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Design and Analysis of Electric Machines

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D1: Advanced Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 59816

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hyun-Kyo Jung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
Interests: design and analysis of electric machines (Induction motor, permanent-magnet motor, LSM, LIM, LPM, ultrasonic motor, transformers, and etc.); numerical analysis; bioelectromagnetism; analysis of microwave passive devices
Prof. Dr. Sang-Yong Jung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
Interests: optimal design methodology for electric machines; numerical methodology of coupled problem analysis; automated in-house analysis and design program; real-time simulator based on a numerically identified model

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Owing to recent technological breakthroughs, electric machines are an important intermediate that transforms primary and renewable energy sources to operate diverse applications. In particular, demand for electric machines with remarkable performance and high efficiency to overcome globally issued regulations on energy efficiency has been increasing remarkably. Therefore, various studies on profound electric machine design and analysis techniques have led to development of innovative machine topology for improved efficiency and machine capability. For these reasons, we are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies, regarding the subject of ‘Design and Analysis of Electric Machines’.

This Special Issue aims to publish recent advancements, technical challenges, and novel design methodologies for electric machine with respect to AC/DC power machines, PM/PM-free machines, and high-torque/speed machines. Herein, classical issues regarding electric machine optimization, electromagnetic analysis, coupled multiphysics analysis, and design overcomes are also appreciated, when the applicant’s unique approach on the issue is included. Furthermore, specialized issues that are relevant to the following topics and others, even if not directly specified, which cover aspects of design and analysis of electric machines, will be welcome as well.

  • Numerical methodologies for electric machine performance;
  • Analysis on electric machine for electromechanical dynamics;
  • Electromagnetic loss identification for enhanced electric machine efficiency;
  • Electric machine modeling with realistic material property;
  • Design optimization associated with multiphysics analysis;
  • Noise, vibration and heat analysis on electric machine;
  • Running behavior of electric machines driven by a new control algorithm.

Applications may cover electric vehicles, robotics, machinery, home appliances, electric aircraft, unmanned propulsion systems, energy conversion systems, etc. Particularly, articles that deal with the latest topics on the new employment of electric machines are much encouraged. We intend to inspire both academic and industrial researchers to present their latest findings on electric machines and associated applications, to provide readers with comprehensive, unbiased, and scientifically sound overview of the most recent research and technological developments.

Prof. Dr. Hyun-Kyo Jung
Prof. Dr. Sang-Yong Jung
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Numerical analysis
  • Electric machine modeling
  • Novel topology
  • Optimal design
  • Magnetic material
  • Electromagnetic loss
  • Mechanical loss
  • Efficiency
  • Coupled analysis
  • Control algorithm
  • NVH(Noise, vibration, and harshness)
  • Thermal field analysis
  • Special machines

Published Papers (23 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 7543 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a Five-Phase Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor for Fault-Tolerant Drive
by Muhammad H. Iftikhar, Byung-Gun Park and Ji-Won Kim
Energies 2021, 14(2), 514; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14020514 - 19 Jan 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3138
Abstract
Reliability is a fundamental requirement in electric propulsion systems, involving a particular approach in studies on system failure probabilities. An intrinsic improvement to the propulsion system involves introducing robust architectures such as fault-tolerant motor drives to these systems. Considering the potential for hardware [...] Read more.
Reliability is a fundamental requirement in electric propulsion systems, involving a particular approach in studies on system failure probabilities. An intrinsic improvement to the propulsion system involves introducing robust architectures such as fault-tolerant motor drives to these systems. Considering the potential for hardware failures, a fault-tolerant design approach will achieve reliability objectives without recourse to optimized redundancy or over-sizing the system. Provisions for planned degraded modes of operation are designed to operate the motor in fault-tolerant mode, which makes them different from the pure design redundancy approach. This article presents how a five-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor operates under one- or two-phase faults, and how the system reconfigures post-fault motor currents to meet the torque and speed requirement of reliable operation that meets the requirements of an electric propulsion system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 13545 KiB  
Article
Interturn Short-Circuit Fault Detection of a Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
by Zhongyi Yang and Yiguang Chen
Energies 2021, 14(2), 434; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14020434 - 15 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1823
Abstract
Interturn short circuits are a common fault of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). This paper proposes a new method to detect the interturn short-circuit fault (ISCF) of a five-phase PMSM. The method first takes the command voltage and measured current of each phase [...] Read more.
Interturn short circuits are a common fault of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). This paper proposes a new method to detect the interturn short-circuit fault (ISCF) of a five-phase PMSM. The method first takes the command voltage and measured current of each phase winding as the original signal and then obtains the delay signal orthogonal to the original signal via Hilbert transform. Then, the generalized instantaneous reactive power of each phase can be calculated from the orthogonal voltage and current signals of each phase. Finally, the influence of the ISCF on the generalized instantaneous reactive power of each phase is analyzed under different working conditions. By comparing the difference in the generalized instantaneous reactive power of each phase, it can be determined which phase winding has the ISCF. The proposed method is verified by simulated and experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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14 pages, 4257 KiB  
Article
Impact of Selected Methods of Cogging Torque Reduction in Multipolar Permanent-Magnet Machines
by Zbigniew Goryca, Sebastian Różowicz, Antoni Różowicz, Artur Pakosz, Marcin Leśko and Henryk Wachta
Energies 2020, 13(22), 6108; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13226108 - 21 Nov 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2207
Abstract
This paper focuses on the matter of cogging torque reduction by combining various methods of cogging torque minimization. Due to the high costs of prototype construction, cogging torque is minimized during the design phase by using numerical methods, while computer simulations are used [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the matter of cogging torque reduction by combining various methods of cogging torque minimization. Due to the high costs of prototype construction, cogging torque is minimized during the design phase by using numerical methods, while computer simulations are used to find a magnetic circuit arrangement for which the cogging torque has the smallest possible value. Cogging torque occurs as a result of combined impact of the magnetic field of a permanent magnet located at rotor and stator with variable magnetic conductivity depending on an angle of rotation. It is a pulsating torque and occurs permanently during machine operation, impacting the operation of the entire device cooperating with the electric machine and causing vibrations, tension, and noise. It results in braking torque and subsequent power losses and leads to faster wear and tear of machine structural elements. High cogging torque values cause problems with rotational speed adjustment. In the case of electric generators used in wind power plants, it impedes the start-up of power plants at high wind speeds. Considering the above, the reduction of cogging torque in permanent-magnet machines is extremely important. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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12 pages, 10654 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Integer and Non-Integer Order Models of Synchronous Generator
by Szymon Racewicz, Filip Kutt, Michał Michna and Łukasz Sienkiewicz
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13174416 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1808
Abstract
This article presents a comparison between integer and non-integer order modelling of a synchronous generator, in the frequency domain as well as in the time domain. The classical integer order model was compared to one containing half-order systems. The half-order systems are represented [...] Read more.
This article presents a comparison between integer and non-integer order modelling of a synchronous generator, in the frequency domain as well as in the time domain. The classical integer order model was compared to one containing half-order systems. The half-order systems are represented in a Park d-q axis equivalent circuit as impedances modelled by half-order transmittances. Using a direct method based on the approximation of the half-order derivatives by the Grünwald–Letnikov definition, a state-space equation system was solved. For both models, a computational program written in Matlab® software was used. For the purpose of time domain simulation, the machine models were connected to an electric load composed of an RL circuit. To validate and compare both models, simulation results of a three-phase short-circuit and a no-load voltage recovery were compared with corresponding measurements performed on a solid salient-pole synchronous generator of 125 kVA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 2399 KiB  
Article
A Constrained Non-Linear Model Predictive Controller for the Rotor Flux-Oriented Control of an Induction Motor Drive
by Fabiano C. Rosa and Edson Bim
Energies 2020, 13(15), 3899; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13153899 - 31 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2322
Abstract
Predictive controllers have been extensively studied and applied to electrical drives, mainly because they provide fast dynamic responses and are suitable for multi-variable control and non-linear systems. Many approaches perform the prediction and optimization process on-line, which requires a high computational capacity for [...] Read more.
Predictive controllers have been extensively studied and applied to electrical drives, mainly because they provide fast dynamic responses and are suitable for multi-variable control and non-linear systems. Many approaches perform the prediction and optimization process on-line, which requires a high computational capacity for fast dynamics, such as, for example, the control of AC electric motors. Due to the complexity of embedding constraints in controller design, which demands a high computational capacity to solve the optimization problem, off-line approaches are one of the choices to overcome this problem. However, these strategies do not deal with the inherent constraints of the drive system, which significantly simplifies the design of the controller. This paper proposes a non-linear and multi-variable predictive controller to control the speed and rotor flux of an induction motor, where the constraints are treated after the controller design. Besides dealing with the constraints of the electric drive system, our proposal allows increasing the stability of the system when the model does not incorporate disturbances and when parameter incompatibilities occur. Several computer simulations and experimental tests were performed to evaluate the behavior of the proposed controller, showing good performance to track the controlled variables under normal operating conditions, under load disturbances, parametric incompatibility, and at a very low rotor speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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19 pages, 5190 KiB  
Article
A Simple Analytical Model of Static Eccentricity for PM Brushless Motors and Validation through FEM Analysis
by Andrea Del Pizzo, Luigi Pio Di Noia and Emanuele Fedele
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3420; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13133420 - 02 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
The paper firstly summarizes a simple analytical model of the air gap flux-density distribution for isotropic permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines, in the presence of static eccentricity. The model was proposed by the authors in a previous paper and is based on an [...] Read more.
The paper firstly summarizes a simple analytical model of the air gap flux-density distribution for isotropic permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines, in the presence of static eccentricity. The model was proposed by the authors in a previous paper and is based on an efficacious analytical expression of the variable length of air gap magnetic field lines which occur in eccentric brushless machines with surface-mounted permanent magnets. The approximate expression of the air gap field makes it possible to achieve a mathematical model with concentrated parameters close to that of a PM machine without eccentricity. The expression of the armature voltages and electromagnetic torque are found, also with reference to steady-state operating conditions at fixed rotor speed and impressed currents. The differences introduced by the considered type of eccentricity are evaluated and highlighted especially with reference to the air gap inductance and to waveforms and frequency spectra of voltages and shaft torque. Numerical results in a case-study of an 8-pole, 110 kW PM motor are compared to those obtained by using finite element analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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15 pages, 6088 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design of IPMSM for FCEV Using Novel Immune Algorithm Combined with Steepest Descent Method
by Ji-Chang Son, Young-Rok Kang and Dong-Kuk Lim
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3395; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13133395 - 02 Jul 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1955
Abstract
In this paper, the Novel Immune Algorithm (NIA) is proposed for an optimal design of electrical machines. By coupling the conventional Immune Algorithm and Steepest Descent Method, the NIA can perform fast and exact convergence to both global solutions and local solutions. Specifically, [...] Read more.
In this paper, the Novel Immune Algorithm (NIA) is proposed for an optimal design of electrical machines. By coupling the conventional Immune Algorithm and Steepest Descent Method, the NIA can perform fast and exact convergence to both global solutions and local solutions. Specifically, the concept of an antibody radius is newly introduced to improve the ability to navigate full areas effectively and to find new peaks by excluding already searched areas. The validity of the NIA is confirmed by mathematical test functions with complex objective function regions. The NIA is applied to an optimal design of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor for fuel cell electric vehicles and to derive an optimum design with diminished torque ripple. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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10 pages, 2467 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetic and Thermal Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Motor Considering the Effect of Articulated Robot Link
by Phuong Thi Luu, Ji-Young Lee, Ji-Heon Lee and Jung-Woo Park
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13123239 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2254
Abstract
This paper presents the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in a joint actuator which is used for articulated robot application. In an attempt to design a compact PMSM for the articulated robot, robot link should be taken [...] Read more.
This paper presents the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in a joint actuator which is used for articulated robot application. In an attempt to design a compact PMSM for the articulated robot, robot link should be taken into consideration during the motor design process as it can reduce the temperature distribution on motor, thus reducing the volume of the motor. A lumped-parameter thermal model of PMSM with and without a link is proposed considering the core loss, copper loss, and mechanical loss as heat sources. The electromagnetic and thermal analysis results are well confirmed by the experiment in a 400 W 20-pole/24-slot PMSM. The experiment results show that the robot link helps to reduce the motor end-winding temperature by about 40%, and this leads to an increase in power density of the motor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 8927 KiB  
Article
On-Load Characteristics of Local and Global Forces in Co-Axial Magnetic Gear with Reference to Additively Manufactured Parts of Modulator
by Marcin Kowol, Janusz Kołodziej, Rafał Gabor, Marian Łukaniszyn and Mariusz Jagieła
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3169; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13123169 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2231
Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of local and global forces acting on the ferromagnetic material of a modulator in a co-axial magnetic gear, taking several design variants and the impact of loading into account. The analyses include a modulator with cores manufactured from [...] Read more.
The paper presents an analysis of local and global forces acting on the ferromagnetic material of a modulator in a co-axial magnetic gear, taking several design variants and the impact of loading into account. The analyses include a modulator with cores manufactured from a soft-magnetic composite material and two variants made from electrical steel with laminations stacked in different directions. Variations of local forces acting on individual pole pieces of the modulator are analyzed at different loads, showing that the force spectra are subject to significant variation with an increasing load. The presented magnetostatic analyses are extended by structural analysis that provides estimation of stress and displacement for the modulator assembled from additively manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-plastic parts. The analysis carried out for the least favorable design case of the magnetic circuit of the modulator shows that an application of the technology is significantly restricted by the magnetic gear torque volumetric density. Some changes to the modulator mechanical design are proposed in the paper to mitigate the drawbacks of this technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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11 pages, 3453 KiB  
Article
Performance Characteristics of Single-Phase Self-Excited Induction Generators with an Iron Core of Various Non-Grain Oriented Electrical Sheets
by Krzysztof Makowski and Aleksander Leicht
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13123166 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2322
Abstract
This paper deals with the computation of the performance characteristics of the single-phase self-excited induction generator by field–circuit method. It presents and compares previously unpublished results—self-excitation and no-load characteristics of the generator for different rotor speeds, and complete load steady-state performance characteristics for [...] Read more.
This paper deals with the computation of the performance characteristics of the single-phase self-excited induction generator by field–circuit method. It presents and compares previously unpublished results—self-excitation and no-load characteristics of the generator for different rotor speeds, and complete load steady-state performance characteristics for various types of the core materials. The discrepancies between the performance characteristics of the generator for the catalog’s magnetization curves of different types of electrical sheets and for an actual magnetic core of the generator for self-excitation transients and load steady-state are presented. The results may be useful for designing new constructions of single-phase self-excited induction generators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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14 pages, 6328 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Design of a High-Performance Traction Motor for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
by Dong-Kyu Lee and Jong-Suk Ro
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3150; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13123150 - 17 Jun 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4303
Abstract
Due to environmental issues and depletion of resources, global attentiveness in electric vehicles (EVs) is growing. In particular, research on high specification motors for driving large EVs has attracted a lot of attention. In this study, an analysis and design process for a [...] Read more.
Due to environmental issues and depletion of resources, global attentiveness in electric vehicles (EVs) is growing. In particular, research on high specification motors for driving large EVs has attracted a lot of attention. In this study, an analysis and design process for a motor that can be universally applied in heavy vehicles to reduce environmental pollution was introduced. Motors for driving heavy vehicles require high specifications. Thus, an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with a delta-shaped magnet array was used to improve the torque and power characteristics. A step skew rotor structure was also used to dampen vibration and noise by minimizing the high-order harmonics in the cogging torque. The proposed analysis and design approach also reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the back electromotive force (EMF). The effectiveness of the proposed analysis and design process and the usefulness of the resulting high-performance traction motor for heavy-duty vehicles were verified via the finite element method (FEM) and by experiment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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13 pages, 2574 KiB  
Article
Methodology for Asynchronous Motor Impedance Measurement by Using Higher Order Harmonics
by Karolis Dambrauskas, Jonas Vanagas, Saulius Bugenis, Tomas Zimnickas and Artūras Kalvaitis
Energies 2020, 13(10), 2541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13102541 - 17 May 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2678
Abstract
The control methods of asynchronous motors have changed during past decades. In the past, asynchronous motors were connected to grid directly. Later, thyristors as switching element-based frequency converters for asynchronous motors have appeared. Today, asynchronous motors are controlled with variable speed drives that [...] Read more.
The control methods of asynchronous motors have changed during past decades. In the past, asynchronous motors were connected to grid directly. Later, thyristors as switching element-based frequency converters for asynchronous motors have appeared. Today, asynchronous motors are controlled with variable speed drives that are frequency converters consisting of IGBT power modules as switching elements that form the output voltage for asynchronous motors. Because of IGBT’s high switching speed of around few kilohertz, higher order harmonics appear in the output voltage. Their influence was not analyzed in the past as the methodology of asynchronous motor winding resistance measurement was under development. In this article, a new methodology of motor resistance measurement for mass production is introduced. The resistance—compared to higher order harmonics values between the windings of benchmark and tested motors—gives an ability to faster and more accurately determine a motor’s characteristics and losses induced by higher order harmonics that appear when a motor is powered by a variable speed drive. Motor winding’s inductance dependency on the current of magnetic biasing and the higher frequency of voltage is analyzed in this article. In addition, the simulation model of resistance to higher order harmonics of motor measurement is introduced and analyzed in this article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 3608 KiB  
Article
Altered Grey Wolf Optimization and Taguchi Method with FEA for Six-Phase Copper Squirrel Cage Rotor Induction Motor Design
by Chih-Hong Lin
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2282; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13092282 - 05 May 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1986
Abstract
This paper presents an altered grey wolf optimization, the Taguchi method, and finite element analysis (FEA) with two-phase multi-objective optimization for the design of a six-phase copper squirrel cage rotor induction motor (SCSCRIM). The multi-objective optimization design with high-performance property aims to achieve [...] Read more.
This paper presents an altered grey wolf optimization, the Taguchi method, and finite element analysis (FEA) with two-phase multi-objective optimization for the design of a six-phase copper squirrel cage rotor induction motor (SCSCRIM). The multi-objective optimization design with high-performance property aims to achieve lower starting current, lower losses, lower input power, higher efficiency, higher output torque, and higher power factor. The multi-objective optimization design with high-performance property using the altered grey wolf optimization, the Taguchi method, and FEA in the first-phase program is used for minimizing the starting current, stator iron loss, stator copper loss, and input power. The multi-objective optimization design with high-performance property using the altered grey wolf optimization, the Taguchi method, and FEA in the second-phase program is used for maximizing the efficiency, output torque, and power factor. Finally, the proposed skill with higher performances is evaluated and verified via a two-phase program design and some performance tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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15 pages, 4288 KiB  
Article
Method for Diagnosing a Short-Circuit Fault in the Stator Winding of a Motor Based on Parameter Identification of Features and a Support Vector Machine
by Hisahide Nakamura and Yukio Mizuno
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2272; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13092272 - 04 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3916
Abstract
Motors are widely used in various industrial fields as key power sources, and their importance is increasing. According to the failure occurrence rates of the parts in an electric motor, a short-circuit fault of the winding due to the deterioration of the insulation [...] Read more.
Motors are widely used in various industrial fields as key power sources, and their importance is increasing. According to the failure occurrence rates of the parts in an electric motor, a short-circuit fault of the winding due to the deterioration of the insulation is among the most probable. An easy and effective method for diagnosing faults is needed to ensure the working condition of a motor with high reliability. This paper proposes a novel method for diagnosing a slight turn-to-turn short-circuit fault in a stator winding that involves an impulse test, parameter identification, and diagnosis. In this work, impulse tests were conducted; the measured voltage characteristics are discussed. Next, the parameter identification of the coefficients of the equivalent circuit of the impulse test was performed using particle swarm optimization. Finally, diagnosis was performed based on a support vector machine that has high classification ability, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified experimentally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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12 pages, 4883 KiB  
Article
Electric Motor Design of an Integrated Motor Propulsor for Unmanned Vehicles: The Effect of Waterproofing Can
by Ji-Young Lee and Phuong Thi Luu
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2227; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13092227 - 03 May 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2964
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of waterproofing can on the electromagnetic performance and thermal characteristic of the electric motor, which is a major part of an integrated motor propulsor for unmanned vehicles. To satisfy the design target, the electromagnetic performance of a designed [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effect of waterproofing can on the electromagnetic performance and thermal characteristic of the electric motor, which is a major part of an integrated motor propulsor for unmanned vehicles. To satisfy the design target, the electromagnetic performance of a designed motor with variable thickness and materials of waterproofing can was examined by two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) considering its eddy current loss. The thermal problem of the motor with waterproofing was solved by using an analytical lumped parameter thermal network method based on the motor losses which was obtained from FEA. A 39-kW electric motor and proper waterproofing can be manufactured and tested to verify the analytical expectation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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13 pages, 6477 KiB  
Article
Dual-Inverter-Controlled Brushless Operation of Wound Rotor Synchronous Machines Based on an Open-Winding Pattern
by Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari, Ghulam Jawad Sirewal, Faheem Akhtar Chachar and Jong-Suk Ro
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2205; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13092205 - 02 May 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2321
Abstract
In an open-winding machine, three-phase stator currents can be controlled such that the input armature currents may contain the third-harmonic current component in addition to the fundamental. Considering this attribute of open-winding patterns, a harmonic current field excitation technique for a wound rotor [...] Read more.
In an open-winding machine, three-phase stator currents can be controlled such that the input armature currents may contain the third-harmonic current component in addition to the fundamental. Considering this attribute of open-winding patterns, a harmonic current field excitation technique for a wound rotor synchronous machine (WRSM) is proposed in this paper based on the control of time-harmonic magneto-motive force. Two inverters connected to both terminals of the stator winding are controlled so that the input armature current generates an additional third-harmonic current component. This third-harmonic component generates a vibrating magnetic field that induces a current in the specially designed rotor harmonic winding. The current is supplied as DC current to the rotor excitation winding to generate a rotor field by using a full-bridge diode rectifier in order to achieve brushless operation. The proposed dual-inverter-controlled brushless operation for a WRSM is executed in ANSYS Maxwell using 2-D finite element analysis to validate its operation and electromagnetic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 3056 KiB  
Article
A Study on an Improved Three-Winding Coupled Inductor Based DC/DC Boost Converter with Continuous Input Current
by Amir Farakhor, Mehdi Abapour, Mehran Sabahi, Saeid Gholami Farkoush, Seung-Ryle Oh and Sang-Bong Rhee
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1780; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13071780 - 07 Apr 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2277
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel high voltage conversion gain DC/DC boost converter for renewable energy applications and systems. The proposed converter utilizes a three-winding coupled inductor. The presented converter benefits from a unique advantage, as the actual turn ratio of the coupled inductor [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a novel high voltage conversion gain DC/DC boost converter for renewable energy applications and systems. The proposed converter utilizes a three-winding coupled inductor. The presented converter benefits from a unique advantage, as the actual turn ratio of the coupled inductor is decreased in the charging state of the coupled inductor. However, while the inductor is discharging, the actual turn ratio is increased. This feature leads to a very high voltage conversion gain. Furthermore, a passive clamp circuit is employed to recover the leakage current of the coupled inductor. The voltage stresses on the semiconductors are also reduced. In addition, the average current of the primary side of the coupled inductor is zero. This will reduce the total energy stored in the passive elements of the converter. The paper analyzes the Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and the operation principles of the presented converter are thoroughly derived. A 250 W laboratory hardware prototype is prepared to verify the proper operation of the presented converter. The obtained experimental results validate the feasibility of the presented converter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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21 pages, 9125 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Verification of a Wide Input Voltage PWM Converter with Variable Windings
by Bor-Ren Lin and Ji-Wei Chang
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1634; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13071634 - 02 Apr 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
A three-leg pulse-width modulation converter with auxiliary windings is provided and investigated to realize wide voltage operation and zero voltage switching characteristics on power switches. The presented converter has three converter legs on the input-side and two sets of winding turns on the [...] Read more.
A three-leg pulse-width modulation converter with auxiliary windings is provided and investigated to realize wide voltage operation and zero voltage switching characteristics on power switches. The presented converter has three converter legs on the input-side and two sets of winding turns on the output-side. Owing to the on/off states of the three converter legs and the two sets of secondary winding turns, the proposed converter can be operated under three different equivalent circuits to have wide input voltage operation from 30V ~ 240V (Vin,max = 8Vin,min). Compared with the multi-stage converters to realize wide input voltage operation, the proposed circuit topology has fewer circuit components and a simple control algorithm. Conventional duty cycle control with phase-shift between each converter leg is adopted to regulate load voltage and also accomplish zero voltage switching on active switches. The presented three-leg converter is tested with a laboratory circuit. Finally, experiments testify to the performance and validity of the presented converter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 1727 KiB  
Article
An Improved LPTN Method for Determining the Maximum Winding Temperature of a U-Core Motor
by Bin Li, Liang Yan and Wenping Cao
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1566; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13071566 - 28 Mar 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2210
Abstract
In a traditional lumped-parameter thermal network, no distinction is made between the heat and non-heat sources, resulting in both larger heat flux and temperature drop in the uniform heat source. In this paper, an improved lumped-parameter thermal network is proposed to deal with [...] Read more.
In a traditional lumped-parameter thermal network, no distinction is made between the heat and non-heat sources, resulting in both larger heat flux and temperature drop in the uniform heat source. In this paper, an improved lumped-parameter thermal network is proposed to deal with such problems. The innovative aspect of this proposed method is that it considers the influence of heat flux change in the heat source, and then gives a half-resistance theory for the heat source to achieve the temperature drop balance. In addition, the coupling relationship between the boundary temperature and loading position of the heat generator is also added in the lumped-parameter thermal network, so as to amend the loading position and nodes’ temperature through iterations. This approach breaks the limitation of the traditional lumped-parameter thermal network: that the heat generator can only be loaded at the midpoint, which is critical to determining the maximum temperature in asymmetric heat dissipation. By adjusting the location of heat generator and thermal resistances of each branch, the accuracy of temperature prediction is further improved. A simulation and an experiment on a U-core motor show that the improved lumped-parameter thermal network not only achieves higher accuracy than the traditional one, but also determines the loading position of the heat generator well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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16 pages, 4527 KiB  
Article
± 180° Discontinuous PWM for Single-Phase PWM Converter of High-Speed Railway Propulsion System
by Min-Sup Song, In-Ho Cho and Jae-Bum Lee
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1550; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13071550 - 26 Mar 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2352
Abstract
As high-capacity alternating current/direct current (ac/dc) power conversion systems, single-phase pulse-width modulation (PWM) converters used in high-speed railway propulsion systems adopt high-voltage Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) as switching elements. Due to their high breakdown voltage characteristics, the switching dynamics are inferior to those [...] Read more.
As high-capacity alternating current/direct current (ac/dc) power conversion systems, single-phase pulse-width modulation (PWM) converters used in high-speed railway propulsion systems adopt high-voltage Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) as switching elements. Due to their high breakdown voltage characteristics, the switching dynamics are inferior to those of low-voltage IGBTs and switching losses are more dominant than conduction losses despite operating at relatively low switching frequencies of hundreds to several kHz. To solve this problem, this paper proposes ± 180° discontinuous PWM (DPWM) suitable for a single-phase circuit. With the simple addition of offset voltages, the proposed DPWM method can be implemented easily and switching losses can be reduced by half by clamping the switching legs of the H-bridge converter to the positive or negative dc rail during every half cycle. In addition, temperature deviation between the power stacks can be minimized by using selective application of clamping modes. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed DPWM are verified through simulations and experiments of a prototype converter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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11 pages, 3294 KiB  
Article
Semi-Analytical Modeling and Analysis of Halbach Array
by Min-Seob Sim and Jong-Suk Ro
Energies 2020, 13(5), 1252; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13051252 - 08 Mar 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3425
Abstract
Analysis of Halbach array placed in open space by using finite element method involves substantial consumption of memory, time, and cost. To address this problem, development of a mathematical modeling and analytic analysis method for Halbach array can be a solution, but research [...] Read more.
Analysis of Halbach array placed in open space by using finite element method involves substantial consumption of memory, time, and cost. To address this problem, development of a mathematical modeling and analytic analysis method for Halbach array can be a solution, but research on this topic is currently insufficient. Therefore, a novel mathematical modeling and analytic analysis method for Halbach array in open space is proposed in this study, which is termed as the Ampere model and the Biot–Savart law (AB method). The proposed AB method can analyze the Halbach array rapidly and accurately with minimal consumption of memory. The usefulness of the AB method in terms of accuracy and memory and time consumption is verified by comparing the AB method with finite element method in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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20 pages, 5710 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Evaluation of Stator and Rotor Faults for Induction Motors
by Jing Tang, Jie Chen, Kan Dong, Yongheng Yang, Haichen Lv and Zhigang Liu
Energies 2020, 13(1), 133; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13010133 - 26 Dec 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3463
Abstract
The modeling of stator and rotor faults is the basis of the development of online monitoring techniques. To obtain reliable stator and rotor fault models, this paper focuses on dynamic modeling of the stator and rotor faults in real-time, which adopts a multiple-coupled-circuit [...] Read more.
The modeling of stator and rotor faults is the basis of the development of online monitoring techniques. To obtain reliable stator and rotor fault models, this paper focuses on dynamic modeling of the stator and rotor faults in real-time, which adopts a multiple-coupled-circuit method by using a winding function approach for inductance calculation. Firstly, the model of the induction machine with a healthy cage is introduced, where a rotor mesh that consists of a few rotor loops and an end ring loop is considered. Then, the stator inter-turn fault model is presented by adding an extra branch with short circuit resistance on the fault part of a stator phase winding. The broken rotor bar fault is then detailed by merging and removing the broken-bar-related loops. Finally, the discrete models under healthy and faulty conditions are developed by using the Tustin transformation for digital implementation. Moreover, the stator and rotor mutual inductances are derived as a function of the rotor position according to the turn and winding functions distribution. Simulations and experiments are performed on a 2.2-kW/380-V/50-Hz three-phase and four-pole induction motor to show the performance of the stator and rotor faults, where the saturation effect is considered in simulations by exploiting the measurements of a no load test. The simulation results are in close agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, magnitudes of the characteristic frequencies of 2f1 in torque and (1 ± 2s)f1 in current are analyzed to evaluate the stator and rotor fault severity. Both indicate that the stator fault severity is related to the short circuit resistance. Further, the number of shorted turns and the number of continuous broken bars determines the rotor fault severity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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12 pages, 5263 KiB  
Article
Influence of Manufacturing and Assembly Defects and the Quality of Materials on the Performance of an Axial-Flux Switched Reluctance Machine
by Pere Andrada, Balduí Blanqué, Eusebi Martínez, José Ignacio Perat, José Antonio Sánchez and Marcel Torrent
Energies 2019, 12(24), 4807; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12244807 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2618
Abstract
This paper investigated the influence of manufacturing and assembly defects and the quality of materials on the performance of an axial-flux switched reluctance machine (AFSRM). An AFSRM drive was designed and built for the in-wheel propulsion of an electric scooter. The motor was [...] Read more.
This paper investigated the influence of manufacturing and assembly defects and the quality of materials on the performance of an axial-flux switched reluctance machine (AFSRM). An AFSRM drive was designed and built for the in-wheel propulsion of an electric scooter. The motor was tested according to the standard IEC 60349-Part 1, but the obtained results were below the expected result. The causes of the discrepancy between the simulated and experimental results were analyzed. After an exhaustive study, manufacturing and assembly deficiencies and the quality of materials were identified as the main causes of the mentioned discrepancies. Static torque was used to assess the impact of the different causes in these discrepancies. Finally, some recommendations are proposed to improve the construction of this kind of machine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Electric Machines)
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