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Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 25917

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Dr. Piotr Gołębiowski

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Guest Editor

Division of Transportation Systems Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: railways; organization of railway traffic; modeling of transport systems and processes; organization and management; public transport
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Jolanta Żak

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Guest Editor

Division of Transportation Systems Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: modeling of transport systems and processes; logistics; mathematical modeling; operations research
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Dr. Jacek Kukulski

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Guest Editor

Division of Traffic Control and Transport Infrastructure, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: railway infrastructure; diagnostic railway infrastructure; tribology; residual stress; railway vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to prepare an article for this Special Issue of Energies, of which we are honored to be Guest Editors. This Special Issue is devoted entirely to the sphere of transport. It aims to present the latest achievements—scientific research, developed technologies, and organizational and legal solutions—relating to the design, modeling, and analysis of "electrified" and sustainable transport systems.

The first area of scientific interest in this Special Issue of the Energies journal concerns the electrification of transport systems. It should be noted that this area is very important for the implementation of the European Union's policy in the field of decarbonization and energy security. Moreover, this area is in line with the current trends in the development of electromobility in individual countries. Accordingly, this Special Issue of Energies is dedicated to considering the topics of design, modeling, and analysis relating to vehicles, infrastructure, IT tools, telematics, and logistics.

The second area of scientific interest in this Special Issue of the Energies journal concerns sustainable transport systems. This is another extremely important area from the point of view of the European Union's transport policy. We should strive to ensure that the conducted research, developed technologies, and prepared organizational and legal solutions take into account the principle of sustainable transport development. Therefore, we should design, model, and analyze:

meeting the needs of people in the field of transport safely, with the least negative impact on the health of people and ecosystems and without discrimination to people with special needs;
affordable transport that runs smoothly and efficiently, offers the choice of means of transport, and supports the economy and sustainable regional development;
transport that reduces the emission of harmful compounds and waste, uses renewable resources (including renewable energy sources) and non-renewable resources, and minimizes land consumption and noise generation.

Accordingly, this Special Issue of Energies is also dedicated to considering the topics of design, modeling, and analysis related to sustainable transport systems.

We cordially invite you to prepare an article for this Special Issue of the Energies journal.

Greetings from the Faculty of Transport of the Warsaw University of Technology!

Dr. Piotr Gołębiowski
Dr. Jolanta Żak
Dr. Jacek Kukulski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electrification of transport systems
sustainable transport systems
vehicles
infrastructure
IT tools
telematics
logistics
external costs
sustainable development of transport
the impact of transport on the environment

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method of Selecting Energy-Efficient Parameters of an Electric Asynchronous Traction Motor for Diesel Shunting Locomotives—Case Study on the Example of a Locomotive Series ChME3 (ЧMЭ3, ČME3, ČKD S200)

by Valeriy Kuznetsov, Ewa Kardas-Cinal, Piotr Gołębiowski, Borys Liubarskyi, Magomedemin Gasanov, Ievgen Riabov, Lilia Kondratieva and Michał Opala

Energies 2022, 15(1), 317; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010317 - 03 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

One of the assumptions made during the modernization process of diesel shunting locomotives is the replacement of a diesel traction motor with a DC generator with an electric asynchronous traction motor. The article aimed to develop a method of selecting energy-efficient parameters of an asynchronous electric traction motor for diesel shunting locomotives, which will ensure that its operating energy efficiency will be as high as possible. The method was verified on the example of a locomotive series ChME3 (ЧMЭ3, ČME3, ČKD S200). It has been found that using a traction asynchronous electric drive on a ChME3 locomotive, its efficiency increases in comparison with DC electric motors by 3–5% under the long-term operation modes and by 7–10% during locomotive operation with traction at the adhesion limit. Using a new traction gearbox with a higher gear ratio expands the speed range in which the asynchronous traction drive operates with a high-efficiency factor. It is effective to use a traction asynchronous electric drive to modernize ChME3 diesel locomotives in case of their use under the modes requiring the implementation of maximum traction forces at low speeds. A further increase in the efficiency of the traction asynchronous electric drive is possible based on the optimal design of the wheel-motor unit and the asynchronous traction electric drive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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17 pages, 3979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Train Energy Cooperation Using Scheduled Service Time Reserve

by Michał Urbaniak and Ewa Kardas-Cinal

Energies 2022, 15(1), 119; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010119 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2134

Abstract

The main aim of the paper was to develop an innovative approach to the preliminary estimation possibility of train energy cooperation based on data from timetables, without traction calculations. The article points out the need to strive for sustainable and environmentally friendly transport. It was pointed out that rail transport using electric traction is one of the more ecological branches of transport. It also offers a number of possibilities for improving energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption, one of which is the recovery and reuse of energy lost in the electrodynamic braking process. The main ways in which such energy can be used are listed, but the focus is mainly on the aspect of the so-called “energy cooperation” of trains. Then, the current state of the research and knowledge on the narrowed scope of rail traffic management and recuperative braking in rail transportation is presented; an innovative approach to the indirect optimization of the amount of recuperated electrical energy immediately usable by another vehicle by maximizing the duration of energy co-optimization is proposed; and the authors’ function is proposed to enable optimization, taking into account various parameters. The optimization was performed with the use of a proprietary, multi-criteria objective function and the Solver optimization module. Finally, the results obtained using the proposed approach are presented and illustrated with the example of train timetables used by some of the largest railway stations in Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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24 pages, 2882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Deterioration of Aerodromes’ Economic Situation Influence the Level of Safety in Civil Aviation? What Can Be Done to Prevent It in Line with a Sustainable Transport Systems Approach?

by Ewa Dudek and Maria Pietrzak

Energies 2022, 15(1), 97; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010097 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

Aviation has been one of the key engines of the globalization process and, at the same, time one of the industries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the parallel economic crisis. As safety seems to be the key issue at aerodromes, the aim of this article is to analyze what kind of safety hazards have the coronavirus slowdown created and which of them pose the greatest risk for aerodrome safety in the long run. What is more, the goal of the paper is to direct managers’ attention to proper crisis management in line with sustainability. The main findings are that all classified hazards cause, according to an expert’s assessment, similar safety risk at aerodromes, though limited workforce training and development are perceived as posing the greatest risk. The recommended solution to minimize the occurrence of the hazard is proactive risk management, which means that managers try to anticipate possible hazards in advance and act accordingly, which requires continual controlling combined with internal and external environment analysis and a consistent learning process. That should be accompanied by constant staff development. All these seem to effectively minimize most risks and make ground for a sustainable and safe transport system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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17 pages, 7214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Pantograph Carbon–Metal Composite Slider Thermal Properties on the Railroad Wire Temperature

by Adam Mańka, Andrzej Hełka and Janusz Ćwiek

Energies 2021, 14(23), 7940; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14237940 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1511

Abstract

This article presents the methodology, description, and results of experimental studies aimed at determining the impact of the copper concentration in a carbon–metal composite contact strip on the maximum temperature of the copper contact wire during a contact event when used for operation in the railway industry in Europe. Based on these tests, we determined the minimum percentage of copper that is required for the composite to meet the normative requirements for current loads. In addition to experimental research, a 3D FEM numerical model was also developed in which the contact strip and contact wire geometry were mapped, along with imposed loads resulting from the test for current loads mentioned above. Fifteen simulation variants were carried out for the established model, where the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient and the specific heat coefficient were varied. On this basis, we analyzed the sensitivity of thermal coefficients to the contact wire temperature and determined the minimum conductivity coefficient value, which allowed the maximum copper contact wire temperature of 120 °C to be obtained during the verification tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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27 pages, 17395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Efficiency and Smooth Running of a Train on the Route While Approaching Another Train

by Janusz Szkopiński and Andrzej Kochan

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7593; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227593 - 13 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1248

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative technique of traffic management on a route divided into fixed block distances for trains equipped with a continuous area data transmission system that ensures information exchange between a train and a control center. The originality of the technique is focused on the optimization of the following train’s speed profile in terms of energy consumption under the need to maintain a minimum distance to the preceding train and to assume the smooth running of the following train, using elements of fixed and mobile block distance methods. The obtained results are an answer to the question of whether it is possible to obtain a smoother movement of the train and savings in mechanical energy consumption if the speed profile of this train is adjusted to the conditions before the train, such as information about the speed of the preceding train. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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28 pages, 11444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full-Scale Field Experimental Investigation on the Intended Irregularity of CWR Track in Vertical Plane

by Włodzimierz Andrzej Bednarek

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7477; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227477 - 09 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1186

Abstract

The purpose of the following paper is to present the author’s experimental field investigations of a jointless railway track subjected to a generated imperfection and analysis of track response to applied static loads. An optical measurement system, Pontos, was used for the static and dynamic analysis of the track’s deflections in 3D. The investigations allow us to recommend a direct application of this system for the non-contact measurement, visualization and analysis of simulated defects in the jointless track, as presented by the author. It is stated that simulation of an effect called the hanging sleeper, a short irregularity in the railway track with the initial parameters provided (a gap and a length of irregularity), is possible. The proposed method, based on the measurement in the loaded track (a static load from the locomotive wheels), allows for a description of the effect of the changing track support condition. Moreover, it also proves its usefulness for the analysis of the changes in deflection and stress values and the force transferred from the rail on the railway sleeper and for the assumed shape of defects simulating the short irregularities arising in the operated railway track. The arising irregularity in the track affects driving comfort and the safety of travellers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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19 pages, 5304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Analysis of the Influence of Changes in Track Parameters on Running Safety of a Rail Vehicle

by Bogdan Sowiński, Anna Stelmach and Andrzej Chudzikiewicz

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5882; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14185882 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1879

Abstract

The contemporary striving for increased speed in rail transport, with simultaneous requirements in terms of travel comfort, makes the safety of rail vehicles one of the priorities in the process of passenger rail transport. It is obvious that safety in this case is determined by: the technical condition of the vehicle, the condition of the railway infrastructure and the conditions of cooperation between the railway vehicle and the track. Railway vehicles running safety tests can be carried out on-line, in real operating conditions, and off-line with the use of mathematical models and simulation methods. The on-line research does not assess the impact of the parameter characterizing the track geometry, i.e., rail inclination, on the driving safety, and the deviation of the shape of wheel and rail running surfaces from the nominal dimensions is rarely diagnosed and taken into account in the tests. The considerations in this article are devoted to the discussion of the effects on the safety of a rail vehicle, resulting from possible changes in the inclination of the rails and deviations of the rail profile from the nominal dimensions. The research, the results of which are presented in the article, were carried out using off-line methods for the wheelset, using mathematical models, but taking into account the forces resulting from the interactions of the bogie frame and the railway wagon body and the real track geometry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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18 pages, 1970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of Energy Efficiency versus Planning of Rail Freight Traffic: A Case Study on the Example of Poland

by Piotr Gołębiowski, Marianna Jacyna and Andrzej Stańczak

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5629; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14185629 - 07 Sep 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2199

Abstract

The issues addressed by the article concern the assessment of energy efficiency in rail transport, resulting from the proper organization of rail traffic. The problems related to energy consumption and, thus, the negative impact of rail transport on the natural environment are highly significant in terms of the green deal concept, climate change and sustainable development. In this article, energy efficiency is investigated in the context of minimizing the energy consumption necessary to satisfy a specific transport requirement. The essence of this article is to present an approach to energy-efficient planning of rail freight traffic. This article aims to develop a method covers the allocation of railway vehicles dedicated to freight traffic (locomotives and railcars) to perform a defined transport task, taking into account the energy efficiency assessment of the solution, routing the train launched with regard to the accomplishment of the defined transport task on the railway network, and determining the conditions of transport for a defined transport task, taking into account the allocated rolling stock (locomotives and railcars) and the route. In this article, based on the presented state of knowledge, a decision-making model has been proposed, including the model’s parameters, the values being searched for, indicators for assessing the quality of the solution, as well as the limitations and boundary conditions of the problem. The function of minimizing the energy consumption necessary to transport a shipment within the railway network (determining the energy efficiency of the proposed solution) has been proposed as the criterion. In addition, a description of the proprietary method of selecting rolling stock for accomplishing tasks, based on the assessment of the energy efficiency of the solution and a case study illustrating the operation of the method on the example of the area of Poland, has been presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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18 pages, 5208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ensuring the Continuity of Power Supply to the On-Board Auxiliary Devices of the Trolleybus through the Recuperation of Kinetic Energy

by Piotr Hołyszko, Dariusz Zieliński, Andrzej Niewczas, Joanna Rymarz and Ewa Dębicka

Energies 2021, 14(16), 5035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14165035 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2269

Abstract

When a trolleybus travels through insulated sections of the overhead contact line, it experiences momentary power interruptions, which adversely affect the vehicle’s on-board auxiliary subassemblies. To reduce these negative effects, one can harness energy recovered via regenerative braking. A model power supply circuit diagram for structural systems of the trolleybus is proposed. Simulation tests were carried out to develop a method for analyzing power supply to trolleybus auxiliary devices and verify it in a real-life example. The results allow determination of the limit power that can be generated by the trolleybus drive system to feed auxiliary devices during interruptions in power supply from the overhead contact line. The possibility of powering the on-board auxiliary equipment of a trolleybus using energy from recuperation with a traction motor is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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16 pages, 3957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Inverter Linear Motor Based Vehicle Propulsion System for a Small Cargo Transportation

by Marek Michalczuk, Marcin Nikoniuk and Paweł Radziszewski

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4459; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14154459 - 23 Jul 2021

Viewed by 1725

Abstract

The paper provides an analysis of a transportation system with a long stator linear drive. The presented analysis for an in-house transportation system may be easily scaled into large transportation systems like maglev and hyperloop. It investigates the impact of the division of the stator into shorter parts which are sequentially supplied. Then it compares the concept of single-inverter and multi-inverter drive systems. The presented research includes the analysis of drive system power parameters. The drive system characteristics depending on the length of the active part of the linear motor are presented for each configuration, followed by a description of differences in the required inverter power and the obtained average thrust force. The paper proposes a new arrangement of the multi-inverter drive system incorporating multi-level inverters, which allows decreasing voltage oscillations in the DC circuit of drive inverters. The operation of the transportation system is presented in a simulation study. The paper is concluded with the verification of the concept in an experimental study in a 50 m test track. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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14 pages, 3435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimum Railway Transition Curves—Method of the Assessment and Results

by Krzysztof Zboinski and Piotr Woznica

Energies 2021, 14(13), 3995; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14133995 - 02 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

This article discusses the optimization of railway transition curves, through the application of polynomials of 9th and 11th degrees. In this work, the authors use a 2-axle rail vehicle model combined with mathematically understood optimization methods. This model is used to simulate rail vehicle movement negotiating both a transition curve and circular arc. Passenger comfort is applied as the criterion to assess which transition is actually is the best one. The 4-axle vehicle was also used to verify the results obtained using the 2-axle vehicle. Our results show that the traditionally used in a railway engineering transition—3rd degree parabola—which is not always the optimum curve. This fact is especially valid for the longest curves, with lengths greater than 150 m. For such cases, the transition curves similar to standard curves of 9th and 11th degrees is the optimum ones. This result is confirmed by the use of the 4-axle vehicle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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19 pages, 5896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Major Noise Energy Sources in Rail Vehicles Moving at a Speed of 200 km/h

by Krzysztof Polak and Jarosław Korzeb

Energies 2021, 14(13), 3957; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14133957 - 01 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2060

Abstract

In this work, the problematic identification of the main sources of noise occurring from the exploitation of railway vehicles moving at a speed of 200 km/h were analyzed. Within the conducted experimental research, the testing fields were appointed, measurement apparatus selected, and a methodology for conducting measurements was defined, including the assessment of noise on a curve and straight track for electric multiple units of the so-called Pendolino, an Alstom type ETR610 series ED25 train. The measurements were made using a microphone camera Bionic S-112 at a distance of 22 m from the track axis. As a result of the conducted experimental research, it was indicated that the noise resulting from vibrations arising at the wheel-rail contact (rolling noise) was the dominant source of sound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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22 pages, 98359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Method for Diagnosing Continuous Welded Track Condition Based on Experimental Research

by Jacek Kukulski, Piotr Gołębiowski, Jacek Makowski, Ilona Jacyna-Gołda and Jolanta Żak

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2889; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14102889 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

The correct operation of the continuous welded track requires diagnosing its condition and preparation of track metrics requiring measurements of displacements of rail under operation. This is required as there are additional thermal stresses in the rails with values depending on the temperature changes of the rails. Therefore, the climatic conditions are important. This paper presents the original effective analytical method for diagnosing the condition of continuous welded track based on experimental research. The method allows for an appropriate repair or maintenance recommendation. In the experimental research, the authors considered track diagnostic conditions for two conditions: track under load and track without load. This paper presents empirical formulas for calculating rail temperature and longitudinal force based on ambient temperature, developed from long-term measurements. The formulas were developed for a track located on a straight section—both for a rail loaded and unloaded with a passing train under the following conditions: 60E1 rail, not on an engineering structure, conventional surface, wooden sleepers and very high train traffic load. The obtained results in the value of the correlation coefficient R² ≥ 0.995 attest to very high accuracy of the calculations performed with the method proposed by the authors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)

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