a key step that requires different genes’ expression, including the fusogens myomaker and myomixer. The present work aimed to characterize these proteins in gilthead sea bream and their possible role in in vitro myogenesis, at different fish ages and during muscle regeneration after induced tissue injury. Myomaker is a transmembrane protein highly conserved among vertebrates, whereas Myomixer is a micropeptide that is moderately conserved. myomaker expression is restricted to skeletal muscle, while the expression of myomixer is more ubiquitous. In primary myocytes culture, myomaker and myomixer expression peaked at day 6 and day 8, respectively. During regeneration, the expression of both fusogens and all the myogenic regulatory factors showed a peak after 16 days post-injury. Moreover, myomaker and myomixer were present at different ages, but in fingerlings there were significantly higher transcript levels than in juveniles or adult fish. Overall, Myomaker and Myomixer are valuable markers of muscle growth that together with other regulatory molecules can provide a deeper understanding of myogenesis regulation in fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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20 pages, 2847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Spermidine on C2C12 Myoblasts Proliferation, Redox Status and Polyamines Metabolism under H₂O₂ Exposure

by Roberta Ceci, Guglielmo Duranti, Stefano Giuliani, Marianna Nicoletta Rossi, Ivan Dimauro, Stefania Sabatini, Paolo Mariottini and Manuela Cervelli

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 10986; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms231910986 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2109

Abstract

A central feature of the skeletal muscle is its ability to regenerate through the activation, by environmental signals, of satellite cells. Once activated, these cells proliferate as myoblasts, and defects in this process profoundly affect the subsequent process of regeneration. High levels of [...] Read more.

A central feature of the skeletal muscle is its ability to regenerate through the activation, by environmental signals, of satellite cells. Once activated, these cells proliferate as myoblasts, and defects in this process profoundly affect the subsequent process of regeneration. High levels of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) with the consequent formation of oxidized macromolecules increase myoblasts’ cell death and strongly contribute to the loss of myoblast function. Recently, particular interest has turned towards the beneficial effects on muscle of the naturally occurring polyamine spermidine (Spd). In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Spd, upon oxidative challenge, would restore the compromised myoblasts’ viability and redox status. The effects of Spd in combination with aminoguanidine (Spd-AG), an inhibitor of bovine serum amine oxidase, on murine C2C12 myoblasts treated with a mild dose of H₂O₂ were evaluated by analyzing: (i) myoblast viability and recovery from wound scratch; (ii) redox status and (iii) polyamine (PAs) metabolism. The treatment of C2C12 myoblasts with Spd-AG increased cell number and accelerated scratch wound closure, while H₂O₂ exposure caused redox status imbalance and cell death. The combined treatment with Spd-AG showed an antioxidant effect on C2C12 myoblasts, partially restoring cellular total antioxidant capacity, reducing the oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio and increasing cell viability through a reduction in cell death. Moreover, Spd-AG administration counteracted the induction of polyamine catabolic genes and PA content decreased due to H₂O₂ challenges. In conclusion, our data suggest that Spd treatment has a protective role in skeletal muscle cells by restoring redox balance and promoting recovery from wound scratches, thus making myoblasts able to better cope with an oxidative insult. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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13 pages, 1934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulates Dihydrotestosterone Release in C2C12 Myotubes: A New Perspective for Exercise-Related Muscle Steroidogenesis?

by Cristina Antinozzi, Guglielmo Duranti, Roberta Ceci, Marco Lista, Stefania Sabatini, Daniela Caporossi, Luigi Di Luigi, Paolo Sgrò and Ivan Dimauro

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6566; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23126566 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2393

Abstract

Skeletal muscle is a tissue that has recently been recognized for its ability to produce androgens under physiological conditions. The steroidogenesis process is known to be negatively influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in reproductive Leydig and ovary cells, while their effect on [...] Read more.

Skeletal muscle is a tissue that has recently been recognized for its ability to produce androgens under physiological conditions. The steroidogenesis process is known to be negatively influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in reproductive Leydig and ovary cells, while their effect on muscle steroidogenesis is still an unexplored field. Muscle cells are continuously exposed to ROS, resulting from both their metabolic activity and the surrounding environment. Interestingly, the regulation of signaling pathways, induced by mild ROS levels, plays an important role in muscle fiber adaptation to exercise, in a process that also elicits a significant modulation in the hormonal response. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ROS could influence steroidogenesis in skeletal muscle cells by evaluating the release of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), as well as the evaluation of the relative expression of the key steroidogenic enzymes 5α-reductase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, and aromatase. C2C12 mouse myotubes were exposed to a non-cytotoxic concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a condition intended to reproduce, in vitro, one of the main stimuli linked to the process of homeostasis and adaptation induced by exercise in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the influence of tadalafil (TAD), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) originally used to treat erectile dysfunction but often misused among athletes as a “performance-enhancing” drug, was evaluated in a single treatment or in combination with H₂O₂. Our data showed that a mild hydrogen peroxide exposure induced the release of DHT, but not T, and modulated the expression of the enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, while TAD treatment significantly reduced the H₂O₂-induced DHT release. This study adds a new piece of information about the adaptive skeletal muscle cell response to an oxidative environment, revealing that hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in activating muscle steroidogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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11 pages, 2260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Superoxide Dismutase 1 Delays Regeneration of Cardiotoxin-Injured Skeletal Muscle in KK/Ta-Ins2^Akita Mice with Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy

by Yuya Takahashi, Tatsunori Shimizu, Shunsuke Kato, Mitsuhiko Nara, Yumi Suganuma, Takehiro Sato, Tsukasa Morii, Yuichiro Yamada and Hiroki Fujita

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5491; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22115491 - 23 May 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2533

Abstract

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a major antioxidant enzyme for superoxide removal, and cytoplasmic SOD (SOD1) is expressed as a predominant isoform in all cells. We previously reported that renal SOD1 deficiency accelerates the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) via increasing renal oxidative stress. [...] Read more.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a major antioxidant enzyme for superoxide removal, and cytoplasmic SOD (SOD1) is expressed as a predominant isoform in all cells. We previously reported that renal SOD1 deficiency accelerates the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) via increasing renal oxidative stress. To evaluate whether the degree of SOD1 expression determines regeneration capacity and sarcopenic phenotypes of skeletal muscles under incipient and advanced DN conditions, we investigated the alterations of SOD1 expression, oxidative stress marker, inflammation, fibrosis, and regeneration capacity in cardiotoxin (CTX)-injured tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of two Akita diabetic mouse models with different susceptibility to DN, DN-resistant C57BL/6-Ins2^Akita and DN-prone KK/Ta-Ins2^Akita mice. Here, we report that KK/Ta-Ins2^Akita mice, but not C57BL/6-Ins2^Akita mice, exhibit delayed muscle regeneration after CTX injection, as demonstrated by the finding indicating significantly smaller average cross-sectional areas of regenerating TA muscle myofibers relative to KK/Ta-wild-type mice. Furthermore, we observed markedly reduced SOD1 expression in CTX-injected TA muscles of KK/Ta-Ins2^Akita mice, but not C57BL/6-Ins2^Akita mice, along with increased inflammatory cell infiltration, prominent fibrosis and superoxide overproduction. Our study provides the first evidence that SOD1 reduction and the following superoxide overproduction delay skeletal muscle regeneration through induction of overt inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of progressive DN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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12 pages, 1116 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pyroptosis and Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Organs

by Huiting Wei and Di Cui

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11638; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms231911638 - 01 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2081

Abstract

Skeletal muscle serves as the optimal effective organ to balance glucose homeostasis, but insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle breaks this balance by impeding glucose uptake and causes metabolic disorders. IR in skeletal muscle is caused by multiple factors, and it has been [...] Read more.

Skeletal muscle serves as the optimal effective organ to balance glucose homeostasis, but insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle breaks this balance by impeding glucose uptake and causes metabolic disorders. IR in skeletal muscle is caused by multiple factors, and it has been reported that systemic low-grade inflammation is related to skeletal muscle IR, though its molecular mechanisms need to be ulteriorly studied. Pyroptosis is a novel inflammatory-mediated type of cell death. It has recently been reported that pyroptosis is associated with a decline in insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. The appropriate occurrence of pyroptosis positively eliminates pathogenic factors, whereas its excessive activation may aggravate inflammatory responses and expedite disease progression. The relationship between pyroptosis and IR in skeletal muscle and its underlined mechanism need to be further illustrated. The role of pyroptosis during the process of IR alleviation induced by non-drug interventions, such as exercise, also needs to be clarified. In this paper, we review and describe the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and further comb the roles of its relevant key factors in skeletal muscle IR, aiming to propose a novel theoretical basis for the relationship between pyroptosis and muscle IR and provide new research targets for the improvement of IR-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle Function)

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