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Antibiotics
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Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human,...
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Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Stewardship".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 18205

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rosalia Crupi

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Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: veterinary pharmacology; veterinary toxicology; animal models of inflammation and neuroinflammation; neurotoxicology; animal science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Domenico Britti

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Guest Editor
Department of Health Science, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Interests: environmental toxicology, veterinary therapeutics; green veterinary pharmacology; ethnopharmacology; antimicrobial resistance; animal science
Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Crescenzo

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Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Casamassina km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
Interests: aquaculture; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; therapeutic drug monitoring; environmental toxicology
Dr. Carmine Merola

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
Interests: environmental toxicology; personal care products toxicity; fish acute toxicity tests; zebrafish; in vivo animal model; biomonitoring studies; bioindicators
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giulia Caioni

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Guest Editor
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
Interests: molecular biology; animal model; endocrine disruptors; zebrafish; nuclear receptors
Dr. Alessio Soggiu

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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: proteomics of host-pathogen interaction; immunoproteomics; metaproteomics; metagenomics; zoonotic and infectious diseases; bacterial competition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The emergence of and constant increase in the occurrence of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a global public health threat due to the lack of pharmacological methods to treat infections in humans and animals. Being ubiquitous, microorganisms represent a pool of antimicrobial traits in all ecological niches. The main drivers of antimicrobial resistance include the indiscriminate use and abuse of antimicrobials in human, animal, and environmental sectors. Given the strong and interdependent human, animal, and environmental interactions in the context of antimicrobial resistance, a coordinated approach such as the One-Health strategy is highly suitable to characterize and address this warning and emerging phenomenon.
This Special Issue aims to collect original papers and reviews investigating the issue of antimicrobial resistance in the context of the One-Health perspective. In particular, the main topics that should be discussed in this Special Issue include: the impact of the companion animal population and human–animal relationships on the cross-transmission of antimicrobial resistance traits; the influence of aquaculture on the diffusion of antibiotic residues to the terrestrial ecosystem via the food chain and its dispersion through wastewater in the aquatic ecosystems; the rule of domestic animal husbandry on antimicrobial resistance spread.

The topic of this Special Issue is perfectly in line with the aims and scope of the journal Antibiotics. This Special Issue aims to encourage the publication of original experimental and theoretical results that demonstrate how interactions between the main drivers of the antimicrobial resistance influence this emerging phenomenon. Moreover, the innovative data published in this issue could be helpful to implement the potential containment strategies against antimicrobial resistance.

Dr. Rosalia Crupi
Prof. Domenico Britti
Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Crescenzo
Dr. Carmine Merola
Dr. Giulia Caioni
Dr. Alessio Soggiu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antibiotics
  • resistant bacteria
  • human health
  • domestic and companion animals
  • environmental pollution

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1716 KiB  
Article
Microbial Community and Abundance of Selected Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Poultry Litter from Conventional and Antibiotic-Free Farms
by Camilla Smoglica, Muhammad Farooq, Fausto Ruffini, Fulvio Marsilio and Cristina Esmeralda Di Francesco
Antibiotics 2023, 12(9), 1461; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics12091461 - 19 Sep 2023
Viewed by 941
Abstract
In this study, a culture-independent approach was applied to compare the microbiome composition and the abundance of the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) aadA2 for aminoglycosides, tet(A), tet(B), tet(K), and tet(M) for tetracyclines, and mcr-1 for colistin in [...] Read more.
In this study, a culture-independent approach was applied to compare the microbiome composition and the abundance of the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) aadA2 for aminoglycosides, tet(A), tet(B), tet(K), and tet(M) for tetracyclines, and mcr-1 for colistin in broiler litter samples collected from conventional and antibiotic-free flocks located in Central Italy. A total of 13 flocks and 26 litter samples, collected at the beginning and at the end of each rearing cycle, were submitted to 16s rRNA sequence analysis and quantitative PCR for targeted ARGs. Firmicutes resulted in the dominant phylum in both groups of flocks, and within it, the Clostridia and Bacilli classes showed a similar distribution. Conversely, in antibiotic-free flocks, a higher frequency of Actinobacteria class and Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Corynebacteriaceae families were reported, while in the conventional group, routinely treated with antibiotics for therapeutic purposes, the Bacteroidia class and the Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillaceae families were predominant. All investigated samples were found to be positive for at least one ARG, with the mean values of aadA2 and tet(A) the highest in conventional flocks by a significant margin. The results suggest that antibiotic use can influence the frequency of resistance determinants and the microbial community in poultry flocks, even though other environmental factors should also be investigated more deeply in order to identify additional drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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16 pages, 1166 KiB  
Article
Detection of Potential Zoonotic Agents Isolated in Italian Shelters and the Assessment of Animal Welfare Correlation with Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains
by Antonio Cocco, Alessandra Alessiani, Romolo Salini, Federica Iapaolo, Daniela Averaimo, Cinzia Pompilii, Giovanni Foschi, Fabio Bellucci, Filomena Iannino, Paolo Dalla Villa, Anna Janowicz and Marco Caporale
Antibiotics 2023, 12(5), 863; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics12050863 - 06 May 2023
Viewed by 1644
Abstract
Welfare conditions in shelters, where dogs might be housed for a long period of time, may have a possible correlation with the occurrence of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In this study, we assessed the occurrence of AMR in 54 strains [...] Read more.
Welfare conditions in shelters, where dogs might be housed for a long period of time, may have a possible correlation with the occurrence of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In this study, we assessed the occurrence of AMR in 54 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from dogs housed in 15 Italian shelters and we correlated the resistance patterns to animal welfare. We also aimed to evaluate the presence of specific pathogens with zoonotic potential in sheltered dogs. Thus, nasopharyngeal, rectal, and oral swabs were collected from a group of 20 dogs in each shelter and totaled 758 swabs. We identified 9 Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, 1 Pasteurella multocida, 9 Staphylococcus aureus, 12 Campylobacter spp., 54 Escherichia coli, 2 Salmonella enterica, and 246 Capnocytophaga spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed for the E. coli isolates using a panel of 14 antibiotics. The highest level of relative AMR was recorded for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole. The association found between AMR and the levels of animal welfare scores in shelters was evident although not statistically significant. These results support the hypothesis that the good management of shelters can increase the level of animal welfare, thus reducing the use of antibiotics and, as a consequence, the AMR occurrence found in dogs that share their domestic environment with humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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13 pages, 2175 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Dogs and Cats in South Korea
by Ji-Hyun Choi, Md. Sekendar Ali, Bo-Youn Moon, Hee-Young Kang, Su-Jeong Kim, Hyun-Ju Song, Abraham Fikru Mechesso, Dong-Chan Moon and Suk-Kyung Lim
Antibiotics 2023, 12(4), 745; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics12040745 - 13 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1597
Abstract
Overall, 836 Escherichia coli isolates (695 isolates from dogs and 141 from cats) were recovered from the diarrhea, skin/ear, urine, and genitals of dogs and cats between 2018 and 2019. Cefovecin and enrofloxacin resistance were noted in 17.1% and 21.2% of E. coli [...] Read more.
Overall, 836 Escherichia coli isolates (695 isolates from dogs and 141 from cats) were recovered from the diarrhea, skin/ear, urine, and genitals of dogs and cats between 2018 and 2019. Cefovecin and enrofloxacin resistance were noted in 17.1% and 21.2% of E. coli isolates, respectively. The cefovecin and enrofloxacin resistance rates were higher in dog isolates (18.1% and 22.9%) compared with the rates in cat isolates (12.1%, 12.8%). Interestingly, resistance to both antimicrobials was noted in 10.8% (90/836) of the isolates, predominantly in isolates from dogs. blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, and blaCMY-2 were the most frequent extended-spectrum β-lactamase/plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (ESBL/AmpC)- gene types. The co-existence of blaCTX-M andblaCMY-2 was noted in six E. coli isolates from dogs. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that S83L and D87N in gyrA and S80I in parC were the most frequent point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the cefovecin and enrofloxacin-resistant isolates. A total of 11 isolates from dogs carried the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (six aac(6’)-Ib-cr, four qnrS, and one qnrB), while only two cat isolates carried the qnrS gene. Multilocus sequence typing of the cefovecin and enrofloxacin-resistant isolates revealed that sequence type (ST)131 E. coli carrying blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 genes and ST405 E. coli carrying blaCMY-2 gene were predominant among the isolated E. coli strains. The majority of the ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates displayed diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. This study demonstrated that third-generation cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli were widely distributed in companion animals. The detection of the pandemic ST131 clone carrying blaCTX-M-14/15 in companion animals presented a public health threat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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13 pages, 1499 KiB  
Article
Genomic Evidence for Direct Transmission of mecC-MRSA between a Horse and Its Veterinarian
by Ervin Albert, Judit Sahin-Tóth, Andrea Horváth, Márton Papp, Imre Biksi and Orsolya Dobay
Antibiotics 2023, 12(2), 408; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics12020408 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1832
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bearing the mecC gene (mecC-MRSA) has been reported from animals and humans in recent years. This study describes the first mecC-MRSA isolates of human and equine origin in Hungary (two isolates from horses and one from a [...] Read more.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bearing the mecC gene (mecC-MRSA) has been reported from animals and humans in recent years. This study describes the first mecC-MRSA isolates of human and equine origin in Hungary (two isolates from horses and one from a veterinarian, who treated one of the infected horses, but was asymptomatic). MRSA isolates were identified by cultivation and PCR detection of the species-specific spa gene and mecA/mecC methicillin resistance genes. The isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, MLST, spa, SCCmec typing, PFGE and whole genome sequencing (WGS). All three isolates belonged to the ST130-t843-SCCmec XI genotype, and carried the mecC and blaZ genes. Apart from beta-lactam drugs, they were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. The isolates of the infected horse and its veterinarian had the same PFGE pulsotype and showed only slight differences with WGS. Hence, this is the first description of direct transmission of a mecC-carrying MRSA between a horse and its veterinarian. The emergence of mecC in the country highlights the importance of the appropriate diagnostics in MRSA identification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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15 pages, 4497 KiB  
Article
Genomic Study of Chromosomally and Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Determinants in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates Obtained from a Tertiary Hospital in Al-Kharj, KSA
by Ehssan Moglad, Nuor Alanazi and Hisham N. Altayb
Antibiotics 2022, 11(11), 1564; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11111564 - 06 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1630
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an emergent pathogen causing respiratory tract, bloodstream, and urinary tract infections in humans. This study defines the genomic sequence data, genotypic and phenotypic characterization of K. pneumoniae clinically isolated from Al-Kharj, KSA. Whole-genome analysis of four K. pneumoniae strains was [...] Read more.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an emergent pathogen causing respiratory tract, bloodstream, and urinary tract infections in humans. This study defines the genomic sequence data, genotypic and phenotypic characterization of K. pneumoniae clinically isolated from Al-Kharj, KSA. Whole-genome analysis of four K. pneumoniae strains was performed, including de novo assembly, functional annotation, whole-genome-phylogenetic analysis, antibiotic-resistant gene identification, prophage regions, virulent factor, and pan-genome analysis. The results showed that K6 and K7 strains were MDR and ESBL producers, K16 was an ESBL producer, and K8 was sensitive to all tested drugs except ampicillin. K6 and K7 were identified with sequence type (ST) 23, while K16 and K8 were identified with STs 353 and 592, respectively. K6 and K7 were identified with the K1 (wzi1 genotype) capsule and O1 serotype, while K8 was identified with the K57 (wzi206 genotype) capsule and O3b. K6 isolates harbored 10 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) associated with four different plasmids; the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catB3), blaOXA-1 and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes were detected in plasmid pB-8922_OXA-48. K6 and K7 also carried a similar gene cassette in plasmid pC1K6P0122-2; the gene cassettes were the trimethoprim-resistant gene (dfrA14), integron integrase (IntI1), insertion sequence (IS1), transposase protein, and replication initiation protein (RepE). Two hypervirulent plasmids were reported in isolates K6 and K7 that carried synthesis genes (iucA, iucB, iucC, iucD, and iutA) and iron siderophore genes (iroB, iroC, iroD, and iroN). The presence of these plasmids in high-risk clones suggests their dissemination in our region, which represents a serious health problem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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14 pages, 990 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections in Companion Animals in Central Italy
by Camilla Smoglica, Giulia Evangelisti, Caterina Fani, Fulvio Marsilio, Michele Trotta, Francesca Messina and Cristina Esmeralda Di Francesco
Antibiotics 2022, 11(10), 1363; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11101363 - 06 Oct 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1852
Abstract
The available data on antimicrobial resistance in pets are limited compared to those collected for food-producing animals. Bacterial urinary tract infections are some of the most important indications for antimicrobial use in pets, and empiric antimicrobial treatments are often administered in the presence [...] Read more.
The available data on antimicrobial resistance in pets are limited compared to those collected for food-producing animals. Bacterial urinary tract infections are some of the most important indications for antimicrobial use in pets, and empiric antimicrobial treatments are often administered in the presence of clinical signs. In this study, the results obtained from the laboratory investigations carried out on dogs and cats with urinary tract infections coming from veterinary clinics and practices in Central Italy were evaluated to provide additional data concerning the bacterial urinary pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in pets. A total of 635 isolates were collected from urine samples. Escherichia coli was the most common species recovered in dogs and cats, followed by Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus spp. Furthermore, it was possible to isolate bacteria not usually described in other studies concerning pets such as Pantoea dispersa, Raoultella ornithinolytica, and Pasteurella pneumotropica (also known as Rodentibacter pneumotropicus). Based on the antimicrobial susceptibility results, 472/635 (74.3%) isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 285/635 (44.8%) isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. Monitoring the antibiotic resistance profiles in pet infections is important not only for the public health implications, but also to collect data useful for the treatment of diseases in pets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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Review

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12 pages, 1023 KiB  
Review
Personal Care Products as a Contributing Factor to Antimicrobial Resistance: Current State and Novel Approach to Investigation
by Giulia Caioni, Elisabetta Benedetti, Monia Perugini, Michele Amorena and Carmine Merola
Antibiotics 2023, 12(4), 724; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics12040724 - 07 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the world’s industrialized nations’ biggest issues. It has a significant influence on the ecosystem and negatively affects human health. The overuse of antibiotics in the healthcare and agri-food industries has historically been defined as a leading factor, [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the world’s industrialized nations’ biggest issues. It has a significant influence on the ecosystem and negatively affects human health. The overuse of antibiotics in the healthcare and agri-food industries has historically been defined as a leading factor, although the use of antimicrobial-containing personal care products plays a significant role in the spread of AMR. Lotions, creams, shampoos, soaps, shower gels, toothpaste, fragrances, and other items are used for everyday grooming and hygiene. However, in addition to the primary ingredients, additives are included to help preserve the product by lowering its microbial load and provide disinfection properties. These same substances are released into the environment, escaping traditional wastewater treatment methods and remaining in ecosystems where they contact microbial communities and promote the spread of resistance. The study of antimicrobial compounds, which are often solely researched from a toxicological point of view, must be resumed considering the recent discoveries, to highlight their contribution to AMR. Parabens, triclocarban, and triclosan are among the most worrying chemicals. To investigate this issue, more effective models must be chosen. Among them, zebrafish is a crucial study system because it allows for the assessment of both the risks associated with exposure to these substances as well as environmental monitoring. Furthermore, artificial intelligence-based computer systems are useful in simplifying the handling of antibiotic resistance data and speeding up drug discovery processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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17 pages, 1188 KiB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Frequency of Antibiotic-Resistant Clostridium Species in Saudi Arabia
by Saeed S. Banawas
Antibiotics 2022, 11(9), 1165; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11091165 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2744
Abstract
Clostridium is a genus comprising Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that cause a variety of diseases. However, there is a shortage of information regarding antibiotic resistance in the genus in Saudi Arabia. This comprehensive analysis of research results published up until December 2021 [...] Read more.
Clostridium is a genus comprising Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that cause a variety of diseases. However, there is a shortage of information regarding antibiotic resistance in the genus in Saudi Arabia. This comprehensive analysis of research results published up until December 2021 intends to highlight the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium species in Saudi Arabia. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, SDL, and ScienceDirect databases were searched using specific keywords, and ten publications on antibiotic resistance in Clostridium species in Saudi Arabia were identified. We found that the rates of resistance of Clostridium difficile to antibiotics were as follows: 42% for ciprofloxacin, 83% for gentamicin, 28% for clindamycin, 25% for penicillin, 100% for levofloxacin, 24% for tetracycline, 77% for nalidixic acid, 50% for erythromycin, 72% for ampicillin, and 28% for moxifloxacin; whereas those of C. perfringens were: 21% for metronidazole, 83% for ceftiofur, 39% for clindamycin, 59% for penicillin, 62% for erythromycin, 47% for oxytetracycline, and 47% for lincomycin. The current findings suggest that ceftiofur, erythromycin, lincomycin, and oxytetracycline should not be used in C. perfringens infection treatments in humans or animals in Saudi Arabia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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14 pages, 796 KiB  
Systematic Review
Plants with Antimicrobial Activity Growing in Italy: A Pathogen-Driven Systematic Review for Green Veterinary Pharmacology Applications
by Cristian Piras, Bruno Tilocca, Fabio Castagna, Paola Roncada, Domenico Britti and Ernesto Palma
Antibiotics 2022, 11(7), 919; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11070919 - 08 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2230
Abstract
Drug resistance threatening humans may be linked with antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance in other species, especially among farm animals and, more in general, in the entire environment. From this perspective, Green Veterinary Pharmacology was proven successful for the control of parasites in small [...] Read more.
Drug resistance threatening humans may be linked with antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance in other species, especially among farm animals and, more in general, in the entire environment. From this perspective, Green Veterinary Pharmacology was proven successful for the control of parasites in small ruminants and for the control of other pests such as varroa in bee farming. As in anthelmintic resistance, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the major challenges against the successful treatment of infectious diseases, and antimicrobials use in agriculture contributes to the spread of more AMR bacterial phenotypes, genes, and proteins. With this systematic review, we list Italian plants with documented antimicrobial activity against possible pathogenic microbes. Methods: The literature search included all the manuscripts published since 1990 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using the keywords (i) “antimicrobial, plants, Italy”; (ii) “antibacterial, plant, Italy”; (iii) “essential oil, antibacterial, Italy”; (iv) “essential oil, antimicrobial, Italy”; (v) “methanol extract, antibacterial, Italy”; (vi) “methanol extract, antimicrobial, Italy”. Results: In total, 105 manuscripts that documented the inhibitory effect of plants growing in Italy against bacteria were included. One hundred thirty-five plants were recorded as effective against Gram+ bacteria, and 88 against Gram−. This will provide a ready-to-use comprehensive tool to be further tested against the indicated list of pathogens and will suggest new alternative strategies against bacterial pathogens to be employed in Green Veterinary Pharmacology applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in One Health Perspective: New Insights in Human, Animal, and Environment Interlace)
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