Research

22 pages, 10674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins and Cell–Cell Communication Inhibits TFPI and Induces Thrombogenic Factors in Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Neutrophils: Implications for COVID-19 Coagulopathy Pathogenesis

by Biju Bhargavan and Georgette D. Kanmogne

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(18), 10436; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms231810436 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2683

Abstract

In SARS-CoV-2-infected humans, disease progression is often associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome involving severe lung injury, coagulopathy, and thrombosis of the alveolar capillaries. The pathogenesis of these pulmonary complications in COVID-19 patients has not been elucidated. Autopsy study of these patients showed [...] Read more.

In SARS-CoV-2-infected humans, disease progression is often associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome involving severe lung injury, coagulopathy, and thrombosis of the alveolar capillaries. The pathogenesis of these pulmonary complications in COVID-19 patients has not been elucidated. Autopsy study of these patients showed SARS-CoV-2 virions in pulmonary vessels and sequestrated leukocytes infiltrates associated with endotheliopathy and microvascular thrombosis. Since SARS-CoV-2 enters and infects target cells by binding its spike (S) protein to cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and there is evidence that vascular endothelial cells and neutrophils express ACE2, we investigated the effect of S-proteins and cell–cell communication on primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMEC) and neutrophils expression of thrombogenic factors and the potential mechanisms. Using S-proteins of two different SARS-CoV-2 variants (Wuhan and Delta), we demonstrate that exposure of HLMEC or neutrophils to S-proteins, co-culture of HLMEC exposed to S-proteins with non-exposed neutrophils, or co-culture of neutrophils exposed to S-proteins with non-exposed HLMEC induced transcriptional upregulation of tissue factor (TF), significantly increased the expression and secretion of factor (F)-V, thrombin, and fibrinogen and inhibited tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), the primary regulator of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, in both cell types. Recombinant (r)TFPI and a thiol blocker (5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) prevented S-protein-induced expression and secretion of Factor-V, thrombin, and fibrinogen. Thrombomodulin blocked S-protein-induced expression and secretion of fibrinogen but had no effect on S-protein-induced expression of Factor-V or thrombin. These results suggests that following SARS-CoV-2 contact with the pulmonary endothelium or neutrophils and endothelial–neutrophil interactions, viral S-proteins induce coagulopathy via the TF pathway and mechanisms involving functional thiol groups. These findings suggest that using rTFPI and/or thiol-based drugs could be a viable therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2-induced coagulopathy and thrombosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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31 pages, 22755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic and Transcriptional Changes of Pulmonary Immune Responses in Dogs Following Canine Distemper Virus Infection

by Elisa Chludzinski, Johanna Klemens, Małgorzata Ciurkiewicz, Robert Geffers, Pauline Pöpperl, Melanie Stoff, Dai-Lun Shin, Georg Herrler and Andreas Beineke

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 10019; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms231710019 - 02 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2771

Abstract

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, is a highly contagious infectious agent causing a multisystemic, devastating disease in a broad range of host species, characterized by severe immunosuppression, encephalitis and pneumonia. The present study aimed at investigating pulmonary [...] Read more.

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, is a highly contagious infectious agent causing a multisystemic, devastating disease in a broad range of host species, characterized by severe immunosuppression, encephalitis and pneumonia. The present study aimed at investigating pulmonary immune responses of CDV-infected dogs in situ using immunohistochemistry and whole transcriptome analyses by bulk RNA sequencing. Spatiotemporal analysis of phenotypic changes revealed pulmonary immune responses primarily driven by MHC-II⁺, Iba-1⁺ and CD204⁺ innate immune cells during acute and subacute infection phases, which paralleled pathologic lesion development and coincided with high viral loads in CDV-infected lungs. CD20⁺ B cell numbers initially declined, followed by lymphoid repopulation in the advanced disease phase. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated an increased expression of transcripts related to innate immunity, antiviral defense mechanisms, type I interferon responses and regulation of cell death in the lung of CDV-infected dogs. Molecular analyses also revealed disturbed cytokine responses with a pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization and impaired mucociliary defense in CDV-infected lungs. The exploratory study provides detailed data on CDV-related pulmonary immune responses, expanding the list of immunologic parameters potentially leading to viral elimination and virus-induced pulmonary immunopathology in canine distemper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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22 pages, 3117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Augmentation of Transcriptomic Data for Improved Classification of Patients with Respiratory Diseases of Viral Origin

by Magdalena Kircher, Elisa Chludzinski, Jessica Krepel, Babak Saremi, Andreas Beineke and Klaus Jung

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(5), 2481; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23052481 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2247

Abstract

To better understand the molecular basis of respiratory diseases of viral origin, high-throughput gene-expression data are frequently taken by means of DNA microarray or RNA-seq technology. Such data can also be useful to classify infected individuals by molecular signatures in the form of [...] Read more.

To better understand the molecular basis of respiratory diseases of viral origin, high-throughput gene-expression data are frequently taken by means of DNA microarray or RNA-seq technology. Such data can also be useful to classify infected individuals by molecular signatures in the form of machine-learning models with genes as predictor variables. Early diagnosis of patients by molecular signatures could also contribute to better treatments. An approach that has rarely been considered for machine-learning models in the context of transcriptomics is data augmentation. For other data types it has been shown that augmentation can improve classification accuracy and prevent overfitting. Here, we compare three strategies for data augmentation of DNA microarray and RNA-seq data from two selected studies on respiratory diseases of viral origin. The first study involves samples of patients with either viral or bacterial origin of the respiratory disease, the second study involves patients with either SARS-CoV-2 or another respiratory virus as disease origin. Specifically, we reanalyze these public datasets to study whether patient classification by transcriptomic signatures can be improved when adding artificial data for training of the machine-learning models. Our comparison reveals that augmentation of transcriptomic data can improve the classification accuracy and that fewer genes are necessary as explanatory variables in the final models. We also report genes from our signatures that overlap with signatures presented in the original publications of our example data. Due to strict selection criteria, the molecular role of these genes in the context of respiratory infectious diseases is underlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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16 pages, 4291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Dependent Molecular Motifs of Pulmonary Fibrogenesis in COVID-19

by Jan C. Kamp, Lavinia Neubert, Maximilian Ackermann, Helge Stark, Christopher Werlein, Jan Fuge, Axel Haverich, Alexandar Tzankov, Konrad Steinestel, Johannes Friemann, Peter Boor, Klaus Junker, Marius M. Hoeper, Tobias Welte, Florian Laenger, Mark P. Kuehnel and Danny D. Jonigk

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1583; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23031583 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2995

Abstract

(1) Background: In COVID-19 survivors there is an increased prevalence of pulmonary fibrosis of which the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood; (2) Methods: In this multicentric study, n = 12 patients who succumbed to COVID-19 due to progressive respiratory failure were assigned [...] Read more.

(1) Background: In COVID-19 survivors there is an increased prevalence of pulmonary fibrosis of which the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood; (2) Methods: In this multicentric study, n = 12 patients who succumbed to COVID-19 due to progressive respiratory failure were assigned to an early and late group (death within ≤7 and >7 days of hospitalization, respectively) and compared to n = 11 healthy controls; mRNA and protein expression as well as biological pathway analysis were performed to gain insights into the evolution of pulmonary fibrogenesis in COVID-19; (3) Results: Median duration of hospitalization until death was 3 (IQR25-75, 3–3.75) and 14 (12.5–14) days in the early and late group, respectively. Fifty-eight out of 770 analyzed genes showed a significantly altered expression signature in COVID-19 compared to controls in a time-dependent manner. The entire study group showed an increased expression of BST2 and IL1R1, independent of hospitalization time. In the early group there was increased activity of inflammation-related genes and pathways, while fibrosis-related genes (particularly PDGFRB) and pathways dominated in the late group; (4) Conclusions: After the first week of hospitalization, there is a shift from pro-inflammatory to fibrogenic activity in severe COVID-19. IL1R1 and PDGFRB may serve as potential therapeutic targets in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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15 pages, 2269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Upper Respiratory Tract of Felids Is Highly Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by Nadine Krüger, Cheila Rocha, Sandra Runft, Johannes Krüger, Iris Färber, Federico Armando, Eva Leitzen, Graham Brogden, Gisa Gerold, Stefan Pöhlmann, Markus Hoffmann and Wolfgang Baumgärtner

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10636; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms221910636 - 30 Sep 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2644

Abstract

Natural or experimental infection of domestic cats and virus transmission from humans to captive predatory cats suggest that felids are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it is unclear which cells and compartments of the respiratory tract are infected. To address this question, [...] Read more.

Natural or experimental infection of domestic cats and virus transmission from humans to captive predatory cats suggest that felids are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it is unclear which cells and compartments of the respiratory tract are infected. To address this question, primary cell cultures derived from the nose, trachea, and lungs of cat and lion were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Strong viral replication was observed for nasal mucosa explants and tracheal air–liquid interface cultures, whereas replication in lung slices was less efficient. Infection was mainly restricted to epithelial cells and did not cause major pathological changes. Detection of high ACE2 levels in the nose and trachea but not lung further suggests that susceptibility of feline tissues to SARS-CoV-2 correlates with ACE2 expression. Collectively, this study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the feline upper respiratory tract ex vivo and thus highlights the risk of SARS-CoV-2 spillover from humans to felids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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12 pages, 2491 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

IAPV-Induced Paralytic Symptoms Associated with Tachypnea via Impaired Tracheal System Function

by Yanchun Deng, Sa Yang, Hongxia Zhao, Qingyun Diao and Chunsheng Hou

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(18), 10078; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms221810078 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

Although it had been reported that Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) can cause systemic infection in honey bees, little is known about how it establishes this infection and results in the typical symptoms, paralysis and trembling. Here, we used our previously constructed IAPV [...] Read more.

Although it had been reported that Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) can cause systemic infection in honey bees, little is known about how it establishes this infection and results in the typical symptoms, paralysis and trembling. Here, we used our previously constructed IAPV infectious clone to investigate viral loads in different tissues of honey bees and further identify the relation between tissue tropism and paralytic symptoms. Our results showed that tracheae showed a greater concentration of viral abundance than other tissues. The abundance of viral protein in the tracheae was positively associated with viral titers, and was further confirmed by immunological and ultrastructural evidence. Furthermore, higher viral loads in tracheae induced remarkable down-regulation of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase genes, and progressed to causing respiratory failure of honey bees, resulting in the appearance of typical symptoms, paralysis and body trembling. Our results showed that paralysis symptoms or trembling was actually to mitigate tachypnea induced by IAPV infection due to the impairment of honey bee tracheae, and revealed a direct causal link between paralysis symptoms and tissue tropism. These findings provide new insights into the understanding of the underlying mechanism of paralysis symptoms of honey bees after viral infection and have implications for viral disease prevention and specific therapeutics in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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20 pages, 3988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Rapid Fluorescent Diagnostic System to Detect Subtype H9 Influenza A Virus in Chicken Feces

by Hien Thi Tuong, Ju Hwan Jeong, Young Ki Choi, Hyun Park, Yun Hee Baek and Seon-Ju Yeo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8823; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22168823 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2361

Abstract

The circulation of the H9N2 virus results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry, and its zoonotic transmission highlights the need for a highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic and detection system for this virus. In this study, the performance of lateral flow [...] Read more.

The circulation of the H9N2 virus results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry, and its zoonotic transmission highlights the need for a highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic and detection system for this virus. In this study, the performance of lateral flow test strips for a fluorescent immunochromatographic test (FICT) was optimized for the diagnosis of H9N2 virus-infected animal samples. The novel monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against influenza A H9 viruses were developed, and two categories of McAbs with linear and conformational epitopes were compared for the performance of rapid diagnostic performance in the presence of feces sample at different time points (2, 4, and 6 days) post-infection (dpi). The limit of detection (LOD) of FICT and Kd values were comparable between linear and conformational epitope McAbs. However, superior performance of linear epitope McAbs pairs were confirmed by two animal studies, showing the better diagnostic performance showing 100% relative sensitivity in fecal samples at 6 dpi although it showed less than 80% sensitivity in early infection. Our results imply that the comparable performance of the linear epitope McAbs can potentially improve the diagnostic performance of FICT for H9N2 detection in feces samples. This highly sensitive rapid diagnostic method can be utilized in field studies of broiler poultry and wild birds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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15 pages, 13836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CMAS and ST3GAL4 Play an Important Role in the Adsorption of Influenza Virus by Affecting the Synthesis of Sialic Acid Receptors

by Yaxin Zhao, Jiahui Zou, Qingxia Gao, Shengsong Xie, Jiyue Cao and Hongbo Zhou

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 6081; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22116081 - 04 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2888

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) initiate infection by attaching Hemagglutinin (HA) on the viral envelope to sialic acid (SA) receptors on the cell surface. Importantly, HA of human IAVs has a higher affinity for α-2,6-linked SA receptors, and avian strains prefer α-2,3-linked SA receptors, [...] Read more.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) initiate infection by attaching Hemagglutinin (HA) on the viral envelope to sialic acid (SA) receptors on the cell surface. Importantly, HA of human IAVs has a higher affinity for α-2,6-linked SA receptors, and avian strains prefer α-2,3-linked SA receptors, whereas swine strains have a strong affinity for both SA receptors. Host gene CMAS and ST3GAL4 were found to be essential for IAV attachment and entry. Loss of CMAS and ST3GAL4 hindered the synthesis of sialic acid receptors, which in turn prevented the adsorption of IAV. Further, the knockout of CMAS had an effect on the adsorption of swine, avian and human IAVs. However, ST3GAL4 knockout prevented the adsorption of swine and avian IAV and the impact on avian IAV was more distinct, whereas it had no effect on the adsorption of human IAV. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that knocking out CMAS and ST3GAL4 negatively regulated IAV replication by inhibiting the synthesis of SA receptors, which also provides new insights into the production of gene-edited animals in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System—Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis)

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