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Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine

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A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 30782

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lionel Gamarra

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Einstein's Teaching and Research Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
Interests: magnetic nanoparticles; nanomedicine; therapy; diagnosis; theranostic; cancer; neurodegenerative diseases; magnetic hyperthermia; lab-on-a-chip; molecular imaging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Alexandre Malta Rossi

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Department of Condensed Matter, Brazilian Center for Research in Physics, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil
Interests: nanomaterials; regenerative medicine; drug delivery; physical-chemical and textural characterization of nanobiomaterials; toxicity of nanobiomaterials

Dr. João Paulo Borges

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Department of Materials Science, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
Interests: biomaterials; nanomodeling; biofunctional materials; hyperthermia; electrospinning; nanoparticles for cancer theranostics; development of magnetic nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Javier Bustamante Mamani

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Einstein's Teaching and Research Institute, Hospital israleita Albert Einstien, 05652-900 São Paulo, Brazil
Interests: development of magnetic nanoparticles; magnetic hyperthermia; therapy; diagnosis; molecular imaging; neurodegenerative diseases; lab-on-a-chip
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have been widely used for their potential applications, mainly for the diagnosis and therapy of several diseases in the field of nanomedicine, as carriers for the delivery of drugs and genes, which can be guided or accumulated by the action of a magnetic field, such as magnetic biosensors, molecular imaging, magnetic separation, therapeutic applications such as the magneto hyperthermia technique and when these nanoparticles are functionalized by various substances such as therapeutic agents, radionuclides, nucleic acids and antibodies and can be used with combined therapies.

MNP changes in the design of the structure, chemical composition and surface enhance its properties, giving the character of multifunctional nanoparticles and thus allowing its use by several molecular imaging techniques simultaneously and non-invasively, providing morpho-functional information at different times, characterization and quantification of biological processes at cellular and molecular levels, in addition to an accurate, timely diagnosis and individualized treatment of the disease. Technological innovations and the development of new tracers and intelligent probes have further promoted these multimodal imaging techniques, providing improved contrast and multidimensional functional, structural, and morphological information.

Thus, magnetic nanoparticles have provided great advances in nanomedicine applied in the treatment / diagnosis of cancer, cardiovascular, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Dr. Lionel Fernel Gamarra
Dr. Alexandre Malta Rossi
Prof. Dr. João Paulo Borges
Dr. Javier Bustamante Mamani
Guest Editors

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Keywords

magnetic nanoparticles
nanomedicine
therapy
diagnosis
theranostic
cancer
neurodegenerative diseases
cardiovascular diseases
infectious disease

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 200 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine

by Javier Bustamante Mamani, João Paulo Borges, Alexandre Malta Rossi and Lionel Fernel Gamarra

Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(6), 1663; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061663 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1157

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used for their potential applications, mainly for the diagnosis and/or therapy (theranostic) of several diseases in the field of nanomedicine, as passive contrast agents, through the opsonization process, or active contrast agents, after their functionalization and the subsequent capture of the signal using various techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, nuclear imaging, and ultrasound [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

Research

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11 pages, 3427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Citrate-Coated Calcium and Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia

by Raquel G. D. Andrade, Débora Ferreira, Sérgio R. S. Veloso, Cátia Santos-Pereira, Elisabete M. S. Castanheira, Manuela Côrte-Real and Ligia R. Rodrigues

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(12), 2694; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122694 - 01 Dec 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1748

Abstract

Calcium-doped manganese ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining special interest in the biomedical field due to their lower cytotoxicity compared with other ferrites, and the fact that they have improved magnetic properties. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is an alternative cancer treatment, in which magnetic nanoparticles promote local heating that can lead to the apoptosis of cancer cells. In this work, manganese/calcium ferrite NPs coated with citrate (Ca_xMn_1−xFe₂O₄ (x = 0, 0.2, 1), were synthesized by the sol-gel method, followed by calcination, and then characterized regarding their crystalline structure (by X-ray diffraction, XRD), size and shape (by Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM), hydrodynamic size and zeta potential (by Dynamic Light Scattering, DLS), and heating efficiency (measuring the Specific Absorption Rate, SAR, and Intrinsic Loss Power, ILP) under an alternating magnetic field. The obtained NPs showed a particle size within the range of 10 nm to 20 nm (by TEM) with a spherical or cubic shape. Ca_0.2Mn_0.8Fe₂O₄ NPs exhibited the highest SAR value of 36.3 W/g at the lowest field frequency tested, and achieved a temperature variation of ~7 °C in 120 s, meaning that these NPs are suitable magnetic hyperthermia agents. In vitro cellular internalization and cytotoxicity experiments, performed using the human cell line HEK 293T, confirmed cytocompatibility over 0–250 µg/mL range and successful internalization after 24 h. Based on these studies, our data suggest that these manganese-calcium ferrite NPs have potential for MH application and further use in in vivo systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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15 pages, 2964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimetic Magnetic Particles for the Removal of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Lipoteichoic Acid

by Bernhard Friedrich, Julia Eichermüller, Christian Bogdan, Sarah Cunningham, Holger Hackstein, Richard Strauß, Christoph Alexiou, Stefan Lyer and Rainer Tietze

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(11), 2356; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112356 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1490

Abstract

Gram⁺ bacteria are very common in clinical medicine and responsible for a large number of infectious diseases. For example, Gram⁺ bacteria play a major role in causing bloodstream infections and sepsis. Therefore, the detection of Gram⁺ bacteria is of great importance for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Furthermore, these bacteria are often present in biofilms that cover implants. Recent research work has mainly focused on the biologic activity and removal of Gram-negative bacteria or bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In contrast, the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) have been less well studied so the relevance of their removal from body fluids is possibly underestimated. To address this topic, we evaluated superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPION) carrying different peptides derived from the innate immune receptor (GP-340) for their ability to bind and remove Gram⁺ bacteria and LTA from different media. Our results show that, beyond S. aureus, effective agglutinating and removing of S. pneumoniae was possible. Furthermore, we were able to show for the first time that this was possible with LTA alone and that the magnetic removal of bacteria was also efficient under flow conditions. We also found that this method was able to capture Stapyhylococcus aureus from platelet concentrates, which can help to enhance the sensitivity of microbiological diagnostics, quality control measures, and blood product safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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23 pages, 7698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of Novel Leflunomide SPION Bioemulsomes for the Intra-Articular Treatment of Arthritis

by Haidy Abbas, Heba A. Gad, Nesrine S El Sayed, Laila Ahmed Rashed, Mohamed A. Khattab, Ahmad O. Noor and Mariam Zewail

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(10), 2005; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102005 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

Systemic treatments for rheumatoid arthritis are associated with many side effects. This study aimed to minimize the side effects associated with the systemic administration of leflunomide (LEF) by formulating LEF-loaded emulsomes (EMLs) for intra-articular administration. Additionally, EMLs were loaded with supramagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) to enhance joint localization, where a magnet was placed on the joint area after intra-articular administration. Full in vitro characterization, including colloidal characteristics, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release were conducted besides the in vivo evaluation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. In vivo study included joint diameter measurement, X-ray radiographic analysis, RT-PCR analysis, Western blotting, ELISA for inflammatory markers, and histopathological examination of dissected joints. The particle size and entrapment efficiency of the selected LEF SPION EMLs were 198.2 nm and 83.7%, respectively. The EMLs exhibited sustained release for 24 h. Moreover, in vivo evaluation revealed LEF SPION EMLs to be superior to the LEF suspension, likely due to the increase in LEF solubility by nanoencapsulation that improved the pharmacological effects and the use of SPION that ensured the localization of EMLs in the intra-articular cavity upon administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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13 pages, 4868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Polydopamine-Based Nanoparticles for Dual-Mode Imaging Guided Targeted Therapy of Lupus Nephritis

by Mifang Li, Yeying Wang, Xinai Han, Yibiao Liu, Mingliang Ma and Lingyan Zhang

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(10), 1988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics14101988 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1728

Abstract

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and refractory inflammation of the kidneys caused by systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagnosis and therapies at this stage are inefficient or have severe side effects. In recent years, nanomedicines show great potential for imaging diagnosis and controlled drug release. Herein, we developed a polydopamine (PDA)-based nanocarrier modified with Fe₃O₄ and Pt nanoparticles and loaded with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) for the bimodal imaging and therapy of LN. Results demonstrate that Nec-1/PDA@Pt-Fe₃O₄ nanocarrier exhibits good biocompatibility. Nec-1, as an inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase, can be used to inhibit receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase activity and then reduces inflammation due to LN. Experiments in vitro and in the LN mouse model confirmed that the nanocarrier can reduce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) production by RIPK1 and alleviate the progression of inflammation. Previous studies proved that Pt nanoparticles can catalyze H₂O₂ to produce oxygen. A blood oxygen graph of mouse photoacoustic tomography confirmed that Nec-1/PDA@Pt-Fe₃O₄ can generate oxygen to fight against the hypoxic microenvironment of LN. PDA and Fe₃O₄ are used as photographic developers for photoacoustic or magnetic resonance imaging. The preliminary imaging results support Nec-1/PDA@Pt-Fe₃O₄ potential for photoacoustic/magnetic resonance dual-mode imaging, which can accurately and non-invasively monitor microscopic changes due to diseases. Nec-1/PDA@Pt-Fe₃O₄ combining these advantages exhibited outstanding performance in LN imaging and therapy. This work offers valuable insights into LN diagnosis and therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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14 pages, 3451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Nano-Structural Optimization of Nanoparticulate Mn²⁺-Hexarhenium Cluster Complexes for Optimal Balance of High T₁- and T₂-Weighted Contrast Ability with Low Hemoagglutination and Cytotoxicity

by Bulat Salavatovich Akhmadeev, Irek R. Nizameev, Kirill V. Kholin, Alexandra D. Voloshina, Tatyana P. Gerasimova, Aidar T. Gubaidullin, Marsil K. Kadirov, Ildus E. Ismaev, Konstantin A. Brylev, Rustem R. Zairov and Asiya R. Mustafina

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(7), 1508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071508 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1439

Abstract

The present work introduces rational design of nanoparticulate Mn(II)-based contrast agents through both variation of the μ₃ (inner) ligands within a series of hexarhenium cluster complexes [{Re₆(μ₃-Q)₈}(CN)₆]⁴⁻ (Re₆Q₈, Q = S²⁻, Se²⁻ or Te²⁻) and interfacial decoration of the nanoparticles (NPs) K_4−2xMn_xRe₆Q₈ (x = 1.3 − 1.8) by a series of pluronics (F-68, P-123, F-127). The results highlight an impact of the ligand and pluronic for the optimal colloid behavior of the NPs allowing high colloid stability in ambient conditions and efficient phase separation under the centrifugation. It has been revealed that the K_4−2xMn_xRe₆Se₈ NPs and those decorated by F-127 are optimal from the viewpoint of magnetic relaxivities r₁ and r₂ (8.9 and 10.9 mM⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively, at 0.47 T) and low hemoagglutination activity. The insignificant leaching of Mn²⁺ ions from the NPs correlates with their insignificant effect on the cell viability of both M-HeLa and Chang Liver cell lines. The T₁- and T₂-weighted contrast ability of F-127–K_4−2xMn_xRe₆Q₈ NPs was demonstrated through the measurements of phantoms at whole body 1.5 T scanner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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23 pages, 4340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Multimodal Nanoparticles Internalization Process in Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cell Therapy Studies

by Mariana P. Nucci, Javier B. Mamani, Fernando A. Oliveira, Igor S. Filgueiras, Arielly H. Alves, Matheus H. Theinel, Luiz D. Rodrigues, Luciana Marti and Lionel F. Gamarra

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(6), 1249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061249 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1834

Abstract

Considering there are several difficulties and limitations in labeling stem cells using multifunctional nanoparticles (MFNP), the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for labeling human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSC), aiming to monitor these cells in vivo. Thus, this study provides information on hBM-MSC direct labeling using multimodal nanoparticles in terms of concentration, magnetic field, and period of incubation while maintaining these cells’ viability and the homing ability for in vivo experiments. The cell labeling process was assessed using 10, 30, and 50 µg Fe/mL of MFNP, with periods of incubation ranging from 4 to 24 h, with or without a magnetic field, using optical microscopy, near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). After the determination of optimal labeling conditions, these cells were applied in vivo 24 h after stroke induction, intending to evaluate cell homing and improve NIRF signal detection. In the presence of a magnetic field and utilizing the maximal concentration of MFNP during cell labeling, the iron load assessed by NIRF and ICP-MS was four times higher than what was achieved before. In addition, considering cell viability higher than 98%, the recommended incubation time was 9 h, which corresponded to a 25.4 pg Fe/cell iron load (86% of the iron load internalized in 24 h). The optimization of cellular labeling for application in the in vivo study promoted an increase in the NIRF signal by 215% at 1 h and 201% at 7 h due to the use of a magnetized field during the cellular labeling process. In the case of BLI, the signal does not depend on cell labeling showing no significant differences between unlabeled or labeled cells (with or without a magnetic field). Therefore, the in vitro cellular optimized labeling process using magnetic fields resulted in a shorter period of incubation with efficient iron load internalization using higher MFNP concentration (50 μgFe/mL), leading to significant improvement in cell detection by NIRF technique without compromising cellular viability in the stroke model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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24 pages, 6008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeting Peptide, Fluorescent Reagent Modified Magnetic Liposomes Coated with Rapamycin Target Early Atherosclerotic Plaque and Therapy

by Chen Huang, Wentao Huang, Lifen Zhang, Chunyu Zhang, Chengqian Zhou, Wei Wei, Yongsheng Li, Quan Zhou, Wenli Chen and Yukuan Tang

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(5), 1083; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051083 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2052

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Its therapy requires research in several areas, such as diagnosis of early arteriosclerosis, improvement of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rapamycin as its therapeutic agents. Here, we used the targeting peptide VHPKQHR (VHP) (or fluorescent reagent) to modify the phospholipid molecules to target vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and loaded ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO/Fe₃O₄) plus rapamycin (Rap) to Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo (VHPKQHR-modified magnetic liposomes coated with Rap). This nanoparticle can be used for both the diagnosis and therapy of early atherosclerosis. We designed both an ex vivo system with mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) and an in vivo system with ApoE knockout mice to test the labeling and delivering potential of Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo with fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry and MRI. Our results of MRI imaging and fluorescence imaging showed that the T2 relaxation time of the Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo group was reduced by 2.7 times and 1.5 times, and the fluorescence intensity increased by 3.4 times and 2.5 times, respectively, compared with the normal saline group and the control liposome treatment group. It showed that Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo realized the diagnosis of early AS. Additionally, our results showed that, compared with the normal saline and control liposomes treatment group, the aortic fluorescence intensity of the Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo treatment group was significantly weaker, and the T2 relaxation time was prolonged by 8.9 times and 2.0 times, indicating that the targeted diagnostic agent detected the least plaques in the Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo treatment group. Based on our results, the synthesized theragnostic Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo serves as a great label for both MRI and fluorescence bimodal imaging of atherosclerosis. It also has therapeutic effects for the early treatment of atherosclerosis, and it has great potential for early diagnosis and can achieve the same level of therapy with a lower dose of Rap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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17 pages, 3416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Radiobioconjugated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles for Multimodal Cancer Therapy

by Michał Żuk, Weronika Gawęda, Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip, Magdalena Osial, Marcin Wolski, Aleksander Bilewicz and Paweł Krysiński

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(11), 1843; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111843 - 02 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2512

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are widely used for biomedical applications for their outstanding properties such as facile functionalization and doping with different metals, high surface-to-volume ratio, superparamagnetism, and biocompatibility. This study was designed to synthesize and investigate multifunctional nanoparticle conjugate to act as both a magnetic agent, anticancer immunological drug, and radiopharmaceutic for anticancer therapy. The carrier, ¹⁶⁶Ho doped iron oxide, was coated with an Au layer, creating core-shell nanoparticles ([¹⁶⁶Ho] Fe₃O₄@Au. These nanoparticles were subsequently modified with monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Tmab) to target HER2+ receptors. We describe the radiobioconjugate preparation involving doping of a radioactive agent and attachment of the organic linker and drug to the SPIONs’ surface. The size of the SPIONs coated with an Au shell measured by transmission electron microscopy was about 15 nm. The bioconjugation of trastuzumab onto SPIONs was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, and the amount of two molecules per one nanoparticle was estimated with the use of radioiodinated [¹³¹I]Tmab. The synthesized bioconjugates showed that they are efficient heat mediators and also exhibit a cytotoxic effect toward SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells expressing HER2 receptors. Prepared radiobioconjugates reveal the high potential for in vivo application of the proposed multimodal hybrid system, combined with magnetic hyperthermia and immunotherapy against cancer tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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17 pages, 4651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Prospects in Neutering Male Animals Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia

by José Luiz P. R. Jivago, Juliana Lis Mendes Brito, Gustavo Capistrano, Marcus Vinícius-Araújo, Ediron Lima Verde, Andris Figueiroa Bakuzis, Paulo E. N. Souza, Ricardo Bentes Azevedo and Carolina Madeira Lucci

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(9), 1465; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091465 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5304

Abstract

Controlling populations of free-roaming dogs and cats poses a huge challenge worldwide. Non-surgical neutering strategies for male animals have been long pursued, but the implementation of the procedures developed has remained limited to date. As submitting the testes to high temperatures impairs spermatogenesis, the present study investigated localized application of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH) to the testicles as a potential non-surgical sterilization method for animals. An intratesticular injection of a magnetic fluid composed of manganese-ferrite nanoparticles functionalized with citrate was administered followed by testicle exposure to an alternate magnetic field to generate localized heat. Testicular MNH was highly effective, causing progressive seminiferous tubule degeneration followed by substitution of the parenchyma with stromal tissue and gonadal atrophy, suggesting an irreversible process with few side effects to general animal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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21 pages, 8366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of Hyperthermia Magnetic Technique Indicating the Best Strategy for Internalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Applied in Glioblastoma Tumor Cells

by Javier B. Mamani, Taylla K. F. Souza, Mariana P. Nucci, Fernando A. Oliveira, Leopoldo P. Nucci, Arielly H. Alves, Gabriel N. A. Rego, Luciana Marti and Lionel F. Gamarra

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(8), 1219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081219 - 07 Aug 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2278

Abstract

This in vitro study aims to evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) technique and the best strategy for internalization of magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane (SPION_Amine) in glioblastoma tumor cells. SPION_Amine of 50 and 100 nm were used for specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, performing the MHT with intensities of 50, 150, and 300 Gauss and frequencies varying between 305 and 557 kHz. The internalization strategy was performed using 100, 200, and 300 µgFe/mL of SPION_Amine, with or without Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and filter, and with or without static or dynamic magnet field. The cell viability was evaluated after determination of MHT best condition of SPION_Amine internalization. The maximum SAR values of SPION_Amine (50 nm) and SPION_Amine (100 nm) identified were 184.41 W/g and 337.83 W/g, respectively, using a frequency of 557 kHz and intensity of 300 Gauss (≈23.93 kA/m). The best internalization strategy was 100 µgFe/mL of SPION_Amine (100 nm) using PLL with filter and dynamic magnet field, submitted to MHT for 40 min at 44 °C. This condition displayed 70.0% decreased in cell viability by flow cytometry and 68.1% by BLI. We can conclude that our study is promising as an antitumor treatment, based on intra- and extracellular MHT effects. The optimization of the nanoparticles internalization process associated with their magnetic characteristics potentiates the extracellular acute and late intracellular effect of MHT achieving greater efficiency in the therapeutic process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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Review

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21 pages, 7951 KiB

Open AccessReview

Functionalized Lanthanide Oxide Nanoparticles for Tumor Targeting, Medical Imaging, and Therapy

by Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad, Huan Yue, Tirusew Tegafaw, Shuwen Liu, Son Long Ho, Gang Ho Lee, Sung-Wook Nam and Yongmin Chang

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(11), 1890; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111890 - 08 Nov 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2801

Abstract

Recent progress in functionalized lanthanide oxide (Ln₂O₃) nanoparticles for tumor targeting, medical imaging, and therapy is reviewed. Among the medical imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important noninvasive imaging tool for tumor diagnosis due to its high spatial resolution and excellent imaging contrast, especially when contrast agents are used. However, commercially available low-molecular-weight MRI contrast agents exhibit several shortcomings, such as nonspecificity for the tissue of interest and rapid excretion in vivo. Recently, nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents have become a hot research topic in biomedical imaging due to their high performance, easy surface functionalization, and low toxicity. Among them, functionalized Ln₂O₃ nanoparticles are applicable as MRI contrast agents for tumor-targeting and nontumor-targeting imaging and image-guided tumor therapy. Primarily, Gd₂O₃ nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as tumor-targeting T₁ MRI contrast agents. T₂ MRI is also possible due to the appreciable paramagnetic moments of Ln₂O₃ nanoparticles (Ln = Dy, Ho, and Tb) at room temperature arising from the nonzero orbital motion of 4f electrons. In addition, Ln₂O₃ nanoparticles are eligible as X-ray computed tomography contrast agents because of their high X-ray attenuation power. Since nanoparticle toxicity is of great concern, recent toxicity studies on Ln₂O₃ nanoparticles are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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26 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessReview

Medical Applications of Metallic Bismuth Nanoparticles

by Catherine Gomez, Gauthier Hallot, Sophie Laurent and Marc Port

Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(11), 1793; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111793 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3067

Abstract

Recent reviews described the efficient syntheses of metallic bismuth nanoparticles. Nevertheless, few studies have been published on the medical applications of these nanoparticles compared to the number of studies on the well-documented clinical use of the bismuth(III) complex. An analysis of the literature revealed the significant potential of metallic bismuth nanoparticles in different theranostic applications. In the diagnostic field, preclinical proofs of concept have been demonstrated for X-ray, photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging. In the therapeutic field, several preclinical studies have shown the potential of bismuth nanoparticles as X-ray radiosensitizers for use in radiotherapy and as photothermal agents for applications in near infrared phototherapy. The properties of these metallic bismuth nanoparticles as bactericidal, fungicidal, antiparasitic and antibiofilm agents have also been studied. Although information concerning the toxic effects of these nanoparticles has been collected, these data are insufficient when considering the immediate clinical use of these new nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis in Nanomedicine)

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