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Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders 5.0
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Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders 5.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 6097

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Murat Dogru

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shi-nanomachi 35, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
2. Visiting Senior Fellow, UNSW School of Optometry and Vision Science, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Interests: dry eye; oxidative stress; diagnostic imaging; biomarkers; ocular allergy; contact lens
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Takashi Kojima

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
Interests: dry eye; neuropathic pain; refractive surgery; oxidative stress; behavior science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, dry eye has been widely investigated in many studies, including epidemiological, basic, and clinical studies, and recent achievements in this field of study are remarkable. Dry eye is a disease in which tear film stability decreases. This mechanism is associated with inflammation, friction in the eyelids, changes in tear osmolarity, amount of tear secretion, wettability of the ocular surface, tear evaporation, etc., which interact in a complex way in the onset of pathological conditions. In addition, in dry eye disease, it was found that there was a difference between subjective symptoms and ocular findings. Recently, research was conducted that considered several elements, including the involvement of the nervous system, and it has become clear that dry eye also contains elements of neuropathic pain. Treatments that target tear stability, inflammation, and friction are often performed. Moreover, in recent years, a secretagogue made up of water and mucin components has been widely used in Asian countries. However, the understanding of dry eye pathology, diagnosis, and treatment is still inadequate. New insights and breakthroughs will be needed to overcome these problems in the future. In this Special Issue, we seek important research findings, including new findings in the fields of ocular surface and dry eye disease. Our aim is to broaden the direction and possibilities of dry eye research. We are very much looking forward to receiving your invaluable submissions to this Special Issue.

Dr. Murat Dogru
Dr. Takashi Kojima
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dry eye
  • basic research
  • treatment animal model
  • neuropathic pain
  • ocular surface pathophysiology
  • diagnosis

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 1363 KiB  
Article
Eye Washing Downregulated Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Conjunctival Tissue Samples from Smokers
by Hiroshi Fujishima, Hiroyuki Yazu, Eisuke Shimizu, Naoko Okada and Kazumi Fukagawa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(24), 17526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms242417526 - 15 Dec 2023
Viewed by 622
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) determine whether the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 is increased in tobacco smokers, which potentially increases their susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and (2) assess whether eye [...] Read more.
This study aimed to (1) determine whether the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 is increased in tobacco smokers, which potentially increases their susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and (2) assess whether eye rinsing can reduce susceptibility. This prospective study included 20 eyes of 10 smokers and 18 eyes of nine healthy non-smokers (control) for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. This study also included 28 eyes of 14 smokers and 16 eyes of eight healthy non-smokers (control) for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tear and impression cytology samples were collected from the right eye of each patient. The left eye was then rinsed for 30 s, and after 5 min, the tear and impression cytology samples were collected in the same manner. The expression of the ACE2 gene was significantly higher in the conjunctiva of smokers (n = 17; median 3.07 copies/ng of total RNA) than in those of non-smokers (n = 17; median 1.92 copies/ng of total RNA, p = 0.003). Further, mRNA expression and protein levels of ACE2 were weakly correlated in smokers (r = 0.49). ACE2 protein levels in Schirmer’s strip samples were significantly reduced from 5051 to 3202 pg/mL after eye washing (n = 10; p = 0.001). Ocular surface cells are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Smoking may be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and eye rinsing may reduce the risk of infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders 5.0)
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12 pages, 6058 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Assessment of Tear-Film-Oriented Diagnosis (TFOD) in a Dacryoadenectomy Dry Eye Model
by Saki Sakakura, Emi Inagaki, Yuichiro Ochiai, Masatoshi Yamamoto, Naofumi Takai, Taeko Nagata, Kazunari Higa, Yasunori Sato, Hiroshi Toshida, Dogru Murat, Masatoshi Hirayama, Yoko Ogawa, Kazuno Negishi and Shigeto Shimmura
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(22), 16510; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms242216510 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1092
Abstract
Tear film instability is a major cause of dry eye disease. In order to treat patients with short tear film breakup time (TBUT)-type dry eye, the development of tear film stabilizing agents is essential. However, the lack of an appropriate animal model of [...] Read more.
Tear film instability is a major cause of dry eye disease. In order to treat patients with short tear film breakup time (TBUT)-type dry eye, the development of tear film stabilizing agents is essential. However, the lack of an appropriate animal model of tear film instability has made drug development difficult. Although rabbit dry eye models have been reported in the past, there are only a few reports that focus on tear film instability. Herein, we assessed the tear film stability of a rabbit dry eye model induced by dacryoadenectomy. A clinical evaluation of the ocular surface, interferometry, and histological assessments of the cornea and conjunctiva were performed. Following the removal of the lacrimal glands, TBUT was shortened significantly, with dimple and random breakup patterns prominently observed. Furthermore, the blink rate in this model increased after dacryoadenectomy, suggesting that this model partially captured the phenotypes of human short TBUT-type dry eye and may be useful as an animal model for investigating potential drug candidates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders 5.0)
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21 pages, 3446 KiB  
Article
Inflammation of Dry Eye Syndrome: A Cellular Study of the Epithelial and Macrophagic Involvement of NFAT5 and RAGE
by Fanny Henrioux, Valentin Navel, Corinne Belville, Coline Charnay, Audrey Antoine, Frédéric Chiambaretta, Vincent Sapin and Loïc Blanchon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 11052; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms241311052 - 04 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1447
Abstract
Dry eye inflammation is a key step in a vicious circle and needs to be better understood in order to break it. The goals of this work were to, first, characterize alarmins and cytokines released by ocular surface cells in the hyperosmolar context [...] Read more.
Dry eye inflammation is a key step in a vicious circle and needs to be better understood in order to break it. The goals of this work were to, first, characterize alarmins and cytokines released by ocular surface cells in the hyperosmolar context and, second, study the role of NFAT5 in this process. Finally, we studied the potential action of these alarmins in ocular surface epithelial cells and macrophages via RAGE pathways. HCE and WKD cell lines were cultured in a NaCl-hyperosmolar medium and the expression of alarmins (S100A4, S100A8, S100A9, and HMGB1), cytokines (IL6, IL8, TNFα, and MCP1), and NFAT5 were assessed using RT-qPCR, ELISA and multiplex, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and luciferase assays. In selected experiments, an inhibitor of RAGE (RAP) or NFAT5 siRNAs were added before the hyperosmolar stimulations. HCE and WKD cells or macrophages were treated with recombinant proteins of alarmins (with or without RAP) and analyzed for cytokine expression and chemotaxis, respectively. Hyperosmolarity induced epithelial cell inflammation depending on cell type. NFAT5, but not RAGE or alarmins, participated in triggering epithelial inflammation. Furthermore, the release of alarmins induced macrophage migration through RAGE. These in vitro results suggest that NFAT5 and RAGE have a role in dry eye inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders 5.0)
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Review

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15 pages, 3245 KiB  
Review
Corneal Epithelial Changes in Diabetic Patients: A Review
by Lidia Ladea, Mihail Zemba, Maria Ioana Calancea, Mihai Valeriu Călțaru, Christiana Diana Maria Dragosloveanu, Ruxandra Coroleucă, Eduard Lucian Catrina, Iulian Brezean and Valentin Dinu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(6), 3471; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms25063471 - 19 Mar 2024
Viewed by 700
Abstract
The relationship between diabetes mellitus and ocular complications has been extensively studied by many authors. Diabetic keratopathy has already been well characterized and defined as a clinical entity. This review focuses on exploring corneal epithelial changes in diabetic patients, aiming to provide a [...] Read more.
The relationship between diabetes mellitus and ocular complications has been extensively studied by many authors. Diabetic keratopathy has already been well characterized and defined as a clinical entity. This review focuses on exploring corneal epithelial changes in diabetic patients, aiming to provide a pragmatic overview of the existing knowledge on this topic. The paper systematically examines alterations in corneal epithelial structure and their impact on diabetic patients. Advanced imaging techniques are also discussed for their role in precise characterization and improved diagnostics. Additionally, the paper explores the mechanisms behind corneal epithelial changes in diabetes, looking at factors such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and Advanced Glycation End-Products. The impact of altered corneal epithelial integrity on barrier function and susceptibility to external issues is considered, addressing potential links to heightened proteolytic enzyme activities and delayed wound healing observed in diabetic individuals. The review also covers the practical implications of corneal epithelial changes, including the association with corneal erosions, persistent epithelial defects, and an increased risk of dry eye syndrome in diabetic patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders 5.0)
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22 pages, 666 KiB  
Review
Impact of Exposomes on Ocular Surface Diseases
by Merrelynn Hong, Louis Tong, Jodhbir S. Mehta and Hon Shing Ong
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(14), 11273; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms241411273 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1375
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are significant causes of ocular morbidity, and are often associated with chronic inflammation, redness, irritation, discomfort, and pain. In severe OSDs, loss of vision can result from ocular surface failure, characterised by limbal stem cell deficiencies, corneal vascularisation, corneal [...] Read more.
Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are significant causes of ocular morbidity, and are often associated with chronic inflammation, redness, irritation, discomfort, and pain. In severe OSDs, loss of vision can result from ocular surface failure, characterised by limbal stem cell deficiencies, corneal vascularisation, corneal opacification, and surface keratinisation. External and internal exposomes are measures of environmental factors that individuals are exposed to, and have been increasingly studied for their impact on ocular surface diseases. External exposomes consist of external environmental factors such as dust, pollution, and stress; internal exposomes consist of the surface microbiome, gut microflora, and oxidative stress. Concerning internal exposomes, alterations in the commensal ocular surface microbiome of patients with OSDs are increasingly reported due to advancements in metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Changes in the microbiome may be a consequence of the underlying disease processes or may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSDs. Understanding the changes in the ocular surface microbiome and the impact of various other exposomes may also help to establish the causative factors underlying ocular surface inflammation and scarring, the hallmarks of OSDs. This review provides a summary of the current evidence on exposomes in various OSDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders 5.0)
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