Dear Colleagues,

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a chronic condition characterized by a raised likelihood of developing renal (eGFR decline/End-Stage-Kidney-Disease) or cardiovascular (myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic heart failure, peripheral vascular disease) events. According to the Global Burden of Kidney Disease, the prevalence and incidence of CKD increased by 87% and 89% from 1990 to 2016, worldwide. This led to consider CKD as both an high-risk condition and a “public health” problem as well. A great effort has been done to reduce the event rate in CKD patients, particularly by testing the efficacy of several different pharmacological treatments. In the past two decades, a number of positive randomized clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System inhibitors (RAASi) have been published. More recently, other pharmacological treatments, such as Sodium-Glucode-Cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGT2i) and selective endothelin A receptor antagonists (ERA), have shown to reduce cardiorenal risk in CKD patients with proteinuria. In the meantime, several other trials (e.g. the TREAT study, the ALTITUDE study) failed to show additional positive effects, probably due to concerns in trial designs or to the enrolled population. This issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences will focus on recent “Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease: an update” and will be potentially able to accept manuscripts discussing all the above-mentioned points. Moreover, pathological mechanisms of kidney inflammation and epithelial cell injury, clinical studies focused on biomarkers of cardiovascular and renal risk that would help the comprehension of CKD patients management will be also accepted.  

Prof. Dr. Michele E. Andreucci
Prof. Dr. Raffaele Serra
Dr. Coppolino Giuseppe
Dr. Michele Provenzano
Guest Editors

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• CKD
• cardiovascular risk
• proteinutia
• peripheral vascula disease
• ESKD