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Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities
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Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Air, Climate Change and Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2022) | Viewed by 59899

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jun Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
Interests: spatial analysis; land use modelling; land use change; urban climatology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bing Xue

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), 14467 Potsdam, Germany
Interests: human–natural system and sustainability; urbanization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
Interests: geographic information systems; spatial analysis and modelling; public transport development; driving; spatial navigation and wayfinding; human mobility
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dongqi Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
Interests: urban planning and transport geography; urbanization; smart city
Dr. Ye Wei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Interests: network complexity; urban network; smart city; transport geography
Dr. Zhi Qiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
Interests: urban climate; remote sensing; land use; cover change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Enxu Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
Interests: smart tourism; tourism urbanization; urban network accessibility; urban geography and urban planning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue (SI) welcomes high-level papers on the impact of transportation geography and smart cities on urban climate change, with the goal of addressing and mitigating urban climate risks. The most prominent urban climate risk is the development of urban heat islands (UHIs). As one of the most obvious characteristics of urban climate risk caused by urban construction and human activity, including the energy consumptions resulting from urban transportation and urban operation, UHIs constitute heat accumulation in urban areas due to their higher surface temperature compared with the surrounding suburbs and rural regions. The inappropriate urban spatial expansion will also accelerate the development of this UHIs effect. Correspondingly, smart urban growth will realize the adaptation and mitigation of climate change considering urban spatial growth. These smart growths may improve traffic emissions, reconstruct urban ecological landscape features, and even build sponge cities, and finally realize the adaptation and mitigation of urban climate change. Papers can be related to fundamental and theoretical studies and/or applications. Papers that put emphasis on the spatiotemporal process, genetic mechanism, prediction simulation, and optimal control of urban climate by taking transportation geography and smart cities into account are welcome. Smart urban growth will first address energy consumption, commuting and other industries with high heat emission.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • New methods for studying the spatiotemporal process, genetic mechanism, prediction simulation, and optimal control of urban climate.
  • Innovative finding on the relationship between transport geography and urban climate.
  • The investigation of smart city impacts on urban climate.
  • Predicting and modelling urban climate.
  • Cooling effects of green and blue spaces.
  • Mitigation and adaptation measures of urban climate.
  • Complex network analysis of tourism
  • Theories, methods and applications related to urban traffic complexity research.
  • Balanced Urban and Rural Development.
  • Tourism Transportation Network (roads, railways, airports) and Urban Development.
  • Influence of Tourism Climate Change on the Behavior Choice of Tourists.
  • Influence of Tourism Traffic Accessibility on Urban Tourism Network.

Dr. Jun Yang
Dr. Bing Xue
Assoc. Pro Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia
Dr. Dongqi Sun
Dr. Ye Wei
Dr. Zhi Qiao
Dr. Enxu Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • local climate zones
  • urban climate
  • urban climate change
  • urban climate mitigation and adaptation
  • urban heat islands
  • urban thermal environment
  • land surface temperatures
  • city traffic
  • jobs–housing balance
  • anthropogenic heat emission
  • smart urban growth
  • urban morphology
  • urban composition and configuration
  • impervious surface area
  • building energy consumption
  • urban planning and governance
  • high-speed rail and urban development
  • tourism network
  • tourism climate change
  • transportation accessibility

Published Papers (25 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3572 KiB  
Article
A Study on Spatial Accessibility of the Urban Stadium Emergency Response under the Flood Disaster Scenario
by Yiche Wang, Hai Li, Yong Shi and Qian Yao
Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 17041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142417041 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1760
Abstract
In the context of global climate change and the rapid development of the sports industry, increasingly frequent flooding has become a significant challenge for Chinese cities today and one of the hot issues in risk management for sports events. In order to reveal [...] Read more.
In the context of global climate change and the rapid development of the sports industry, increasingly frequent flooding has become a significant challenge for Chinese cities today and one of the hot issues in risk management for sports events. In order to reveal the impact of flooding on the spatial accessibility of emergency response to stadiums in the central urban area within the outer ring of Shanghai, this article evaluates the accessibility of medical emergency services in the central urban area under the impact of flooding based on flood scenario simulations and GIS network analysis. Results show that under the different flooding scenarios, as the intensity of flooding increases, urban road traffic in flood-prone areas is blocked by ponding, and some stadiums are inaccessible to emergency vehicles. The scope of emergency response services for some medical institutions along the Huangpu River is significantly reduced, while emergency response times for stadiums in the riverside area are delayed considerably. Some stadiums are unable to access emergency medical services. The study’s results can offer a case reference for upgrading the level of emergency management of stadiums under urban-scale flooding and optimizing the quality of regional medical emergency services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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30 pages, 5559 KiB  
Article
Developing DPSIR Framework for Managing Climate Change in Urban Areas: A Case Study in Jakarta, Indonesia
by Yusuf Kristiadi, Riri Fitri Sari, Herdis Herdiansyah, Hayati Sari Hasibuan and Tiong Hoo Lim
Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 15773; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142315773 - 27 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3071
Abstract
From an environmentally conscious and ecological perspective, the sustainability of cities within the effects of climate change are closely related to the wise use of resources and modifications in the ecological status of the environment. In terms of the ecological environment, the sustainability [...] Read more.
From an environmentally conscious and ecological perspective, the sustainability of cities within the effects of climate change are closely related to the wise use of resources and modifications in the ecological status of the environment. In terms of the ecological environment, the sustainability of smart cities entails meeting present and future societal demands for the environment of the water, land, and air, among others. Environmental and the ecological concerns that arise from rapid climate change and monetary developments are shown in the inconsistency between ecological assets, environmental pollution, and the destruction of nature. In this study, the authors aim to develop a strategy to deal with climate change in urban areas using Remote Sensing and the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Framework with a case study in Jakarta Smart City. The DPSIR framework, which will be developed and implemented in the city of Jakarta, is a smarter and more sustainable framework that is evaluated through a systematic evaluation of sustainability with quantitative research using the entropy weight method and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). These methods evaluate 58 representative elements of environments at the urban level, including the shortcomings of earlier research such as data availability, spatial and temporal constraints, and several related ecological indicators, such as soil pH, wind speed, air quality index as well as land changes in the spatial (spatiotemporal) time series. The results of the study show that in the metropolitan city of Jakarta, the Drivers that are related to climate change are the rate of population growth and the rate of industrial growth which, although increases people’s income and GRDP in Jakarta; it also creates Pressures, namely an increase in the amount of water consumption and in the amount of wastewater. Based on these pressures, the environmental conditions (State) of Jakarta city have undergone several environmental changes, such as loss of water supply, changes in wind speed, changes in rainfall, and increasing concentrations of the Air Pollutant Standard Index. The Impact of these three elements resulted in the increase in household and industrial water consumption, an increase in annual electricity consumption, and deteriorating air quality. Hence, the Response to these four interrelated causal variables is that the Jakarta Provincial Government must increase annual funds for the construction of urban community facilities, increase the production capacity of clean water supply, build environment-friendly wastewater treatment facilities, increase the capacity of waste processing infrastructure and transportation fleets, and educate people to use water wisely to reduce the level of water use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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17 pages, 6191 KiB  
Article
Impact and Recovery of Coastal Tourism Amid COVID-19: Tourism Flow Networks in Indonesia
by Xingshan Wang, Lu Tang, Wei Chen and Jianxin Zhang
Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13480; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142013480 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
This study aims to explore tourism changes in coastal tourism destinations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of regional resilience. A mixed method of a social network and spatial analysis was used to evaluate inbound tourists’ geotagged photos of Indonesia [...] Read more.
This study aims to explore tourism changes in coastal tourism destinations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of regional resilience. A mixed method of a social network and spatial analysis was used to evaluate inbound tourists’ geotagged photos of Indonesia on Flickr from 2018–2022 as metadata. The DBSCAN algorithm and Markov chains were used to comprehensively analyze the hotspot areas and the patterns of tourism movement trajectories amid a complicated recovery. The results demonstrate that: (1) The distribution of geotagged photos before and during the pandemic generally exhibited stage and regional unevenness. The main clusters were Java and the Nusa Tenggara Islands, with the rest displaying a scattered distribution. (2) The tourism flow network was unevenly distributed, and the nodes had obvious core and edge areas. Owing to the crisis, the tourism flow network realized a change in form from network to line and point. (3) Its impact on Indonesian inbound tourism may persist in the short term, and the volatility of national anti-pandemic policies influences the resilience of tourism flow during COVID-19. The dominance of the core nodes highlights the network’s resistance to disruptions due to the prominence of the location of network connections during the pandemic, and marginal nodes reflect the vulnerability to pandemic shocks owing to the hypocentricity of the nodes and the thinness of the connections within and outside the islands. These results provide marketing and promotion policies for the sustainable development of coastal areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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19 pages, 5143 KiB  
Article
Evaluation and Spatial Characteristics of Cooperation among Tourist Attractions Based on a Geographic Information System: A Case Study of The Yangtze River Delta Region, China
by Yuewei Wang, Cong Lu, Hang Chen and Yuyan Zhao
Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142013041 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1614
Abstract
With the development of global economic integration and the gradual formation of unified tourism markets, strengthening regional tourism cooperation has become an internal requirement of regional tourism development but also a new way of sustainably developing tourism. This study selected the key factors [...] Read more.
With the development of global economic integration and the gradual formation of unified tourism markets, strengthening regional tourism cooperation has become an internal requirement of regional tourism development but also a new way of sustainably developing tourism. This study selected the key factors affecting the cooperation of tourist attractions, including the competitiveness of tourist attractions and the relationships among tourist attractions, and established an evaluation index system and mathematical model of tourist attractions’ cooperation. Furthermore, the level of cooperation was evaluated. According to the value of the cooperation level, the spatial characteristics of the cooperation level were analyzed using a geographic information systems analytical method, which can better reflect the competitiveness, relationships, and overall cooperation level of tourist attractions. The results showed that the tourism competitiveness of tourist attractions was generally strong and their internal relations relatively close, and the overall tourism cooperation level was high. However, a two-dimensional four-quadrant map revealed that there were still great differences in tourism competitiveness among tourist attractions and their internal relations. Twenty-three tourist attractions exhibited weak tourism competitiveness and sparse relationships with other tourist attractions. The tourism competitiveness of tourist attractions and their internal relations and tourism cooperation level showed positive spatial autocorrelation and spatial agglomeration characteristics. The spatial differentiation of an “inverted U-shape” indicated that the cooperation level, tourism competitiveness, and mutual relations of tourist attractions were not balanced and that a stable and gradual spatial transformation had not been achieved. This study can provide valuable insights for the government to formulate policies and measures for regional tourism cooperation, carry out regional joint marketing, and help tourism enterprises design tourist routes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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21 pages, 3610 KiB  
Article
Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Tourism Flow Networks in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Based on Social Network Analysis and Geographic Information System: A Double-Network Perspective
by Yuewei Wang, Mengmeng Xi, Hang Chen and Cong Lu
Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 7656; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14137656 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2911
Abstract
This study’s purpose was to analyze the network structural characteristics, nodal roles, spatial structure, and evolution laws from the dual network perspective, and apply the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) to conduct correlation analysis and regression analysis on the influencing factors of tourism flow [...] Read more.
This study’s purpose was to analyze the network structural characteristics, nodal roles, spatial structure, and evolution laws from the dual network perspective, and apply the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) to conduct correlation analysis and regression analysis on the influencing factors of tourism flow networks in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations. Using a mixed-method of social network and spatial analysis, Ucinet and ArcGIS software were used to comprehensively analyze the nodes in the travel routes covered in travel notes. The results show that the density of tourism flow network increases on the whole, while the spatial difference decreases, and the overall network density value is much lower than the average of the network density of provinces. Degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and the core–periphery structure analysis were used to examine the tourism function, distribution function, connection function and the position of nodes in the network, and nodes were divided into various types of roles according to their function. Meanwhile, the role changes of each node in different periods were also investigated. This study also builds an evaluation model of the influencing factors of the evolution of tourism flow network structure and uses QAP to find that the tourism network is affected by factors such as tourism resource endowment, transportation convenience, economic development level, tourism reception and service capacity. The research results are helpful for the Chinese government and tourism enterprises to understand the spatial behavior of tourists and its evolution rules, and to clarify the role and status of node cities in the tourism flow network and their influencing factors. It is of great significance for the formulation of joint marketing measures and promotion of the sustainable development of tourism in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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13 pages, 4869 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis on the Optimization of Evaporative Cooling Performance for Permeable Pavements
by Jinli Xie and Zuheng Zhou
Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4915; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14094915 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1720
Abstract
The phenomenon of urban heat islands is mainly caused by the increase of artificially hardened surfaces in cities, and it can be alleviated by using permeable pavements to dissipate latent heat. There are many disagreements on the cooling effect of permeable pavements, and [...] Read more.
The phenomenon of urban heat islands is mainly caused by the increase of artificially hardened surfaces in cities, and it can be alleviated by using permeable pavements to dissipate latent heat. There are many disagreements on the cooling effect of permeable pavements, and at present, it still needs more tests and modeling to prove this view. This paper proposes a 3-D transient model based on the heat transfer theory of porous media to accurately evaluate the cooling performance of permeable pavements. The influences of surface thermal parameters, storage depths, and spraying schemes on the cooling performance of permeable pavements are analyzed. The results show that compared with the peak temperature in the dry state, saturated permeable pavements can be significantly reduced. It is also found that the reflectivity of permeable pavements is positively correlated with the magnitude of temperature reduction and it has the most significant effect on the surface temperature among the discussed thermal parameters. A water storage layer with a thickness of 15 cm is recommended to balance economic costs and the cooling performance of permeable pavements. Based on the calculation results of the temperature reduction and cooling time, the optimal quantity of water spray is given innovatively. The proposed model can help improve the material components, structures, and maintenance methods of permeable pavements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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27 pages, 2739 KiB  
Article
A Sustainable Intermodal Location-Routing Optimization Approach: A Case Study of the Bohai Rim Region
by Bing Han, Shanshan Shi, Haotian Gao and Yan Hu
Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 3987; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14073987 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1491
Abstract
The optimal intermodal nodes and routes are two of the most challenging issues for intermodal participants. We present a two-phase approach that includes the fuzzy c-means clustering method (FCM) and a multi-objective optimization model to solve intermodal location-routing issues. A weighted sum technique [...] Read more.
The optimal intermodal nodes and routes are two of the most challenging issues for intermodal participants. We present a two-phase approach that includes the fuzzy c-means clustering method (FCM) and a multi-objective optimization model to solve intermodal location-routing issues. A weighted sum technique and a genetic algorithm (GA) are designed to address this model. The two-phase approach is beneficial in meeting different market demand preferences of intermodal participants. It also has applications in solving the sustainable intermodal location-routing problems, further solving the network optimization problem in large-scale scenarios. A typical intermodal transport network in the Bohai Rim region is used to verify the effectiveness of this approach. The results provide references for the participants in the Bohai Rim region to choose the optimal intermodal nodes and routes. The findings also offer theoretical insights for optimizing intermodal networks in other regions of China, with goals of improving sustainable transport efficiencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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18 pages, 4481 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Agent Model-Based Evolutionary Model of Port Service Value Network and Decision Preferences
by Yu Zhou, Shanshan Shi and Shaohua Wang
Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3565; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14063565 - 17 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1723
Abstract
The rise of value networks in the new economic era and the emergence of a common competitive advantage pose enormous challenges to the value-added approach of enterprises based on traditional value chains. Based on the customer-centered concept, the complementary effect of agents, and [...] Read more.
The rise of value networks in the new economic era and the emergence of a common competitive advantage pose enormous challenges to the value-added approach of enterprises based on traditional value chains. Based on the customer-centered concept, the complementary effect of agents, and other competition characteristics of the value network, this paper constructs a multi-agent-based value network evolution model. The influencing mechanism of customer preference on the number of value network entities and overall income is discussed through simulation analysis. The research shows that the influence of customer preference on the evolution and steady-state of the overall value of the value network is not significant. Customer preference plays a decisive role in the number of service subjects and the evolution of attributes. In different situations, the influence of customer preference on the number of subjects is significantly different. This means that customer power preference in the value network of port services is much higher than other preferences. The research results provide a decision-making basis for enterprises to break through the shackles of traditional value-added concepts, actively seek value network optimization schemes, and achieve timely responses to customer preferences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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12 pages, 2765 KiB  
Article
Exploration of Copula Models Use in Risk Assessment for Freezing and Snow Events: A Case Study in Southern China
by Qian Li, Liutong Chen, Zhengtao Yan and Yingjun Xu
Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2568; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14052568 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1381
Abstract
Due to cold waves, low and extremely low temperatures occur every winter. Sudden cooling can cause freezing and snow disasters, which seriously affect transportation, power, safety, and other activities, resulting in serious economic losses. Based on precipitation and average temperature data from 258 [...] Read more.
Due to cold waves, low and extremely low temperatures occur every winter. Sudden cooling can cause freezing and snow disasters, which seriously affect transportation, power, safety, and other activities, resulting in serious economic losses. Based on precipitation and average temperature data from 258 national meteorological stations over the past 70 years, this study established a historical freezing and snow event data set, extracting the accumulated precipitation intensity (API) and accumulated temperature intensity (ATI). We selected the optimal distribution function and joint distribution function for each station and calculated the univariate and bivariate joint return periods. The return period accuracy plays an important role in risk assessment results. By comparing the calculations with the real return period for historical extreme events, we found that the bivariate joint return period based on a copula model was more accurate than the univariate return period. This is important for the prediction and risk assessment of freezing and snow disasters. Additionally, a risk map based on the joint return period showed that Jiangsu and Anhui, as well as some individual stations in the central provinces, were high-risk areas; however, the risk level was lower in Chongqing and the southern provinces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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15 pages, 806 KiB  
Article
Do Tourists Really Care about Authenticity? A Study on Tourists’ Perceptions of Nature and Culture Authenticity
by Li Li and Shasha Li
Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2510; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14052510 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2994
Abstract
The role that authenticity plays in tourism is debatable. Researchers have focused on the nature of authenticity, while the natural landscape is taken for granted as authentic. “Landscape” is the symbolic environment created by human acts of conferring meaning to nature and the [...] Read more.
The role that authenticity plays in tourism is debatable. Researchers have focused on the nature of authenticity, while the natural landscape is taken for granted as authentic. “Landscape” is the symbolic environment created by human acts of conferring meaning to nature and the environment. The concept of nature authenticity is proposed to enrich the connotation of authenticity. A structural equation model was used to analyze the relationships between motivation, perceived authenticity, destination image and satisfaction. The results indicate that perceived authenticity positively affects tourists’ perceptions of the destination image in both the context of nature (β = 0.51, p < 0.01) and the cultural context (β = 0.65, p < 0.01). Perceived authenticity also has positive effects on the satisfaction for both the natural (β = 0.42, p < 0.01) and cultural (β = 0.20, p < 0.01) aspects. Tourists valued both nature and culture authenticity in the Chinese context. As a newly emerged phenomenon, performing arts act as an effective way to demonstrate local culture and history. The moderating effect of a performing art show was discussed with model comparison. Tourists who watched the performing arts show thought highly of the authenticity of the destination, especially regarding the cultural aspect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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13 pages, 21792 KiB  
Article
Evolution Analysis of the Coupling Coordination of Microclimate and Landscape Ecological Risk Degree in the Xiahuayuan District in Recent 20 Years
by Qiang Fan, Yue Shi, Xiaonan Song, Hui Li, Wei Sun and Feng Wu
Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1893; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031893 - 07 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1398
Abstract
Understanding the degree of interaction between microclimate and landscape risk in urban development is essential. This study analyzed the degree of interaction between microclimate and landscape ecological risk in 2000, 2010, and 2020 in the Xiahuayuan District in Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, China, [...] Read more.
Understanding the degree of interaction between microclimate and landscape risk in urban development is essential. This study analyzed the degree of interaction between microclimate and landscape ecological risk in 2000, 2010, and 2020 in the Xiahuayuan District in Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, China, using a coupled coordination degree model. The results show that the degree of landscape ecological risk in the Xiahuayuan District from 2000 to 2020 was mainly medium-high and high risk; the risk transfer area was 69.75 km2 and 107.76 km2 from 2000 to 2010 and 2010 to 2020, respectively. The surface temperature gradually decreased from west to east; the area of the middle temperate zone suitable for human habitation in 2000, 2010 and 2020 was 42.96%, 36.03% and 47.05%, respectively. The landscape ecological risk degree and surface temperature were closely related during the study period and interacted significantly. The coupling degree and coordination degree were dominated by high coupling degree and mutual coordination. The area of high coupling degree in 2000, 2010 and 2020 accounted for 79.53%, 78.07% and 85.06%, respectively; the area of mutual coordination degree accounted for 78.80%, 80.97% and 83.13%, respectively. The interaction between landscape ecological risk degree and surface temperature in the Xiahuayuan District was more evident, with strong coupling coordination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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17 pages, 3052 KiB  
Article
The Right to Accessible COVID-19 Testing in the Post-Epidemic Period under the Urban–Rural Integration: Haishu District, Ningbo City, China
by Xianjun Liang, Renfeng Ma, Yuxian Cheng, Qianqian Gong, Jiaming Li and Baoyu Zhu
Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1636; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031636 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2479
Abstract
The reasonable distribution of COVID-19 testing facilities is a crucial public necessity to protect the civil right of health and the proper functioning of society in the post-epidemic period. However, most of the current COVID-19 testing facilities are in large hospitals in China, [...] Read more.
The reasonable distribution of COVID-19 testing facilities is a crucial public necessity to protect the civil right of health and the proper functioning of society in the post-epidemic period. However, most of the current COVID-19 testing facilities are in large hospitals in China, partially overlooking the COVID-19 testing needs of rural dwellers. This paper used shortest-path analysis and the improved potential model to measure the accessibility of current and potential COVID-19 testing facilities, superimposing this with the testing demands of residents, as calculated by the population demand index, so as to comprehensively evaluate the equity of the spatial allocation of the current and potential testing facilities, with a particular focus on Haishu District, Ningbo City, China. The results revealed that the overall accessibility of the current testing facilities in Haishu District was high, while the internal spatial differentiation was considerable. The comprehensive accessibility of testing facilities gradually declined from the downtown areas towards the rural areas. Moreover, roughly half of the rural population needing COVID-19 tests encountered hindrances due to poor access to testing agencies. However, after fully exploiting the potential testing facilities, the comprehensive accessibility of testing facilities was significantly improved, and the inequity in the accessibility to testing facilities was effectively alleviated, which significantly improved the equity of the allocation of testing facilities in Haishu District. The leveraging of current medical facilities to boost the number of testing facilities in rural areas could eliminate the disparity of resource distribution caused by urban and rural binary opposition, and could quickly identify external sources of COVID-19 in rural areas in the post-epidemic period. Moreover, efficient COVID-19 testing combined with the travel records of infection carriers can effectively identify unknown infection cases and obviate large-scale infection outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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15 pages, 687 KiB  
Article
Heterogeneous Effects of Urban Sprawl on Economic Development: Empirical Evidence from China
by Mingdou Zhang, Yue Li, Rui Guo and Yurui Yan
Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1582; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031582 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2874
Abstract
Identifying the effects of urban sprawl on urban development is of strategic importance. This study takes 285 prefecture-level and above cities in China as research samples and empirically analyzes the heterogeneous impact of urban sprawl on economic development from 2009 to 2018. Results [...] Read more.
Identifying the effects of urban sprawl on urban development is of strategic importance. This study takes 285 prefecture-level and above cities in China as research samples and empirically analyzes the heterogeneous impact of urban sprawl on economic development from 2009 to 2018. Results indicate the threshold effect of urban sprawl on economic development. That is, moderate urban sprawl has a significantly positive influence on economic development, whereas excessive urban sprawl has a significantly negative impact on economic development. The empirical analysis also identifies heterogeneities in the effects of urban sprawl on economic development. Compared with the sprawls of small- and medium-sized cities, those of large cities have a greater negative impact on economic development. Compared with the sprawls of cities dominated by the tertiary industry, those of cities dominated by the secondary industry have a greater negative impact on economic development. Findings of this study have important policy implications for scientific urban expansion, reasonable urban spatial layout, and sustainable urban economic development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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17 pages, 3823 KiB  
Article
Environmental Protection, Industrial Structure and Urbanization: Spatiotemporal Evidence from Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China
by Shaojun Ma, Lei Li, Huimin Ke and Yilin Zheng
Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 795; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14020795 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2327
Abstract
The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH) is striving to realize the transformation process from a low-efficiency to a high-quality development mode; however, it still has problems regarding reducing energy consumption and ecological environment pressure. Based on panel data from 2013 to 2017, this paper [...] Read more.
The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH) is striving to realize the transformation process from a low-efficiency to a high-quality development mode; however, it still has problems regarding reducing energy consumption and ecological environment pressure. Based on panel data from 2013 to 2017, this paper proposes an evaluation index system based on BTH’s “environmental protection–industrial structure–urbanization” system. In the course of applying the coupling degree model (CDM) and the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) with exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) methods, this paper discusses the spatiotemporal process, development level, and spatial agglomeration characteristics of the environmental protection–industrial structure–urbanization system in each city of the BTH area. The findings reveal that the coupling degree of the BTH system is gradually increasing, and that the development level of the BTH subsystem is unbalanced: the coupling coordination level of BTH shows a positive evolution process; however, it is in a stage of low-level collaborative development, and there are obvious differences in the level of BTH coupling coordination in space, revealing the convergence of low–high and high–low types. This paper concludes by putting forward the strategy of optimizing the regional spatial pattern of urban agglomeration and implementing integrated development in order to achieve the desired coupling and coordination effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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19 pages, 5415 KiB  
Article
A Decision-Making Tool for Urban Planners: A Framework to Model the Interdependency among Land Use, Accessibility, Density, and Surface Runoff in Urban Areas
by Samith Madusanka, Chethika Abenayake, Amila Jayasinghe and Chaminda Perera
Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 522; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14010522 - 04 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2126
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the four-dimensional relationship between land use, accessibility, density, and surface runoff in urban areas. In contemporary literature, a series of studies have been conducted that extensively discuss the natural components associated with the surface runoff [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the four-dimensional relationship between land use, accessibility, density, and surface runoff in urban areas. In contemporary literature, a series of studies have been conducted that extensively discuss the natural components associated with the surface runoff in urban areas. However, the dynamic and complex dimensions of the urban form, such as land use, accessibility, and density, are yet to be fully understood. In this study, a 4D diagram was utilized to identify relationships between dimensions, in addition to decision tree analysis, to explore the structural flow between selected variables. Furthermore, a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed with the purpose of investigating the direct, indirect, and moderating effects on the targeted dependent variable, surface runoff. The results of the analysis reported a strong correlation between land use, accessibility, density, and surface runoff, with an R-squared value of 0.802, which indicates an acceptable model accuracy by the international standard. A positive relationship between the four dimensions was indicated by the higher accessibility; the higher density in terms of a higher floor space index (FSI), ground space index (GSI), and open space; the building height of the adjacent buildings; the higher diversity of the land use; and the higher surface runoff. Accordingly, the findings of the study offer policy implications in the fields of land use planning, zoning regulations and overall urban development planning towards achieving climate resilient cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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15 pages, 19936 KiB  
Article
Pedestrian-Level Wind Environment Assessment of Shenyang’s Residential Areas through Numerical Simulations
by Jiuhong Zhang and Xiaoqian Zhang
Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 380; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14010380 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1650
Abstract
In recent decades, increasing urbanization has increased construction land shortages, which has made people pay more attention to the utilization of vertical space. The emergence of more and more high-rise buildings has affected the wind environment at the pedestrian level, especially in residential [...] Read more.
In recent decades, increasing urbanization has increased construction land shortages, which has made people pay more attention to the utilization of vertical space. The emergence of more and more high-rise buildings has affected the wind environment at the pedestrian level, especially in residential areas. In this research, the typical patterns of the layouts of residential buildings in Shenyang were investigated and summarized, and the wind environment of the residential areas of different architecture layouts was simulated according to the climatic conditions in Shenyang. After analyzing the simulation results, a typical layout mode for the residential areas in Shenyang was developed to facilitate the establishment of a favorable wind environment. In comparison with different building layouts, a staggered layout of slab buildings, half-enclosed layout of point buildings with openings on the south side, slab-point combined buildings with slab buildings on the north side, and point buildings on the south side were found to be the most suitable layouts for Shenyang’s climate. Thus, this study can provide guidance to designers and urban planners in addition to practical suggestions for residential planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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14 pages, 1380 KiB  
Article
Study on Spatial Structure Characteristics of the Tourism and Leisure Industry
by Mingyu Zhao and Jianguo Liu
Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13117; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313117 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1718
Abstract
By taking Beijing as the case site, using open-source Point of Interest data, and employing spatial visualization techniques, this study explores the spatial structural characteristics of the Beijing tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors. It has been found that (1) the nearest [...] Read more.
By taking Beijing as the case site, using open-source Point of Interest data, and employing spatial visualization techniques, this study explores the spatial structural characteristics of the Beijing tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors. It has been found that (1) the nearest neighbor indexes of the tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors are all less than 1, indicating that the tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors in Beijing exhibit a spatial clustering distribution. Scenic spots have the largest R-value of 0.52 and, thus, the lowest degree of clustering. The minimum R-value of 0.15 is found in catering, marking the highest degree of clustering in the industry; (2) the main directional trend of the tourism and leisure industry and its sub-sectors in Beijing is the “northeast-southwest” direction, the south-north directional dispersion is dominant, and scenic spots demonstrate a more noticeable trend of spatial dispersion; (3) within the area from Sanlitun Street in the north to Panjiayuan Street in the south, and from Chaoyangmen Street in the west to Liulitun Street in the east, is situated the largest portion of cluster centers with the highest degree of clustering in Beijing’s tourism and leisure industry. The contiguous high-density cluster center of catering starts from Sanlitun Street in the north to Jinsong Street in the south, and from Chaoyangmen Street in the west to Liulitun Street in the east. The cluster of shopping and entertainment shows a checkerboard pattern in the CZCF and NUDZ. The high-value cluster of accommodation occurs primarily around Sanlitun, Panjiayuan, and Qianmen; (4) the distribution of three grades of hot spot areas and non-significant areas of tourism and leisure, catering, accommodation, and shopping and entertainment in Beijing demonstrates a circular pattern that centers around the CZCF and expands outward in sequence. High-value hot spot streets for this area are dominated by Beixinqiao Street, Hepingli Street, Sanlitun Street, Heping Street, and Tuanjiehu Street; and the high-value cold spot streets of the area are chiefly in Fuzizhuang Township, Wangping Town, Miaofeng Mountain Town, and Tanzhesi Town. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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23 pages, 128558 KiB  
Article
Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan
by Adil Dilawar, Baozhang Chen, Lifeng Guo, Shuan Liu, Muhammad Shafeeque, Arfan Arshad, Yawar Hussain, Muhammad Ateeq Qureshi, Alphonse Kayiranga, Fei Wang, Simon Measho and Huifang Zhang
Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12608; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132212608 - 15 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
This study investigates the relative role of land surface schemes (LSS) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Version 4, to simulate the heat wave events in Karachi, Pakistan during 16–23 May 2018. The efficiency of the WRF model was evaluated in [...] Read more.
This study investigates the relative role of land surface schemes (LSS) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Version 4, to simulate the heat wave events in Karachi, Pakistan during 16–23 May 2018. The efficiency of the WRF model was evaluated in forecasting heat wave events over Karachi using the three different LSS, namely NOAH, NOAH-MP, and RUC. In addition to this we have used the longwave (RRTM) and shortwave (Dudhia) in all schemes. Three simulating setups were designed with a combination of shortwave, longwave, and LSS: E1 (Dudhia, RRTM, and Noah), E2 (Dudhia, RRTM, and Noah-MP), and E3 (Dudhia, RRTM, and RUC). All setups were carried out with a finer resolution of 1 km × 1 km. Findings of current study depicted that E2 produces a more realistic simulation of daily maximum temperature T(max) at 2 m, sensible heat (SH), and latent heat (LH) because it has higher R2 and lower errors (BIAS, RMSE, MAE) compared to other schemes. Consequently, Noah-MP (LSS) accurately estimates T(max) and land surface heat fluxes (SH&LH) because uses multiple physics options for land atmosphere interaction processes. According to statistical analyses, E2 setup outperforms other setups in term of T(max) and (LH&SH) forecasting with the higher Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) agreement is 0.84 (0.89). This research emphasizes that the selection of LSS is of vital importance in the best simulation of T(max) and SH (LH) over Karachi. Further, it is resulted that the SH flux is taking a higher part to trigger the heat wave event intensity during May 2018 due to dense urban canopy and less vegetated area. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event played role to prolong and strengthen the heat wave period by effecting the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) through walker circulation extension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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17 pages, 4162 KiB  
Article
Ensemble Flood Risk Assessment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt under CMIP6 SSP-RCP Scenarios
by Lu Peng and Zhihui Li
Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12097; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132112097 - 02 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2825
Abstract
The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is an important part of China’s “two screens and three belts” strategic ecological security barrier, and the urban agglomeration along the YREB is the core of its economic development. However, it has suffered the most from frequent [...] Read more.
The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is an important part of China’s “two screens and three belts” strategic ecological security barrier, and the urban agglomeration along the YREB is the core of its economic development. However, it has suffered the most from frequent and severe flood disasters that were affected by torrential rains, urbanization, and human activities, with climate change intensifying the potential occurrence of flood disasters in this area. Based on the CMIP6 climate data, this study constructed a flood risk assessment index system and assessed the temporal and spatial changes of the flood risk in the YREB during 2020–2050 under four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios, including SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585. From the perspective of temporal change, the results showed that at the grid level, the area of middle-low risk (0.55 < R ≤ 0.65) accounted for 60% of the total area of the YREB and area of high-risk (R > 0.85) fluctuated first and then decreased under the four scenarios, with the area of high-risk being largest in the future under the SSP585 scenario. Specifically, at the city level, around half of the cities in the YREB had faced high flood risk and the risk showed an increasing trend during 2020–2050 under the SSP370 scenario. From the perspective of spatial change, the flood risk of the YREB presented a spatial pattern of low in the west and high in the east, with high risk mainly concentrated in the cities in the lower reaches of the YREB and also Chongqing and Sichuan. Compared with SSP126 and SSP245 scenarios, it showed that high-risk areas were larger under high emission scenarios SSP370 and SSP585, which were mostly concentrated in middle and lower reaches of the YREB and the cities of Chongqing and Chengdu during 2020–2050. Especially, flood risk showed an increasing trend in the middle and lower reaches of the YREB during 2020–2050, and the regions with high vulnerability would have greater socio-economic losses. The finding would provide scientific support for resilience improvement, risk reduction and management, and formulating policies to achieve green and sustainable development in the YREB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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16 pages, 2682 KiB  
Article
Spatial Structure Characteristics of Tourist Attraction Cooperation Networks in the Yangtze River Delta Based on Tourism Flow
by Yuewei Wang, Hang Chen and Xinyang Wu
Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12036; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132112036 - 31 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2996
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the spatial structure of the tourist attraction cooperation network in the Yangtze River Delta, from the perspective of tourist flow. This study conducted spatial and social network analyses of 470 popular tourist attractions in the Yangtze River Delta [...] Read more.
This study aimed to examine the spatial structure of the tourist attraction cooperation network in the Yangtze River Delta, from the perspective of tourist flow. This study conducted spatial and social network analyses of 470 popular tourist attractions in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, accounting for the occurrence and co-occurrence of tourist attraction information in tourist travel notes. The analyzed tourist attractions show an obvious spatial agglomeration effect, including four high-density agglomeration areas and two medium-density agglomeration areas. Degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality were used to examine the tourism function, distribution function, and connection function of nodes in the network; nodes were divided into various types of roles according to their function. There are eight condensed subgroups, but their scales are unbalanced. In these condensed subgroups, several tourist attractions with an intermediate function can be selected as transit and stopover points on tourist routes. This study can contribute to the understanding of tourists’ spatial behavior, clarify the role and status of nodes in the cooperation network of tourist attractions based on tourism flow, and help them to formulate measures for the joint marketing of tourist attractions, and promote the development of tourism in the Yangtze River Delta region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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19 pages, 4386 KiB  
Article
How Does China’s New Consumption Era Reshape Residents’ Shopping Behaviors from the Perspective of Community in Hohhot, China
by Fangqu Niu and Fang Wang
Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7599; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13147599 - 07 Jul 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
In the new consumption era, the popularization and application of information technology has continuously enriched residents’ consumption channels, gradually reshaping their consumption concepts and shopping behaviors. In this paper, Hohhot is taken as a case study, using open-source big data and field survey [...] Read more.
In the new consumption era, the popularization and application of information technology has continuously enriched residents’ consumption channels, gradually reshaping their consumption concepts and shopping behaviors. In this paper, Hohhot is taken as a case study, using open-source big data and field survey data to theorize the characteristics and mechanism of residents’ shopping behaviors in different segments of consumers based on geography. First, communities were divided into five types according to their location and properties: main communities in urban areas (MCs), historical communities in urban areas (HCs), high-grade communities in the outskirts of the city (HGCs), mid-grade communities in urban peripheries (MGCs), and urban villages (UVs). On this basis, a structural equation model is used to explore the characteristics of residents’ shopping behaviors and their influencing mechanisms in the new consumption era. The results showed that: (1) The online shopping penetration rate of residents in UVs and HCs is lowest, and that of residents in HGC is highest. (2) The types of products purchased in online and offline shopping by different types of community show certain differences. (3) From the perspective of influencing mechanisms, residents’ characteristics directly affect their shopping behaviors and, indirectly (through the choice of community where they live and their consumption attitudes), their differences in shopping behaviors. Different properties of communities cannot directly affect residents’ shopping behaviors, but they can affect them indirectly by influencing consumption attitudes and then affect such behaviors. Typical consumption attitudes of the new era, such as shopping for luxuries and emerging consumption, have the most significant and direct influence on shopping behaviors, as well as an intermediate and variable influence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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14 pages, 959 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Usage and Influencing Factors between Governmental Public Bicycles and Dockless Bicycles in Linfen City, China
by Xiaojia Guo, Chengpeng Lu, Dongqi Sun, Yexin Gao and Bing Xue
Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6890; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13126890 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2171
Abstract
Automobile traffic has shifted the use of bicycles in many developed regions to being mainly for sport, recreation and commuting. Due to the desire to mitigate the impacts of climate change and alleviate traffic jams, bicycle sharing is booming in China. Governmental public [...] Read more.
Automobile traffic has shifted the use of bicycles in many developed regions to being mainly for sport, recreation and commuting. Due to the desire to mitigate the impacts of climate change and alleviate traffic jams, bicycle sharing is booming in China. Governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles are the main types of bicycle sharing in China, each with different types of management and pricing. Field research has found that many bicycle sharing networks are idle and wasteful, and thus we investigated which type is more popular and suitable for Chinese cities. This research comparatively analyzes the application of governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles, mainly focusing on the cycling destination, cycling frequency, and cycling factors, taking Linfen City as an example. The results show that: (1) The purpose is different between governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles. On the one hand, the aim of riding a governmental public bicycle to work represents the largest proportion at about 29%, mainly because of the fixed route of travel, and the fact that the fixed placement of governmental public bicycles makes them more available compared to the random arbitrariness of dockless bicycles. On the other hand, the aim of riding a dockless bicycle for entertainment accounts for the largest proportion, at about 34%, mainly due to the ease of borrowing and returning a bike, and mobile payment. (2) In terms of frequency, the public’s choice of riding a dockless bicycle or a governmental public bicycle has no essential difference, given that there are only two options for citizens in Linfen. (3) The response to the two kinds of bicycle sharing is different; the governmental public bicycle has the advantage of lower cost, but the dockless bicycle has more advantages in the procedure of borrowing and returning the bicycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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19 pages, 8887 KiB  
Article
Spatial–Temporal Heterogeneity and the Related Influencing Factors of Tourism Efficiency in China
by Zhiliang Liu, Chengpeng Lu, Jinhuang Mao, Dongqi Sun, Hengji Li and Chenyu Lu
Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 5825; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13115825 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2725
Abstract
Tourism efficiency is an effective index of measuring the development quality of the tourism industry. In this study, the tourism efficiency of 30 provinces in China during the period from 2006 to 2018 was measured with the SBM model and Malmquist index. On [...] Read more.
Tourism efficiency is an effective index of measuring the development quality of the tourism industry. In this study, the tourism efficiency of 30 provinces in China during the period from 2006 to 2018 was measured with the SBM model and Malmquist index. On the basis of ESDA and GWR models, we explored the spatial pattern of China’s tourism efficiency and the spatial heterogeneity of the influencing factors in depth. The results revealed that China’s tourism efficiency has been constantly enhanced with an increasingly balanced pattern. Meanwhile, the utilization degrees of various input factors have constantly been improving. Both technological efficiency and technological progress jointly promote rapid growth of total-factor productivity. Accompanied with constant enhancement of the spatial agglomeration effect, the local spatial pattern also showed obvious differentiation. In general, low-efficiency regions were mainly concentrated in northern China, while high-efficiency regions were concentrated in southern China. The distinct spatial–temporal differentiation characteristics of tourist economic efficiency can be attributed to different influencing strengths of various factors in various regions and different action tendencies. The level of economic development, traffic conditions, the professional level of tourism, and openness degree can significantly promote tourism efficiency. Tourism resource endowment and environmental cost impose slight effects and differ in action direction, thereby inhibiting the tourism efficiency of many regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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21 pages, 5720 KiB  
Article
A Vector Map of Carbon Emission Based on Point-Line-Area Carbon Emission Classified Allocation Method
by Hongjiang Liu, Fengying Yan and Hua Tian
Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 10058; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su122310058 - 02 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3624
Abstract
An explicit spatial carbon emission map is of great significance for reducing carbon emissions through urban planning. Previous studies have proved that, at the city scale, the vector carbon emission maps can provide more accurate spatial carbon emission estimates than gridded maps. To [...] Read more.
An explicit spatial carbon emission map is of great significance for reducing carbon emissions through urban planning. Previous studies have proved that, at the city scale, the vector carbon emission maps can provide more accurate spatial carbon emission estimates than gridded maps. To draw a vector carbon emission map, the spatial allocation of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is crucial. However, the previous methods did not consider different carbon sources and their influencing factors. This study proposes a point-line-area (P-L-A) classified allocation method for drawing a vector carbon emission map. The method has been applied in Changxing, a representative small city in China. The results show that the carbon emission map can help identify the key carbon reduction regions. The emission map of Changxing shows that high-intensity areas are concentrated in four industrial towns (accounting for about 80%) and the central city. The results also reflect the different carbon emission intensity of detailed land-use types. By comparison with other research methods, the accuracy of this method was proved. The method establishes the relationship between the GHG inventory and the basic spatial objects to conduct a vector carbon emission map, which can better serve the government to formulate carbon reduction strategies and provide support for low-carbon planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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16 pages, 4091 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Neighboring Buildings on the Cold Island Effect of Central Parks: A Case Study of Beijing, China
by Dongrui Han, Xiaohuan Yang, Hongyan Cai and Xinliang Xu
Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9499; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su12229499 - 15 Nov 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2688
Abstract
Urban parks have been considered as an effective measure to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effects. Many studies have investigated the impacts of shape, size and interior components on the cold island effect (CIE) of parks, while little attention has been given [...] Read more.
Urban parks have been considered as an effective measure to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effects. Many studies have investigated the impacts of shape, size and interior components on the cold island effect (CIE) of parks, while little attention has been given to the impact of neighboring buildings. Thus, taking twenty-two parks in Beijing as samples, this study investigated the impacts of the neighboring building on the CIE of central parks. The results showed that the average land surface temperature (LST) of parks are 30.98 °C in summer and −1.10 °C in winter. Parks have a strong CIE in summer, and average cold island footprint (CIF) and LST difference are 0.15 km2 and 2.01 °C higher than that in winter. The components of the building in the CIF of parks are dominated by middle-rise building (MRB), followed by low-rise building (LRB), and high-rise building (HRB) is the least dominant. The percentage of landscape (PLAND) and landscape shape index (LSI) of MRB, and perimeter area fractal dimension (PAFRAC) of LRB are significantly related to CIF in summer and winter. This study could extend scientific understanding of the impacts of neighboring buildings on the CIE of central parks, and could guide urban planners in mitigating the UHI effects through the rational allocation of buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)
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