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Nutrients
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Influences of Calorie Intake on Aging
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Influences of Calorie Intake on Aging

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2019) | Viewed by 20458

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Roberto Cangemi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
Interests: Cardiovascular disease; aging; nutrition; cardiovascular risk factors; thrombosis, oxidative stress; atherosclerosis; inflammation; diabetes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few decades, the improvements to living and healthcare conditions have led to an increase in life expectancy. However, the increase in the elderly population often means increased years of poor health and disability. Thus, strategies to improve the quality of life and counteract aging are a critical new challenge in most developed countries.

Epidemiological studies and experimental data indicate that diet could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many age-associated chronic diseases, and in the biology of aging itself. Nutritional interventions have proved to influence both lifespan and healthspan across a wide range of animal species. Caloric restriction is the most studied dietary intervention known to retard the aging process and to extend lifespan in model organisms from yeast to mammals. However, in the real world, most people would not comply with such a rigorous and lifelong dietary program. A critical role in reducing the risk of many age-related diseases may also be played by a correct balance of macronutrients, as well as the correct use of some micronutrients, which might be effective in reducing oxidative stress, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and in modulating molecular pathways associated with aging.

This Special Issue aims to review research progress on the impact of calories, and macro and micronutrients in aging and age-related disorders.

Dr. Roberto Cangemi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 472 KiB  
Article
Gender-Related Determinants of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Adults with Ischemic Heart Disease
by Valeria Raparelli, Giulio Francesco Romiti, Valeria Spugnardi, Marco Borgi, Roberto Cangemi, Stefania Basili, Marco Proietti and the EVA Collaborative Group
Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 759; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12030759 - 13 Mar 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4397
Abstract
Background: The reasons behind low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Med-diet) are still not entirely known. We aimed to evaluate the effect of biological (i.e., sex-related) and psycho-socio-cultural (i.e., gender-related) factors on Med-diet adherence. Methods: Baseline Med-diet adherence was measured using a self-administered [...] Read more.
Background: The reasons behind low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Med-diet) are still not entirely known. We aimed to evaluate the effect of biological (i.e., sex-related) and psycho-socio-cultural (i.e., gender-related) factors on Med-diet adherence. Methods: Baseline Med-diet adherence was measured using a self-administered questionnaire among adults with ischemic heart disease (IHD) from the EVA (Endocrine Vascular Disease Approach) study. A multivariable analysis was performed to estimate the effect of sex- and gender-related factors (i.e., identity, roles, relations, and institutionalized gender) on low adherence. Results: Among 366 participants (66 ± 11 years, 31% women), 81 (22%) adults with low adherence demonstrated higher rates of diabetes, no smoking habit, lower male BSRI (Bem Sex Role Inventory) (median (IQR) 4.8 (4.1 to 5.5) vs. 5.1 (4.5 to 5.6) and p = 0.048), and higher Perceived Stress Scale 10 items (PSS-10) (median (IQR) 19 (11 to 23) vs. 15 (11 to 20) and p = 0.07) scores than those with medium-high adherence. In the multivariable analysis, only active smoking (odds ratio, OR = 2.10, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.14 to 3.85 and p = 0.017), PPS-10 (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.08, and p = 0.038) and male BSRI scores (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.95, and p = 0.021) were independently associated with low adherence. Conclusions: Male personality traits and perceived stress (i.e., gender identity) were associated with low Med-diet adherence regardless of the sex, age, and comorbidities. Therefore, gender-sensitive interventions should be explored to improve adherence in IHD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influences of Calorie Intake on Aging)
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15 pages, 1139 KiB  
Article
Multidisciplinary Integrated Metabolic Rehabilitation in Elderly Obese Patients: Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Fatigue and Muscle Performance
by Antonello E. Rigamonti, Alessandra De Col, Sofia Tamini, Sabrina Cicolini, Diana Caroli, Roberta De Micheli, Gabriella Tringali, Laura Abbruzzese, Nicoletta Marazzi, Silvano G. Cella and Alessandro Sartorio
Nutrients 2019, 11(6), 1240; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11061240 - 31 May 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3115
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a widespread problem in the elderly, being associated with severe comorbidities negatively influencing life expectancy. Integrated multidisciplinary metabolic rehabilitation aimed to reduce body weight (BW) and fatigue, increase physical autonomy and introduce healthy life style changes has been proposed as [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity is a widespread problem in the elderly, being associated with severe comorbidities negatively influencing life expectancy. Integrated multidisciplinary metabolic rehabilitation aimed to reduce body weight (BW) and fatigue, increase physical autonomy and introduce healthy life style changes has been proposed as a useful intervention to improve the general health status and quality of life of the obese geriatric population. Methods: Six hundred-eighty four severely obese subjects (F/M = 592/92; age range: 61–83 years; mean body mass index, BMI ± SD: 42.6 ± 5.6 kg/m2) were admitted to take part in a three-week in-hospital BW reduction program (BWRP), entailing energy restricted diet, psychological counselling, physical rehabilitation and nutritional education. Biochemical parameters, cardiovascular risk factors (throughout the Coronary Heart Disease Risk, CHD-R), fatigue (throughout the Fatigue Severity Scale, FSS) and lower limb muscle performance (throughout the Stair Climbing Test, SCT) were evaluated before and at the end of the BWRP. Results: A 4% BW reduction was achieved at the end of the BWRP. This finding was associated with a significant improvement of the metabolic homeostasis (i.e., decrease in total cholesterol and glucose) and a reduction of systolic blood pressure in both females and males, thus resulting in a reduction of CHD-R in the male group. Total FSS score and SCT time decreased in female and male obese patients. The effects of BWPR were comparable among all age-related subgroups (>60, 60–69 and >70 years), apart from ΔCHD-R, which was higher in male subgroups. Finally, age was negatively correlated with ΔBMI and ΔFSS. Conclusions: Though only a relatively limited number of outcomes were investigated, the present study shows that a 4% BW reduction in severely elderly obese patients is associated with positive multisystemic effects, particularly, muscle-skeletal and cardiometabolic benefits, which can favorably influence their general well-being and improve the autonomy level in performing more common daily activities. The maintenance of a healthy life style, including controlled food intake and regular physical activity, after a BWRP is obviously recommended in all elderly obese patients to further improve their clinical condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influences of Calorie Intake on Aging)
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18 pages, 2270 KiB  
Article
Does Dietary-Induced Obesity in Old Age Impair the Contractile Performance of Isolated Mouse Soleus, Extensor Digitorum Longus and Diaphragm Skeletal Muscles?
by Cameron Hill, Rob S. James, Val M. Cox and Jason Tallis
Nutrients 2019, 11(3), 505; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11030505 - 27 Feb 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3652
Abstract
Ageing and obesity independently have been shown to significantly impair isolated muscle contractile properties, though their synergistic effects are poorly understood. We uniquely examined the effects of 9 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD) on isometric force, work loop power output (PO) across [...] Read more.
Ageing and obesity independently have been shown to significantly impair isolated muscle contractile properties, though their synergistic effects are poorly understood. We uniquely examined the effects of 9 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD) on isometric force, work loop power output (PO) across a range of contractile velocities, and fatigability of 79-week-old soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and diaphragm compared with age-matched lean controls. The dietary intervention resulted in a significant increase in body mass and gonadal fat pad mass compared to the control group. Despite increased muscle mass for HFD soleus and EDL, absolute isometric force, isometric stress (force/CSA), PO normalised to muscle mass and fatigability was unchanged, although absolute PO was significantly greater. Obesity did not cause an alteration in the contractile velocity that elicited maximal PO. In the obese group, normalised diaphragm PO was significantly reduced, with a tendency for reduced isometric stress and fatigability was unchanged. HFD soleus isolated from larger animals produced lower maximal PO which may relate to impaired balance in older, larger adults. The increase in absolute PO is smaller than the magnitude of weight gain, meaning in vivo locomotor function is likely to be impaired in old obese adults, with an association between greater body mass and poorer normalised power output for the soleus. An obesity-induced reduction in diaphragm contractility will likely impair in vivo respiratory function and consequently contribute further to the negative cycle of obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influences of Calorie Intake on Aging)
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28 pages, 939 KiB  
Review
Impairment between Oxidant and Antioxidant Systems: Short- and Long-term Implications for Athletes’ Health
by Cristina Nocella, Vittoria Cammisotto, Fabio Pigozzi, Paolo Borrione, Chiara Fossati, Alessandra D’Amico, Roberto Cangemi, Mariangela Peruzzi, Giuliana Gobbi, Evaristo Ettorre, Giacomo Frati, Elena Cavarretta, Roberto Carnevale and SMiLe Group
Nutrients 2019, 11(6), 1353; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11061353 - 15 Jun 2019
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 8782
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and antioxidants, has been described in several patho-physiological conditions, including cardiovascular, neurological diseases and cancer, thus impacting on individuals’ lifelong health. Diet, environmental pollution, and physical activity can play a [...] Read more.
The role of oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and antioxidants, has been described in several patho-physiological conditions, including cardiovascular, neurological diseases and cancer, thus impacting on individuals’ lifelong health. Diet, environmental pollution, and physical activity can play a significant role in the oxidative balance of an organism. Even if physical training has proved to be able to counteract the negative effects caused by free radicals and to provide many health benefits, it is also known that intensive physical activity induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and free radical-mediated muscle damage. Indeed, variations in type, intensity, and duration of exercise training can activate different patterns of oxidant–antioxidant balance leading to different responses in terms of molecular and cellular damage. The aim of the present review is to discuss (1) the role of oxidative status in athletes in relation to exercise training practice, (2) the implications for muscle damage, (3) the long-term effect for neurodegenerative disease manifestations, (4) the role of antioxidant supplementations in preventing oxidative damages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influences of Calorie Intake on Aging)
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