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Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 14780

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Zhaomin Liu

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Guest Editor

School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Interests: nutritional epidemiology; women’s health; maternal and infantile health care; phytochemicals and chronic diseases prevention; geriatric health; gut microbiota; food safety

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nutritional imbalances play a role of great magnitude in the pathogenesis and progress of cardio-metabolic risk and endocrine dysfunction. Dietary factors have been studied as a modifiable lifestyle factor in improvement of these diseases process and prognosis. Micro- and macronutrients, healthy food groups and dietary patterns, bioactive dietary components have shown to be associated with reduced odds of cardio-metabolic and endocrinal risk, while unhealthy foods or dietary patterns like sugar sweetened beverages, fast food, ultra-processed foods, dietary sourced endocrine disruptive chemicals and nutrition transition to a westernized diet greatly increased cardiovascular and endocrinal diseases burden. This heterogeneous influence on affected individuals may reflect complex interactions between nutrition with genetic susceptibilities and environmental factors emphasizing the importance of gene-diet-environment interplay and nutritional programming studies. More studies are warranted by employing validated quantitative methods, integration of nutrients analysis, innovative biomarkers and omics data to accurately measure diet, explore potential mechanisms, and confirm the findings among different populations. This Special Issue is dedicated to provide information on the potential role of human nutrition on the prevention or management of cardio-metabolic and endocrinal disorders or their related risk factors, or the diseases’ prognosis. Articles on potential mechanisms are welcome but need to go with the results of human studies (clinical trials or observational studies). The finding will help forming healthy dietary strategies for improvement of human health.

Prof. Dr. Zhaomin Liu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

nutrition
dietary factors
functional foods
trace elements
fatty acids
nutraceutical components
vitamins
probiotics
dietary oxidants
cardiovascular diseases and risk factors
metabolic diseases and factors
endocrine diseases (obesity, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, bone and growth disorders, and reproduction)

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toll-like Receptor 4 Differentially Modulates Cardiac Function in Response to Chronic Exposure to High-Fat Diet and Pressure Overload

by Liping Tian, Mohammad Jarrah, Hussein Herz, Yi Chu, Ying Xu, Yiqun Tang, Jinxiang Yuan and Mohamad Mokadem

Nutrients 2023, 15(24), 5139; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15245139 - 18 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1516

Abstract

Background/Aim: The impact of myocardial stressors such as high-fat diet (HFD) and pressure overload has been extensively studied. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) deficiency has been suggested to have a protective role in response to these stressors, although some conflicting data exist. Furthermore, there is limited information about the role of TLR4 on cardiac remodeling in response to long-term exposure to stressors. This study aims to investigate the effects of TLR4 deficiency on cardiac histology and physiology in response to chronic stressors. Methods: TLR4-deficient (TLR4^−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to either HFD or a normal diet (ND) for 28 weeks. Another group underwent abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) or a sham procedure and was monitored for 12 weeks. Inflammatory markers, histology, and echocardiography were used to assess the effects of these interventions. Results: TLR4^−/− mice exhibited reduced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis after long-term HFD exposure compared to ND without affecting cardiac function. On the other hand, TLR4 deficiency worsened cardiac function in response to AAC, leading to decreased ejection fraction (EF%) and increased end-systolic volume (ESV). Conclusions: TLR4 deficiency provided protection against HFD-induced myocardial inflammation but impaired hemodynamic cardiac function under pressure overload conditions. These findings highlight the crucial role of TLR4 and its downstream signaling pathway in maintaining cardiac output during physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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14 pages, 2887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Metabolites in the Development of Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Minipigs Determined Using Untargeted Metabolomics

by Liye Shen, Jinlong Wang, Yongming Pan, Junjie Huang, Keyan Zhu, Haiye Tu and Minli Chen

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4425; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15204425 - 18 Oct 2023

Viewed by 838

Abstract

Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic progressive disease caused by lipometabolic disorder. However, the pathological characteristics and mechanism of AS have not been fully clarified. Through high-fat and high-cholesterol diet induction, Tibetan minipigs can be used as the AS model animals, as they have a very similar AS pathogenesis to humans. Methods: In this study, we built an AS model of Tibetan minipigs and identified the differential abundance metabolites in the development of AS based on untargeted metabolomics. Results: We found that sphingolipid metabolism and glucose oxidation were obviously higher in the AS group and phenylalanine metabolism was reduced in the AS group. Moreover, in the development of AS, gluconolactone was enriched in the late stage of AS whereas biopterin was enriched in the early stage of AS. Conclusions: Our research provides novel clues to investigate the metabolic mechanism of AS from the perspective of metabolomics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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13 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Multidisciplinary Approach on Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in a Multiracial Cohort of Adults: A 1-Year Pilot Study

by Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Andrés Velásquez-Rodríguez, Claudia Neira, Xichen Mou, Andres Neira, Gabriela Garcia, Pedro Velásquez-Rodríguez, Marian Levy, Jeffrey I. Mechanick and Pedro A. Velásquez-Mieyer

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3391; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14163391 - 18 Aug 2022

Viewed by 2168

Abstract

Evidence examining specific effects of a multidisciplinary team (MDT) on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) among multi-ethnic patients in real-world clinical settings is lacking. This one-year retrospective chart review (2018) analyzed 598 adults (African American 59%, Hispanic 35%, and Caucasian 6%) with mean age of 43.8 ± 14.0 years. Qualifying patients with primary inclusion criteria of having body mass indices and blood pressure (BP) measurements in the first and last quarter of the study period were treated under an MDT protocol and compared to those qualifying for MDT but treated solely by a primary care provider (PCP). MDT included endocrinologist-directed visits, lifestyle counseling, and shared medical appointments. MDT patients experienced a greater reduction (β; 95% CI) in weight (−4.29 kg; −7.62, −0.97), BMI (−1.43 kg/m²; −2.68, −0.18), systolic BP (−2.18 mmHg; −4.09, −0.26), and diastolic BP (−1.97 mmHg; −3.34, −0.60). Additionally, MDT patients had 77%, 83%, and 59% higher odds of reducing ≥5% of initial weight, 1 BMI point, and ≥2 mmHg DBP, respectively. Improvements in hemoglobin A1C measurements were observed in the MDT group (insufficient data to compare with the PCP group). Compared to PCP only, MDT co-management improves CMRF related to adiposity and hypertension in a multiethnic adult cohort in real-world clinical settings. Patient access to best practices in cardiometabolic care is a priority, including the incorporation of culturally adapted evidence-based recommendations translated within a multi-disciplinary infrastructure, where competing co-morbidities are better managed, and associated research and education programs can promote operational sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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20 pages, 4505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut-Flora-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Atherosclerosis-Associated Inflammation Responses by Indirect ROS Stimulation and Signaling Involving AMPK and SIRT1

by Sa Zhou, Jiamin Xue, Jingbo Shan, Yingxiang Hong, Wenkang Zhu, Zhiyan Nie, Yujie Zhang, Nanxi Ji, Xuegang Luo, Tongcun Zhang and Wenjian Ma

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3338; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14163338 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2744

Abstract

Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite after ingesting dietary choline, has been identified as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis through inducing vascular inflammation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Using an in vitro vascular cellular model, we found that the TMAO-induced inflammation responses were correlated with an elevation of ROS levels and downregulation of SIRT1 expression in VSMCs and HUVECs. The overexpression of SIRT1 could abrogate both the stimulation of ROS and inflammation. Further studies revealed that AMPK was also suppressed by TMAO and was a mediator upstream of SIRT1. Activation of AMPK by AICAR could reduce TMAO-induced ROS and inflammation. Moreover, the GSH precursor NAC could attenuate TMAO-induced inflammation. In vivo studies with mice models also showed that choline-induced production of TMAO and the associated glycolipid metabolic changes leading to atherosclerosis could be relieved by NAC and a probiotic LP8198. Collectively, the present study revealed an unrecognized mechanistic link between TMAO and atherosclerosis risk, and probiotics ameliorated TMAO-induced atherosclerosis through affecting the gut microbiota. Consistent with previous studies, our data confirmed that TMAO could stimulate inflammation by modulating cellular ROS levels. However, this was not due to direct cytotoxicity but through complex signaling pathways involving AMPK and SIRT1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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11 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glucose and Fructose Supplementation and Their Acute Effects on Electrocardiographic Time Intervals during Anaerobic Cycling Exercise in Healthy Individuals: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of a Double-Blind Randomized Crossover-Controlled Trial

by Max L. Eckstein, Paul Zimmermann, Maximilian P. Erlmann, Nadine B. Wachsmuth, Sandra Haupt, Rebecca T. Zimmer, Janis Schierbauer, Daniel Herz, Felix Aberer, Harald Sourij, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch and Othmar Moser

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3257; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14163257 - 09 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1617

Abstract

The impact of glucose and fructose supplementation on acute cardiac effects during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a topic that is rarely investigated. The aim of the presented secondary outcome analysis of a double-blind, randomized crossover-controlled trial was to investigate the impact of glucose (Glu), fructose (Fru), glucose and fructose (GluFru), and sucralose on electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate variability (HRV), premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), and heart rate turn points (HRTP) during CPET. Fourteen healthy individuals (age 25.4 ± 2.5 years, body mass index (BMI) 23.7 ± 1.7 kg/m², body mass (BM) of 76.3 ± 12.3 kg) participated in this study, of which 12 were included for analysis. Participants received 1 g/kg BM of Glu, 1 g/kg BM of Fru, 0.5 g/kg BM of GluFru (each), and 0.2 g sucralose dissolved in 300 mL 30 min prior to each exercise session. No relevant clinical pathology or significant inter-individual differences between our participants could be revealed for baseline ECG parameters, such as heart rate (HR) (mean HR 70 ± 16 bpm), PQ interval (146 ± 20 ms), QRS interval (87 ± 16 ms) and the QT (405 ± 39 ms), and QTc interval (431 ± 15 ms). We found preserved cardiac autonomic function by analyzing the acute effects of different Glu, Fru, GluFru, or sucralose supplementation on cardiac autonomic function by Schellong-1 testing. SDNN and RMSSD revealed normal sympathetic and parasympathetic activities displaying a balanced system of cardiac autonomic regulation across our participating subjects with no impact on the metabolism. During CPET performance analyses, HRV values did not indicate significant changes between the ingested drinks within the different time points. Comparing the HRTP of the CPET with endurance testing by variable metabolic conditions, no significant differences were found between the HRTP of the CPET data (170 ± 12 bpm), Glu (171 ± 10 bpm), Fru (171 ± 9 bpm), GluFru (172 ± 9 bpm), and sucralose (170 ± 8 bpm) (p = 0.83). Additionally, the obtained time to reach HRTP did not significantly differ between Glu (202 ± 75 s), Fru (190 ± 88 s), GluFru (210 ± 89 s), and sucralose (190 ± 34 s) (p = 0.59). The significance of this study lies in evaluating the varying metabolic conditions on cardiac autonomic modulation in young healthy individuals. In contrast, our participants showed comparable cardiac autonomic responses determined by ECG and CPET. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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17 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Adherence to Dietary Guidelines Associated with Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

by Shang-Ling Wu, Long-Yun Peng, Yu-Ming Chen, Fang-Fang Zeng, Shu-Yu Zhuo, Yan-Bing Li, Wei Lu, Pei-Yan Chen and Yan-Bin Ye

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14091713 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2197

Abstract

The evidence regarding the impact of the scores on healthy eating indices on the risk of cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. As such, in this study, we examined the associations of adherence to the Chinese and American dietary guidelines and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Chinese individuals with T2D. We conducted a 1:1 age- and sex-matched case–control study based on a Chinese population. We used a structured questionnaire and a validated 79-item food-frequency questionnaire to collect general information and dietary intake information, and calculated the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) and the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). As participants, we enrolled a total of 419 pairs of hospital-based CVD cases and controls, all of whom had T2D. We found a significant inverse association between diet quality scores on the CHEI and HEI-2015 and the risk of CVD. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per five-score increment were 0.68 (0.61, 0.76) in the CHEI and 0.60 (0.52, 0.70) in the HEI-2015. In stratified analyses, the protective associations remained significant in the subgroups of sex, BMI, smoking status, tea-drinking, hypertension state, dyslipidemia state, T2D duration, and medical nutrition therapy knowledge (all p < 0.05). These findings suggest that a higher CHEI or HEI-2015 score, representing a higher-quality diet relative to the most recent Chinese or American dietary guidelines, was associated with a decreased risk of CVD among Chinese patients with T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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12 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Consumption of Total and Individual Lignans and Dietary Fibers Were Significantly Associated with Lowered Risk of Hip Fracture—A 1:1 Matched Case–Control Study among Chinese Elderly Men and Women

by Zhaomin Liu, Bailing Chen, Baolin Li, Cheng Wang, Guoyi Li, Wenting Cao, Fangfang Zeng and Yuming Chen

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 1100; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14051100 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

The study aims to examine the association of dietary intake of lignans with the risk of hip fractures in Chinese older adults. This was a 1:1 age- and gender- matched case–control study. Dietary survey was conducted by face-to-face interviews using a 79-item validated food frequency questionnaire. Habitual intake of total and individual lignans (matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, pinoresinol, and lariciresinol) was estimated based on the available lignans databases. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of dietary total and individual lignans, lignan-rich foods (vegetables, fruits, nuts, and cereals) and dietary fibers with the risk of hip fracture. A total of 1070 pairs of hip fracture incident cases and controls were recruited. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile group showed a reduced hip fracture risk by 76.3% (0.237, 95% CI: 0.103–0.544, P_trend < 0.001) for total lignans, and 62.5% (0.375, 95% CI: 0.194–0.724, P_trend = 0.001) for dietary fibers. Similar findings were observed for individual lignans, the estimated enterolactone level, as well as lignans from vegetables and nuts. We concluded that greater consumption of total and individual lignans, and lignan-rich foods were significantly associated with decreased risk of hip fracture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Factors on Cardiovascular and Endocrine Health)

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