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Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives
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Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 26311

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Frantisek Durovsky

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering and Mechatronics, Technical University of Kosice, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
Interests: control of electric drives and mechatronic systems; control of industrial lines; nonlinear control and estimators; load torque emulators; automotive electrical systems
Dr. Pavol Makys

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Power Systems and Electric Drives, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia
Interests: motor control; sensorless control; sliding mode control; vector control; estimation; observers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric drives convert electrical energy into mechanical work. Drives are found in different industrial applications, transportation, robotics, motion control, CNC machines, medical devices, etc. Because electrical drives consume about 70% of the total electricity produced, improving their properties, especially accuracy and efficiency, is of considerable economic importance. In the past, the effort to improve the electric drives properties was focused on modifying the design of electrical machines; however, after the arrival of power electronics and microprocessors, the situation changed significantly. Advances in power electronics have enabled the design of power converters with a higher efficiency, higher reliability, smaller dimensions, and higher dynamics. The embedding of a computer into the control of inverters and drives brought bout new, previously unfeasible control algorithms, and significantly improved the properties of electric drives.

In recent years, many new control strategies have been developed in the control of electrical drives. There are focused on increasing the performance and precision of drives, especially in motion control applications, as well as on the improvement of drive efficiency and reliability.

The growing computing power and speed of processors makes it possible to apply ever larger calculations and more complex control algorithms in real time. This is a challenge and at the same time an opportunity for researchers to try and verify new approaches to solving technical problems.

In this Special Issue, original research articles are welcome. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Soft computing methods in electrical drives: nonlinear control, observers and estimators, application of fuzzy control for modelling and neural networks, robust control, and predictive control;
  • Sensor-less control of drives;
  • Drives for robotic applications;
  • Applications of modern methods in industrial drives;
  • Embedded control of drives;
  • Load torque emulators;
  • Servo drives and advanced motion control;
  • Energy optimal control of drives;
  • Development and testing of new control strategies: real time models, hardware in loop testing and control, and rapid prototyping;
  • Self-diagnostics, fault tolerant control of electrical drives, and predictive maintenance.

Dr. Frantisek Durovsky
Dr. Pavol Makys
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electrical drives
  • Soft computing methods
  • Nonlinear control
  • Estimators and observers
  • Predictive and robust control
  • Advanced motion control
  • HIL and rapid prototyping
  • Load torque emulators
  • Sensor-less control of drives
  • Energy optimal control

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1868 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study and Optimization of Switching Functions for Sliding-Mode Observer in Sensorless Control of PMSM
by Karol Kyslan, Viktor Petro, Peter Bober, Viktor Šlapák, František Ďurovský, Mateusz Dybkowski and Matúš Hric
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2689; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072689 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2633
Abstract
The sensorless control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has attracted wide attention due to its high reliability, economic and safety benefits. A fast and high-precision rotor-position estimation is inevitable for the implementation of sensorless control. Sliding-mode observer (SMO) is a preferred [...] Read more.
The sensorless control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has attracted wide attention due to its high reliability, economic and safety benefits. A fast and high-precision rotor-position estimation is inevitable for the implementation of sensorless control. Sliding-mode observer (SMO) is a preferred solution for sensorless control by many industrial companies. This article addresses the comparison of different switching functions employed in the control structure of sensorless field-oriented control with SMO. The switching functions are classified and their influence on the performance of the PMSM is verified for different shaping coefficients (SC). In addition, a statistical evaluation of the switching functions is provided to find the optimal values of SC. An experimental and statistical evaluation validated the substitutability of signum and hyperbolic switching functions and optimal values of SC have been found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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25 pages, 15648 KiB  
Article
Finite-Time, Robust, and Adaptive Motion Control with State Constraints: Controller Derivation and Real Plant Experiments
by Marcin Jastrzębski, Jacek Kabziński and Przemysław Mosiołek
Energies 2022, 15(3), 934; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15030934 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1854
Abstract
The paper refers to one of the most important problems in industrial automation and robotics—effective motion control in the presence of state variable constraints. A new, nonlinear, adaptive, robust, and practically applicable motion controller for a motor-driven servo is proposed. The developed controller [...] Read more.
The paper refers to one of the most important problems in industrial automation and robotics—effective motion control in the presence of state variable constraints. A new, nonlinear, adaptive, robust, and practically applicable motion controller for a motor-driven servo is proposed. The developed controller guarantees that the transient of the motion is practically finished in a predefined time, and after this moment, the desired motion trajectory is tracked with specified accuracy, inviolable, time-variable constraints imposed on the position and the velocity are preserved, and all these features are robust against disturbances and violations of the system’s parameters. This approach, distinguished by the fact that the settling time and the quasi-steady-state tracking accuracy are explicitly available design parameters, has never been described before. The controller is based on a special type of time-varying barrier Lyapunov function (BLF), responsible for the finite-time tracking and for meeting the constraints. The derivation of the controller is based on Lyapunov stability theory. A mixture of robust adaptive, nonlinear control techniques is applied to prove the system’s stability. Numerous simulations and experiments with a real permanent-magnet motor- driven servo prove the practical applicability and usefulness of the presented approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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14 pages, 2909 KiB  
Article
Compensation of Torque-Producing Stator Current Error for Vector-Controlled Induction Motor Drives
by Martin Kuchar, Petr Palacky, Daniela Perdukova and Martin Sobek
Energies 2022, 15(3), 815; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15030815 - 23 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2303
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed analysis of dynamic properties and accuracy issues of the torque-producing stator current control loop for vector-controlled induction motor drives. In this paper, a necessary mathematical description of vector control of an induction motor is shown with respect to [...] Read more.
This paper presents a detailed analysis of dynamic properties and accuracy issues of the torque-producing stator current control loop for vector-controlled induction motor drives. In this paper, a necessary mathematical description of vector control of an induction motor is shown with respect to the x-axis and y-axis current control in the rotating reference frame. A derivation of a steady-state error for the torque-producing stator current control scheme with and without a decoupling algorithm is described. The presented derivation and dynamic behavior of both these schemes were extensively tested in the MATLAB-SIMULINK software, considering different values for the moment of inertia. This solution was implemented in a DSC-based induction motor drive using a voltage source inverter to obtain experimental results. Moreover, the advantages of using the presented decoupling block for compensation of the problem are discussed at the end of the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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12 pages, 33002 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Permanent Magnet Parameters in Axial Flux Rotary Converter for HEV Drive
by Ales Havel, Martin Sobek, Libor Stepanec and Jan Strossa
Energies 2022, 15(3), 724; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15030724 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1446
Abstract
This paper focuses on the development and optimization of a special hybrid electric vehicle arrangement known as a four-quadrant rotary converter. The introduction summarizes the main advantages and disadvantages of existing topologies in radial and axial flux arrangements. Based on previous experience, we [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the development and optimization of a special hybrid electric vehicle arrangement known as a four-quadrant rotary converter. The introduction summarizes the main advantages and disadvantages of existing topologies in radial and axial flux arrangements. Based on previous experience, we developed a novel axial flux arrangement that eliminates the problems and disadvantages associated with existing radial flux solutions. In addition, this paper evaluates and subsequently describes the optimization of permanent magnet parameters in an axial flux rotary converter unit. A number of 3D finite element method optimizations were performed to find the optimal mass distribution of permanent magnets on the frontal area of the outer rotor in the axial flux rotary converter unit. The optimization involved the permanent magnets’ material, shape, and thickness in order to achieve maximal efficiency of the entire unit while leaving its nominal output power and speed unaffected. The results show an increase in the overall theoretical efficiency of the outer rotor unit from 90.2% to 94.4% following the optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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17 pages, 5166 KiB  
Article
Model Reference Adaptive Control and Fuzzy Neural Network Synchronous Motion Compensator for Gantry Robots
by Chin-Sheng Chen and Nien-Tsu Hu
Energies 2022, 15(1), 123; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010123 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2709
Abstract
A model reference adaptive control and fuzzy neural network (FNN) synchronous motion compensator for a gantry robot is presented in this paper. This paper proposes the development and application of gantry robots with MRAC and FNN online compensators. First, we propose a model [...] Read more.
A model reference adaptive control and fuzzy neural network (FNN) synchronous motion compensator for a gantry robot is presented in this paper. This paper proposes the development and application of gantry robots with MRAC and FNN online compensators. First, we propose a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) under the cascade control method to make the reference model close to the real model and reduce tracking errors for the single axis. Then, a fuzzy neural network compensator for the gantry robot is proposed to compensate for the synchronous errors between the dual servo motors to improve precise movement. In addition, an online parameter training method is proposed to adjust the parameters of the FNN. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method improves the synchronous errors of the gantry robot and demonstrates the methodology in this paper. This study also successfully integrates the hardware and successfully verifies the proposed methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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16 pages, 4575 KiB  
Article
Self-Correcting Virtual Current Sensor Based on the Modified Luenberger Observer for Fault-Tolerant Induction Motor Drive
by Michal Adamczyk and Teresa Orlowska-Kowalska
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6767; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206767 - 17 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1898
Abstract
Fault-tolerant control (FTC) solutions are increasingly being used in modern drive systems with AC motors. Such systems provide a higher degree of security and solutions that allow the on-line detection and localization of failures, as well as the switching of the control mode [...] Read more.
Fault-tolerant control (FTC) solutions are increasingly being used in modern drive systems with AC motors. Such systems provide a higher degree of security and solutions that allow the on-line detection and localization of failures, as well as the switching of the control mode to a mode that allows us to continue the operation or safely stop the drive system. As the current sensors (CSs) are necessary to ensure precise control of the AC motors, in the event of their failure, one of two strategies can be used—hardware or software redundancy. The first strategy requires the use of additional measuring sensors. For this reason, the algorithmic solution, based on the Luenberger Observer (LO), has been proposed in this article as one of the software redundancy methods. In contrast to methods presented in the literature, the proposed solution allows one not only to compensate the stator current in a phase with a faulty CS, but also to adjust the correction of current estimation based on a measured signal in the other phase with a healthy CS. Extensive simulation studies in the direct rotor flux-oriented control (DRFOC) structure with the induction motor (IM) confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, the proposed solution allows the drive system to be controlled even if all CSs are damaged. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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23 pages, 6271 KiB  
Article
Integrated, Multi-Approach, Adaptive Control of Two-Mass Drive with Nonlinear Damping and Stiffness
by Jacek Kabziński and Przemysław Mosiołek
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14175475 - 02 Sep 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1394
Abstract
In numerous electric drive applications, the mechanical phenomena in the velocity or position control loop determine real difficulties and challenges for the control system. So-called two-mass drive systems with a flexible shaft are the most important example of this situation. The problem becomes [...] Read more.
In numerous electric drive applications, the mechanical phenomena in the velocity or position control loop determine real difficulties and challenges for the control system. So-called two-mass drive systems with a flexible shaft are the most important example of this situation. The problem becomes even more difficult if the characteristics of torque transmission along the shaft are nonlinear, nonlinear friction is present, and the plant parameters are unknown, as it happens in numerous robotic systems. A novel adaptive controller is derived for such a system. The recurrent design procedure is based on proper modifications of the adaptive backstepping scheme, including non-strict-feedback plant application, tuning functions to exclude controller overparameterization, robust adaptive laws, proper means to avoid controller complexity explosion, and a nonlinear PI controller in the initial loop to minimize quasi-steady-state tracking error. The closed-loop system uniform ultimate boundedness is proven using Lyapunov techniques and the design and tuning procedures are described. The attractive features of the obtained drive, including the robustness against the violation of assumptions, are presented using several examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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25 pages, 7687 KiB  
Article
Sensorless Speed Control of Brushed DC Motor Based at New Current Ripple Component Signal Processing
by Michal Vidlak, Lukas Gorel, Pavol Makys and Michal Stano
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5359; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14175359 - 28 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4195
Abstract
Signal processing of the brushed DC motor current was developed in this paper to obtain information about a rotor speed from a measured motor current. The brushed DC motor current contains a signal with a frequency proportional to the rotor speed. This signal [...] Read more.
Signal processing of the brushed DC motor current was developed in this paper to obtain information about a rotor speed from a measured motor current. The brushed DC motor current contains a signal with a frequency proportional to the rotor speed. This signal is the outcome of a commutation process occurring in the brushed DC motor, and it is called a ripple component. Since the number of ripples in the measured motor current per one rotation is constant, the rotor speed can be estimated. A discrete bandpass filter with a floating bandwidth was developed as the main part of signal processing. This new interpretation of the bandpass filter was used to extract a frequency of the ripple component from the measured motor current. This frequency was used to acquire information about the estimated rotor speed. The estimated speed was set as a feedback value to a cascade control structure to provide sensorless speed control. The advantages and limitations of this approach are presented in this paper. Based on simulations and experimental results, it was confirmed that the proposed sensorless speed control is robust, accurate, and works precisely in a wide range of speeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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18 pages, 9565 KiB  
Article
A Current Sensor Fault Tolerant Control Strategy for PMSM Drive Systems Based on Cri Markers
by Kamila Jankowska and Mateusz Dybkowski
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3443; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14123443 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2543
Abstract
The paper describes a vector-controlled fault tolerant control (FTC) structure for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. As a control algorithm, the classical field oriented control was applied. For the proper operation of this drive, minimum two current sensors are necessary, however, in [...] Read more.
The paper describes a vector-controlled fault tolerant control (FTC) structure for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. As a control algorithm, the classical field oriented control was applied. For the proper operation of this drive, minimum two current sensors are necessary, however, in the FTC drives additional redundant transducers are applied. Each measuring sensor, including current sensors, are susceptible to damage and can lead to unstable operation of the drive. The presented control structure, with a diagnostic and compensation system, is robust to the typical current sensor faults—lack of signal, intermittent signal, variable gain, signal noise and signal saturation. The fault detection algorithm is based on the signal method. The fault diagnostic system is tested in two control algorithms—the scalar control and vector control ones—to demonstrate the transient of the faulted signals, detection signals and detection time. After current sensor fault appearance, its influence on the control structure, especially speed transient, is compensated using non-sensitive components. The analysis is presented for all the abovementioned faults for different speed conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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18 pages, 5958 KiB  
Article
MRAS-Based Switching Linear Feedback Strategy for Sensorless Speed Control of Induction Motor Drives
by Mohamed Amine Fnaiech, Jaroslaw Guzinski, Mohamed Trabelsi, Abdellah Kouzou, Mohamed Benbouzid and Krzysztof Luksza
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3083; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14113083 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2961
Abstract
This paper presents a newly designed switching linear feedback structure of sliding mode control (SLF-SMC) plugged with an model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based sensorless field-oriented control (SFOC) for induction motor (IM). Indeed, the performance of the MRAS depends mainly on the operating [...] Read more.
This paper presents a newly designed switching linear feedback structure of sliding mode control (SLF-SMC) plugged with an model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based sensorless field-oriented control (SFOC) for induction motor (IM). Indeed, the performance of the MRAS depends mainly on the operating point and the parametric variation of the IM. Hence, the sliding mode control (SMC) could be considered a good control alternative due to its easy implementation and robustness. Simulation and experimentation results are presented to show the superiority of the proposed SLF-SMC technique in comparison with the classical PI controller under different speed ranges and inertia conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Methods to Control of Electric Drives)
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