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Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond
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Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 55935

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Naser Ojaroudi Parchin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
Interests: MIMO/diversity antennas; 5G/6G antennas; MM-wave phased arrays; multi-band/UWB antennas; RFID antennas; metamaterials and metasurfaces; Fabry resonators; fractal antennas; band-pass/band-stop microwave filters; reconfigurable structures; power amplifiers; electromagnetic wave propagation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the rapid evolution of the wireless communications, fifth-generation (5G) communication has received lots of attention from both academia and industry, with many reported efforts and research outputs and significant improvements in different aspects, such as data rate speed and resolution, mobility, latency, etc. In some countries, the commercialization of 5G communication has started, as well as initial research of beyond technologies such as 6G.

MIMO technology with multiple antennas is a promising technology to obtain the requirements of 5G/6G communications. It can significantly enhance the capacity of the system and resist multipath fading, and it has become a hot spot in the field of wireless communications. This technology is a key component and probably the most established to truly reach the promised transfer data rates of future communication systems. In MIMO systems, multiple antennas are deployed at both the transmitter and receiver sides. The greater number of antennas can make the system more resistant to intentional jamming and interference. Massive MIMO with an especially high number of antennas will reduce energy consumption by targeting signals to individual users utilizing beamforming.

Apart from sub-6 GHz frequency bands, 5G/6G devices are also expected to cover millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) spectra. However, moving to higher bands will bring new challenges and will certainly require careful consideration of the antenna design for smart devices. Compact antennas arranged as conformal, planar, and linear arrays can be employed at different portions of base stations and user equipment to form phased arrays with high gain and directional radiation beams.

Submission can focus on conceptual and applied research in topics including but not limited to:

  • MIMO full-duplex antenna system;
  • Decoupling of MIMO/diversity antennas;
  • Massive MIMO antenna array for base station applications;
  • Smartphone antennas;
  • SAR and user impact on antenna performance;
  • Phased array and beam-steerable antenna arrays;
  • MM-wave and THz antennas;
  • Beamforming and smart antennas for 5G and beyond;
  • Metamaterial and frequency-selective surface (FSS)-inspired antennas;
  • Reconfigurable antennas for 5G and beyond communications;
  • Prototyping, measurements, and experimentation of 5G/6G antennas.

Submissions should be of high quality, suitable for an international journal, and should not have been submitted or published elsewhere. Additionally, extended versions of conference papers that show significant improvement (minimal of over 50%) can be considered for review to this Special Issue. Finally, we welcome review papers that cover the subjects of this Special Issue.

Technical Programme Committee members

  1. Professor Raed Abd-Alhameed, University of Bradford, UK
  2. Professor Peter Excell, Wrexham University, UK
  3. Professor Jonathan Rodriguez, South Wales University, UK
  4. Dr Mohammad Ojaroudi, Centre Inria - Lille Nord Europe, France
  5. Dr Issa Elfergani, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Averio, Portugal
  6. Dr Chan H See, Edinburgh Napier University, UK

Naser Ojaroudi Parchin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 200 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial: Special Issue “Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond”
by Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Chan Hwang See and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
Sensors 2021, 21(22), 7745; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21227745 - 21 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
The demand for high data rate transfer and large capacities of traffic is continuously growing as the world witnesses the development of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communications with the fastest broadband speed yet and low latency [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Other

20 pages, 8924 KiB  
Article
Spectral Efficiency Improvement of 5G Massive MIMO Systems for High-Altitude Platform Stations by Using Triangular Lattice Arrays
by Francesco Alessio Dicandia and Simone Genovesi
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 3202; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21093202 - 05 May 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2839
Abstract
The beneficial effects of adopting a triangular lattice on phased arrays with regular and periodic grids for high-altitude platform station (HAPS) systems are presented in the scenario of massive MIMO communications operating within the 5G NR n257 and n258 frequency bands. Assessment of [...] Read more.
The beneficial effects of adopting a triangular lattice on phased arrays with regular and periodic grids for high-altitude platform station (HAPS) systems are presented in the scenario of massive MIMO communications operating within the 5G NR n257 and n258 frequency bands. Assessment of a planar array with 64 elements (8 × 8) is provided for both a triangular lattice and a square one in terms of array gain, average sidelobe level (ASLL), and mutual coupling. Particular attention is devoted to illustrating the impact of the antenna array lattice at the system level by evaluating its significant merits, such as its spectral efficiency (SE) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). The better performance exhibited by the triangular lattice array in comparison to the square one makes it appealing for the 5G massive MIMO paradigm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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16 pages, 16046 KiB  
Article
Continuous Resonance Tuning without Blindness by Applying Nonlinear Properties of PIN Diodes
by Yong Luo, Hongtao Liu, Yiming He, Hengrong Cui and Guangli Yang
Sensors 2021, 21(8), 2816; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21082816 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1744
Abstract
Metamaterial antennas consisting of periodical units are suitable for achieving tunable properties by employing active elements to each unit. However, for compact metamaterials with a very limited number of periodical units, resonance blindness exists. In this paper, we introduce a method to achieve [...] Read more.
Metamaterial antennas consisting of periodical units are suitable for achieving tunable properties by employing active elements to each unit. However, for compact metamaterials with a very limited number of periodical units, resonance blindness exists. In this paper, we introduce a method to achieve continuous tuning without resonance blindness by exploring hence, taking advantage of nonlinear properties of PIN diodes. First, we obtain the equivalent impedance of the PIN diode through measurements, then fit these nonlinear curves with mathematical expressions. Afterwards, we build the PIN diode model with these mathematical equations, making it compatible with implementing co-simulation between the passive electromagnetic model and the active element of PIN diodes and, particularly, the nonlinear effects can be considered. Next, we design a compact two-unit metamaterial antenna as an example to illustrate the electromagnetic co-simulation. Finally, we implement the experiments with a micro-control unit to validate this method. In addition, the nonlinear stability and the supplying voltage tolerance of nonlinear states for both two kinds of PIN diodes are investigated as well. This method of obtaining smooth tuning with nonlinear properties of PIN diodes can be applied to other active devices, if only PIN diodes are utilized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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19 pages, 8984 KiB  
Article
Circular Patch Fed Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna with High Gain and High Efficiency for Millimeter Wave 5G Small Cell Applications
by Abinash Gaya, Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin, Irfan Ali and Ayman A. Althuwayb
Sensors 2021, 21(8), 2694; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21082694 - 11 Apr 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3764
Abstract
A novel method of feeding a dielectric resonator using a metallic circular patch antenna at millimeter wave frequency band is proposed here. A ceramic material based rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with permittivity 10 is placed over a rogers RT-Duroid based substrate with permittivity [...] Read more.
A novel method of feeding a dielectric resonator using a metallic circular patch antenna at millimeter wave frequency band is proposed here. A ceramic material based rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with permittivity 10 is placed over a rogers RT-Duroid based substrate with permittivity 2.2 and fed by a metallic circular patch via a cross slot aperture on the ground plane. The evolution study and analysis has been done using a rectangular slot and a cross slot aperture. The cross-slot aperture has enhanced the gain of the single element non-metallic dielectric resonator antenna from 6.38 dB from 8.04 dB. The Dielectric Resonator antenna (DRA) which is designed here has achieved gain of 8.04 dB with bandwidth 1.12 GHz (24.82–25.94 GHz) and radiation efficiency of 96% centered at 26 GHz as resonating frequency. The cross-slot which is done on the ground plane enhances the coupling to the Dielectric Resonator Antenna and achieves maximum power radiation along the broadside direction. The slot dimensions are further optimized to achieve the desired impedance match and is also compared with that of a single rectangular slot. The designed antenna can be used for the higher frequency bands of 5G from 24.25 GHz to 27.5 GHz. The mode excited here is characteristics mode of TE1Y1. The antenna designed here can be used for indoor small cell applications at millimeter wave frequency band of 5G. High gain and high efficiency make the DRA designed here more suitable for 5G indoor small cells. The results of return loss, input impedance match, gain, radiation pattern, and efficiency are shown in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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25 pages, 6804 KiB  
Article
Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems
by Germán Augusto Ramírez Arroyave, Antoni Barlabé, Lluís Pradell, Javier Leonardo Araque Quijano, Bedri A. Cetiner and Luis Jofre-Roca
Sensors 2021, 21(7), 2557; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21072557 - 06 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
Nonlinear effects in the radio front-end can degrade communication quality and system performance. In this paper we present a new design technique for reconfigurable antennas that minimizes the nonlinear distortion and maximizes power efficiency through the minimization of the coupling between the internal [...] Read more.
Nonlinear effects in the radio front-end can degrade communication quality and system performance. In this paper we present a new design technique for reconfigurable antennas that minimizes the nonlinear distortion and maximizes power efficiency through the minimization of the coupling between the internal switching ports and the external feeding ports. As a nonlinear design and validation instance, we present the nonlinear characterization up to 50 GHz of a PIN diode commonly used as a switch for reconfigurable devices in the microwave band. Nonlinear models are extracted through X-parameter measurements supported by accurate calibration and de-embedding procedures. Nonlinear switch models are validated by S-parameter measurements in the low power signal regime and by harmonic measurements in the large-signal regime and are further used to predict the measured nonlinearities of a reconfigurable antenna. These models have the desired particularity of being integrated straightforwardly in the internal multi-port method formulation, which is used and extended to account for the power induced on the switching elements. A new figure of merit for the design of reconfigurable antennas is introduced—the power margin, that is, the power difference between the fed port and the switching elements, which combined with the nonlinear load models directly translates into nonlinearities and power-efficiency-related metrics. Therefore, beyond traditional antenna aspects such as port match, gain, and beam orientation, switch power criteria are included in the design methodology. Guidelines for the design of reconfigurable antennas and parasitic layers of minimum nonlinearity are provided as well as the inherent trade-offs. A particular antenna design suitable for 5G communications in the 3.5 GHz band is presented according to these guidelines, in which the specific switching states for a set of target performance metrics are obtained via a balancing of the available figures of merit with multi-objective separation criteria, which enables good control of the various design trade-offs. Average Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and power efficiency improvement of 12 and 6 dB, respectively, are obtained with the application of this design approach. In summary, this paper introduces a new framework for the nonlinear modeling and design of reconfigurable antennas and provides a set of general-purpose tools applicable in cases beyond those used as examples and validation in this work. Additionally, the use of these models and guidelines is presented, demonstrating one of the most appealing advantages of the reconfigurable parasitic layer approach, their low nonlinearity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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15 pages, 14529 KiB  
Article
A Highly Compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Array for 5G Millimeter Wave Applications
by Amruta Sarvajeet Dixit, Sumit Kumar, Shabana Urooj and Areej Malibari
Sensors 2021, 21(7), 2360; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21072360 - 29 Mar 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5167
Abstract
This paper presents a compact 1 × 4 antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) array for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The designed antenna operates over 24.19 GHz–29.15 GHz and 30.28 GHz–40.47 GHz frequency ranges. The proposed antenna provides a high gain of 8 dBi to 13.2 dBi and [...] Read more.
This paper presents a compact 1 × 4 antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) array for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The designed antenna operates over 24.19 GHz–29.15 GHz and 30.28 GHz–40.47 GHz frequency ranges. The proposed antenna provides a high gain of 8 dBi to 13.2 dBi and the highest gain is obtained at 40.3 GHz. The proposed antenna operates on frequency range-2 (FR2) and covers n257, n258, n260, and n261 frequency bands of 5G communication. The corrugations and RT/Duroid 5880 substrate are used to reduce the antenna size to 24 mm × 28.8 mm × 0.254 mm, which makes the antenna highly compact. Furthermore, the corrugations play an important role in the front-to-back ratio improvement, which further enhances the gain of the antenna. The corporate feeding is optimized meticulously to obtain an enhanced bandwidth and narrow beamwidth. The radiation pattern does not vary over the desired operating frequency range. In addition, the experimental results of the fabricated antenna coincide with the simulated results. The presented antenna design shows a substantial improvement in size, gain, and bandwidth when compared to what has been reported for an AVA with nearly the same size, which makes the proposed antenna one of the best candidates for application in devices that operate in the millimeter frequency range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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11 pages, 6033 KiB  
Communication
Chiral Dielectric Metasurfaces for Highly Integrated, Broadband Circularly Polarized Antenna
by Bruno Ferreira-Gomes, Osvaldo N. Oliveira, Jr. and Jorge Ricardo Mejía-Salazar
Sensors 2021, 21(6), 2071; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21062071 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2326
Abstract
We report on the design of a low-profile integrated millimeter-wave antenna for efficient and broadband circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation. The designed antenna comprises a chiral dielectric metasurface built with a 2×2 arrangement of dielectric cylinders with slanted-slots at the center. A [...] Read more.
We report on the design of a low-profile integrated millimeter-wave antenna for efficient and broadband circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation. The designed antenna comprises a chiral dielectric metasurface built with a 2×2 arrangement of dielectric cylinders with slanted-slots at the center. A broadbeam high-gain with wide axial ratio (AR)<3 dB bandwidth was reached by pairing the electric and magnetic resonances of the dielectric cylinders and the slanted slots when excited by an elliptically polarized driven-patch antenna. This electric-magnetic pairing can be tuned by varying the cylinders diameter and the tilting and rotation angles of the slanted slots. The simulation results indicate impedance-matching bandwidths up to 22.6% (25.3–31.6 GHz) with 3-dB AR bandwidths of 11.6% (26.9–30.2 GHz), which in terms of compactness (0.95λ0×0.95λ0) and performance are superior to previous antenna designs. Since the simulations were performed by assuming materials and geometries easily implementable experimentally, it is hoped that circularly polarized antennas based on chiral metasurfaces can be integrated into 5G and satellite communications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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13 pages, 1953 KiB  
Communication
Characterization of Tiled Architecture for C-Band 1-Bit Beam-Steering Transmitarray
by Dmitry Kozlov, Irina Munina, Pavel Turalchuk, Vitalii Kirillov, Alexey Shitvov and Dmitry Zelenchuk
Sensors 2021, 21(4), 1259; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21041259 - 10 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2587
Abstract
A new implementation of a beam-steering transmitarray is proposed based on the tiled array architecture. Each pixel of the transmitarray is manufactured as a standalone unit which can be hard-wired for specific transmission characteristics. A set of complementary units, providing reciprocal phase-shifts, can [...] Read more.
A new implementation of a beam-steering transmitarray is proposed based on the tiled array architecture. Each pixel of the transmitarray is manufactured as a standalone unit which can be hard-wired for specific transmission characteristics. A set of complementary units, providing reciprocal phase-shifts, can be assembled in a prescribed spatial phase-modulation pattern to perform beam steering and beam forming in a broad spatial range. A compact circuit model of the tiled unit cell is proposed and characterized with full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Waveguide measurements of a prototype unit cell have been carried out. A design example of a tiled 10 × 10-element 1-bit beam-steering transmitarray is presented and its performance benchmarked against the conventional single-panel, i.e., unibody, counterpart. Prototypes of the tiled and single-panel C-band transmitarrays have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating their close performance, good agreement with simulations and a weak effect of fabrication tolerances. The proposed transmitarray antenna configuration has great potential for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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21 pages, 7138 KiB  
Article
Wideband Multiport Antennas
by Mehdi Seyyedesfahlan, Abdulkadir Uzun, Anja K. Skrivervik and Ibrahim Tekin
Sensors 2020, 20(23), 6960; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20236960 - 05 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2670
Abstract
In this paper, a wideband four port 2–6 GHz antenna is proposed. One-, two-, and four-port antennas are implemented and characterized between 2 and 6 GHz. The isolation between the ports is improved by connecting and optimizing the ground plane sections. The results [...] Read more.
In this paper, a wideband four port 2–6 GHz antenna is proposed. One-, two-, and four-port antennas are implemented and characterized between 2 and 6 GHz. The isolation between the ports is improved by connecting and optimizing the ground plane sections. The results show that the antennas’ reflection coefficients are better than 10 dB in the frequency band. The measured isolation between the ports is greater than 15 dB (between 2.3 and 6 GHz) and 10 dB in the whole band for two- and four-port antennas, respectively, however, it is more than 20 dB around 2.4 and 5–6 GHz for both antennas. The calculated correlation coefficient between ports is below −30 dB (>2.14 GHz) and −15 dB for the two- and four-port antennas, respectively. The measured gain and efficiency scale are 3.1–6.75 dBi and 62–98%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, an antenna both being wideband from 2 to 6 GHz and having independent four ports is only addressed in this work. The four-port antenna can be used for MIMO systems or smartphones operating on many wireless systems simultaneously such as 3G/4G/5G Sub-6 GHz and WLAN including the next generation WiFi7 with full-duplex operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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16 pages, 9493 KiB  
Article
On the Application of K-User MIMO for 6G Enhanced Mobile Broadband
by Anil Kumar Yerrapragada and Brian Kelley
Sensors 2020, 20(21), 6252; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20216252 - 02 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2101
Abstract
This paper presents a high-throughput wireless access framework for future 6G networks. This framework, known as K-User MIMO, facilitates all-to-all communication between K access points and K mobile devices. For such a network, we illustrate the demodulation of K2 independent data streams [...] Read more.
This paper presents a high-throughput wireless access framework for future 6G networks. This framework, known as K-User MIMO, facilitates all-to-all communication between K access points and K mobile devices. For such a network, we illustrate the demodulation of K2 independent data streams through a new interference cancellation beamforming algorithm that improves spectral efficiency compared to massive MIMO. The paper derives a multi-user Shannon Capacity formula for K-User MIMO when K is greater than or equal to 3. We define an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) frame structure that demonstrates the allocation of time-frequency resources to pilot signals for channel estimation. The capacity formula is then refined to include realistic pilot overheads. We determine a practical upper-bound for MIMO array sizes that balances estimation overhead and throughput. Lastly, simulation results show the practical capacity in small cell geometries under Rayleigh Fading conditions, with both perfect and realistic channel estimation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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17 pages, 8640 KiB  
Article
Multibeam Characteristics of a Negative Refractive Index Shaped Lens
by Salbiah Ab Hamid, Nurul Huda Abd Rahman, Yoshihide Yamada, Phan Van Hung and Dinh Nguyen Quoc
Sensors 2020, 20(19), 5703; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20195703 - 07 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2598
Abstract
Narrow beam width, higher gain and multibeam characteristics are demanded in 5G technology. Array antennas that are utilized in the existing mobile base stations have many drawbacks when operating at upper 5G frequency bands. For example, due to the high frequency operation, the [...] Read more.
Narrow beam width, higher gain and multibeam characteristics are demanded in 5G technology. Array antennas that are utilized in the existing mobile base stations have many drawbacks when operating at upper 5G frequency bands. For example, due to the high frequency operation, the antenna elements become smaller and thus, in order to provide higher gain, more antenna elements and arrays are required, which will cause the feeding network design to be more complex. The lens antenna is one of the potential candidates to replace the current structure in mobile base station. Therefore, a negative refractive index shaped lens is proposed to provide high gain and narrow beamwidth using energy conservation and Abbe’s sine principle. The aim of this study is to investigate the multibeam characteristics of a negative refractive index shaped lens in mobile base station applications. In this paper, the feed positions for the multibeam are selected on the circle from the center of the lens and the accuracy of the feed position is validated through Electromagnetic (EM) simulation. Based on the analysis performed in this study, a negative refractive index shaped lens with a smaller radius and slender lens than the conventional lens is designed, with the additional capability of performing wide-angle beam scanning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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15 pages, 6054 KiB  
Article
A High-Performance Transmitarray Antenna with Thin Metasurface for 5G Communication Based on PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)
by Chengtian Song, Lizhi Pan, Yonghui Jiao and Jianguang Jia
Sensors 2020, 20(16), 4460; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20164460 - 10 Aug 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4114
Abstract
A 5G metasurface (MS) transmitarray (TA) feed by compact-antenna array with the performance of high gain and side-lobe level (SLL) reduction is presented. The proposed MS has two identical metallic layers etched on both sides of the dielectric substrate and four fixed vias [...] Read more.
A 5G metasurface (MS) transmitarray (TA) feed by compact-antenna array with the performance of high gain and side-lobe level (SLL) reduction is presented. The proposed MS has two identical metallic layers etched on both sides of the dielectric substrate and four fixed vias connecting two metallic layers that works at 28 GHz to increase the transmission phase shift range. The proposed planar TA consisting of unit cells with different dimensional information can simulate the function as an optical lens according to the Fermat’s principle, so the quasi-spherical wave emitted by the compact Potter horn antenna at the virtual focal point will transform to the quasi-plane wave by the phase-adjustments. Then, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is introduced to optimize the phase distribution on the TA to decrease the SLL further. It is found that the optimized TA could achieve 27 dB gain at 28 GHz, 11.8% 3 dB gain bandwidth, −30 dB SLL, and aperture efficiency of 23% at the operating bandwidth of 27.5–29.5 GHz, which performs better than the nonoptimized one. The advanced particularities of this optimized TA including low cost, low profile, and easy to configure make it great potential in paving the way to 5G communication and radar system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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19 pages, 8251 KiB  
Article
A Novel Dual-Band (38/60 GHz) Patch Antenna for 5G Mobile Handsets
by Marwa H. Sharaf, Amira I. Zaki, Radwa K. Hamad and Mohamed M. M. Omar
Sensors 2020, 20(9), 2541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20092541 - 29 Apr 2020
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 7400
Abstract
A compact dual-frequency ( 38 / 60   GHz ) microstrip patch antenna with novel design is proposed for 5G mobile handsets to combine complicated radiation mechanisms for dual-band operation. The proposed antenna is composed of two electromagnetically coupled patches. The first patch [...] Read more.
A compact dual-frequency ( 38 / 60   GHz ) microstrip patch antenna with novel design is proposed for 5G mobile handsets to combine complicated radiation mechanisms for dual-band operation. The proposed antenna is composed of two electromagnetically coupled patches. The first patch is directly fed by a microstrip line and is mainly responsible for radiation in the lower band ( 38   GHz ). The second patch is fed through both capacitive and inductive coupling to the first patch and is mainly responsible for radiation in the upper frequency band ( 60   GHz ). Numerical and experimental results show good performance regarding return loss, bandwidth, radiation patterns, radiation efficiency, and gain. The impedance matching bandwidths achieved in the 38   GHz and 60   GHz bands are about 2   GHz and 3.2   GHz , respectively. The minimum value of the return loss is − 42 dB for the 38   GHz band and − 47 for the 60   GHz band. Radiation patterns are omnidirectional with a balloon-like shape for both bands, which makes the proposed single antenna an excellent candidate for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system constructed from a number of properly allocated elements for 5G mobile communications with excellent diversity schemes. Numerical comparisons show that the proposed antenna is superior to other published designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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21 pages, 23098 KiB  
Article
Design of Multi-Mode Antenna Array for Use in Next-Generation Mobile Handsets
by Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
Sensors 2020, 20(9), 2447; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20092447 - 25 Apr 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4488
Abstract
In this study, a new design of a tri-band multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems. Its structure is composed of eight identical planar-inverted F antenna (PIFA) elements placed at different edge corners of the handset mainboard with overall [...] Read more.
In this study, a new design of a tri-band multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems. Its structure is composed of eight identical planar-inverted F antenna (PIFA) elements placed at different edge corners of the handset mainboard with overall dimensions of 150 × 75 mm2. The PIFA elements and ground plane of the MIMO antenna system are arranged on the back layer of the platform, which makes the design easy to integrate with the handset circuit. For S11 ≤ −10 dB, the radiation elements of the MIMO design operate at the frequency ranges of 2.5–2.7 GHz, 3.4–3.75 GHz, and 5.6–6 GHz covering the long-term evolution (LTE) 41, 42/43, and 47 operation bands, respectively. The array achieves better than 15 dB return loss results across the three operating bands. The presented antenna array not only exhibits multi-band operation but also generates the polarization diversity characteristic, which makes it suitable for multi-mode operation. The proposed antenna array was simulated and experimentally tested. Fundamental characteristics of the proposed design are investigated. It offers three band S-parameters with acceptable isolation and dual-polarized radiation with quite good efficiency and gain results. Besides this, the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) results of the PIFAs are very low over the bands. In addition, the radiation characteristics of the MIMO antenna in the presence of the user and handset components are studied. Moreover, a new and compact phased array millimeter-wave (MM-Wave) antenna with broad bandwidth and end-fire radiation is introduced which can be easily integrated into the smartphone antenna system. Due to its good performance and simple structures, the proposed smartphone antenna array design is a good candidate for future multi-mode 5G cellular applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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19 pages, 12592 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Wideband Diversity MIMO Antenna System for Future Mobile Handsets
by Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, Yasir I. A. Al-Yasir, Ahmed M. Abdulkhaleq and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
Sensors 2020, 20(8), 2371; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20082371 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4543
Abstract
A new ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed for future smartphones. The structure of the design comprises four identical pairs of compact microstrip-fed slot antennas with polarization diversity function that are placed symmetrically at different edge corners of the smartphone mainboard. [...] Read more.
A new ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed for future smartphones. The structure of the design comprises four identical pairs of compact microstrip-fed slot antennas with polarization diversity function that are placed symmetrically at different edge corners of the smartphone mainboard. Each antenna pair consists of an open-ended circular-ring slot radiator fed by two independently semi-arc-shaped microstrip-feeding lines exhibiting the polarization diversity characteristic. Therefore, in total, the proposed smartphone antenna design contains four horizontally-polarized and four vertically-polarized elements. The characteristics of the single-element dual-polarized UWB antenna and the proposed UWB-MIMO smartphone antenna are examined while using both experimental and simulated results. An impedance bandwidth of 2.5–10.2 GHz with 121% fractional bandwidth (FBW) is achieved for each element. However, for S11 ≤ −6 dB, this value is more than 130% (2.2–11 GHz). The proposed UWB-MIMO smartphone antenna system offers good isolation, dual-polarized function, full radiation coverage, and sufficient efficiency. Besides, the calculated diversity performances of the design in terms of the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) are very low over the entire operating band. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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15 pages, 3718 KiB  
Letter
Multimode HMSIW-Based Bandpass Filter with Improved Selectivity for Fifth-Generation (5G) RF Front-Ends
by Amjad Iqbal, Jun Jiat Tiang, Sew Kin Wong, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Francisco Falcone and Ernesto Limiti
Sensors 2020, 20(24), 7320; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20247320 - 19 Dec 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2277
Abstract
This article presents the detailed theoretical, simulation, and experimental analysis of a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW)-based multimode wideband filter. A third-order, semicircular HMSIW filter is developed in this paper. A semicircular HMSIW cavity resonator is adopted to achieve wide band characteristics. A [...] Read more.
This article presents the detailed theoretical, simulation, and experimental analysis of a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW)-based multimode wideband filter. A third-order, semicircular HMSIW filter is developed in this paper. A semicircular HMSIW cavity resonator is adopted to achieve wide band characteristics. A U-shaped slot (acts as a λ/4 stub) in the center of a semicircular HMSIW cavity resonator and L-shaped open-circuited stubs are used to improve the out-of-band response by generating multiple transmission zeros (TZs) in the stop-band region of the filter. The TZs on either side of the passband can be controlled by adjusting dimensions of a U-shaped slot and L-shaped open-circuited stubs. The proposed filter covers a wide fractional bandwidth, has a lower insertion loss value, and has multiple TZs (which improves the selectivity). The simulated response of filter agrees well with the measured data. The proposed HMSIW bandpass filter can be integrated with any planar wideband communication system circuit, thanks to its planar structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)
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