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Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2019) | Viewed by 138549

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Franck Gael Carbonero

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Guest Editor

Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson Floyd School of Medicine, Washington State University-Spokane, 412 East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, 99202 WA, USA
Interests: microbiome; gut bacteria; nutrition, microbial ecology; polyphenols; berries; metabolomics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

While it is somewhat controversial that “you are what you eat”, there is increasing evidence that “your gut microbiome is what you eat”. Indeed, countless studies have shown that short- or long-term dietary habits result in distinct gut microbiome signatures. In the context of personalized medicine and nutrition, there is a crucial need for predictive models of the impact of specific dietary compounds on gut microbiome and gut health. The purpose of this Special Issue is therefore to provide a platform for researchers to report novel findings on the interplay between dietary bioactive compounds (defined as those available for microbial degradation and other metabolic pathways), the gut microbiome (and its associated metabolome), and gut health (especially inflammation and immunity markers).

Dr. Franck Gael Carbonero
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Gut Microbiome/Microbiota
Dietary bioactives
Human Nutrition
Gut Health
Metabolome
Inflammation

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota Modulation by Dietary Barley Malt Melanoidins

by Nesreen Aljahdali, Pascale Gadonna-Widehem, Pauline M. Anton and Franck Carbonero

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 241; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12010241 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4206

Abstract

Melanoidins are the final Maillard reaction products (protein–carbohydrate complexes) produced in food by prolonged and intense heating. We assessed the impact of the consumption of melanoidins from barley malts on gut microbiota. Seventy-five mice were assigned into five groups, where the control group consumed a non-melanoidin malt diet, and other groups received melanoidin-rich malts in increments of 25% up to 100% melanoidin malts. Feces were sampled at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21 and the microbiota was determined using V4 bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by gas chromatography. Increased melanoidins was found to result in significantly divergent gut microbiota profiles and supported sustained SCFA production. The relative abundance of Dorea, Oscillibacter, and Alisitpes were decreased, while Lactobacillus, Parasutterella, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Barnesiella increased. Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia spp. were significantly increased in mice consuming the highest melanoidin amounts, suggesting remarkable prebiotic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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16 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Short-Term Dietary Intervention and Probiotic Mix Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota of Elderly Obese Women

by Raffaella Cancello, Silvia Turroni, Simone Rampelli, Stefania Cattaldo, Marco Candela, Laila Cattani, Stefania Mai, Roberta Vietti, Massimo Scacchi, Patrizia Brigidi and Cecilia Invitti

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 3011; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11123011 - 10 Dec 2019

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5605

Abstract

Accumulating literature is providing evidence that the gut microbiota is involved in metabolic disorders, but the question of how to effectively modulate it to restore homeostasis, especially in the elderly, is still under debate. In this study, we profiled the intestinal microbiota of 20 elderly obese women (EO) at the baseline (T0), after 15 days of hypocaloric Mediterranean diet administered as part of a nutritional-metabolic rehabilitation program for obesity (T1), and after a further 15 days of the same diet supplemented with a probiotic mix (T2). Fecal samples were characterized by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The EO microbiota showed the typical alterations found in obesity, namely, an increase in potential pro-inflammatory components (i.e., Collinsella) and a decrease in health-promoting, short-chain fatty acid producers (i.e., Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae members), with a tendency to reduced biodiversity. After 15 days of the rehabilitation program, weight decreased by (2.7 ± 1.5)% and the gut microbiota dysbiosis was partially reversed, with a decline of Collinsella and an increase in leanness-related taxa. During the next 15 days of diet and probiotics, weight dropped further by (1.2 ± 1.1)%, markers of oxidative stress improved, and Akkermansia, a mucin degrader with beneficial effects on host metabolism, increased significantly. These findings support the relevant role of a correct dietetic approach, even in the short term, to modulate the EO gut microbiota towards a metabolic health-related configuration, counteracting the increased risk of morbidity in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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16 pages, 1869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) Extract Supplementation on Weight Gain, Adiposity and Intestinal Function in Ovariectomized Mice

by Alison K. Hamm, Daniel K. Manter, Jay S. Kirkwood, Lisa M. Wolfe, Kimberly Cox-York and Tiffany L. Weir

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 3004; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11123004 - 07 Dec 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5951

Abstract

Estrogen decline during menopause is associated with altered metabolism, weight gain and increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The gut microbiota also plays a role in the development of cardiometabolic dysfunction and is also subject to changes associated with age-related hormone changes. Phytoestrogens are plant-based estrogen mimics that have gained popularity as dietary supplements for the treatment or prevention of menopause-related symptoms. These compounds have the potential to both modulate and be metabolized by the gut microbiota. Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) contain potent phytoestrogen precursors, which rely on microbial biotransformation in the gut to estrogenic forms. We supplemented ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (SHAM) C57BL/6 mice, with oral estradiol (E2), a flavonoid-rich extract from hops, or a placebo carrier oil, to observe effects on adiposity, inflammation, and gut bacteria composition. Hops extract (HE) and E2 protected against increased visceral adiposity and liver triglyceride accumulation in OVX animals. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of OVX having a significant impact on the overall gut bacterial community structure. We did find differences in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, which was lower with HE treatment in the SHAM group relative to OVX E2 treatment and to placebo in the SHAM group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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12 pages, 3138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic SCT Promotes the Recovery of Gut Microbiome Homeostasis

by Federica D’Amico, Elena Biagi, Simone Rampelli, Jessica Fiori, Daniele Zama, Matteo Soverini, Monica Barone, Davide Leardini, Edoardo Muratore, Arcangelo Prete, Roberto Gotti, Andrea Pession, Riccardo Masetti, Patrizia Brigidi, Silvia Turroni and Marco Candela

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2958; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11122958 - 04 Dec 2019

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 5039

Abstract

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the first-line immunotherapy to treat several hematologic disorders, although it can be associated with many complications reducing the survival rate, such as acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) and infections. Given the fundamental role of the gut microbiome (GM) for host health, it is not surprising that a suboptimal path of GM recovery following HSCT may compromise immune homeostasis and/or increase the risk of opportunistic infections, with an ultimate impact in terms of aGvHD onset. Traditionally, the first nutritional approach in post-HSCT patients is parenteral nutrition (PN), which is associated with several clinical adverse effects, supporting enteral nutrition (EN) as a preferential alternative. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of EN vs. PN on the trajectory of compositional and functional GM recovery in pediatric patients undergoing HSCT. The GM structure and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production profiles were analyzed longitudinally in twenty pediatric patients receiving HSCT—of which, ten were fed post-transplant with EN and ten with total PN. According to our findings, we observed the prompt recovery of a structural and functional eubiotic GM layout post-HSCT only in EN subjects, thus possibly reducing the risk of systemic infections and GvHD onset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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17 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potato-Resistant Starch Supplementation Improves Microbiota Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Gut–Brain Signaling in High Fat-Fed Rats

by Elizabeth A. Klingbeil, Carolina Cawthon, Rebecca Kirkland and Claire B. de La Serre

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2710; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11112710 - 08 Nov 2019

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6668

Abstract

(1) High-fat (HF) diet leads to gut microbiota dysbiosis which is associated with systemic inflammation. Bacterial-driven inflammation is sufficient to alter vagally mediated satiety and induce hyperphagia. Promoting bacterial fermentation improves gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial barrier function and reduces inflammation. Resistant starch escape digestion and can be fermented by bacteria in the distal gut. Therefore, we hypothesized that potato RS supplementation in HF-fed rats would lead to compositional changes in microbiota composition associated with improved inflammatory status and vagal signaling. (2) Male Wistar rats (n = 8/group) were fed a low-fat chow (LF, 13% fat), HF (45% fat), or an isocaloric HF supplemented with 12% potato RS (HFRS) diet. (3) The HFRS-fed rats consumed significantly less energy than HF animals throughout the experiment. Systemic inflammation and glucose homeostasis were improved in the HFRS compared to HF rats. Cholecystokinin-induced satiety was abolished in HF-fed rats and restored in HFRS rats. HF feeding led to a significant decrease in positive c fiber staining in the brainstem which was averted by RS supplementation. (4) The RS supplementation prevented dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. Additionally, microbiota manipulation via dietary potato RS prevented HF-diet-induced reorganization of vagal afferent fibers, loss in CCK-induced satiety, and hyperphagia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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13 pages, 1042 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Tea Compounds and the Gut Microbiome: Findings from Trials and Mechanistic Studies

by Timothy Bond and Emma Derbyshire

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2364; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11102364 - 03 Oct 2019

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 13433

Abstract

In recent years, the gut microbiome has become a focal point of interest with growing recognition that a well-balanced gut microbiota composition is highly relevant to an individual’s health status and well-being. Its profile can be modulated by a number of dietary factors, although few publications have focused on the effects of what we drink. The present review performed a systematic review of trials and mechanistic studies examining the effects of tea consumption, its associated compounds and their effects on the gut microbiome. Registered articles were searched up to 10th September 2019, in the PubMed and Cochrane library databases along with references of original articles. Human trials were graded using the Jadad scale to assess quality. Altogether 24 publications were included in the main review—six were human trials and 18 mechanistic studies. Of these, the largest body of evidence related to green tea with up to 1000 mL daily (4–5 cups) reported to increase proportions of Bifidobacterium. Mechanistic studies also show promise suggesting that black, oolong, Pu-erh and Fuzhuan teas (microbially fermented ‘dark tea’) can modulate microbial diversity and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. These findings appear to support the hypothesis that tea ingestion could favourably regulate the profile of the gut microbiome and help to offset dysbiosis triggered by obesity or high-fat diets. Further well-designed human trials are now required to build on provisional findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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14 pages, 1663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laminaria japonica Extract Enhances Intestinal Barrier Function by Altering Inflammatory Response and Tight Junction-Related Protein in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Caco-2 Cells

by Hyo-Seon Yang, Fawaz G Haj, Myoungsook Lee, Inhae Kang, Guiguo Zhang and Yunkyoung Lee

Nutrients 2019, 11(5), 1001; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11051001 - 01 May 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6033

Abstract

In the normal physiological state, intestinal epithelial cells act as a defensive frontline of host mucosal immunity to tolerate constant exposure to external stimuli. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and gut permeability protective effects of Laminaria japonica (LJ) water extract (LJE) and three types of fermented Laminaria japonica water extracts (LJE-F1, LJE-F2, and LJE-F3) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2, human intestinal epithelial cells. All four extracts significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 induced by LPS stimulus. In addition, LJE and the three types of LJE-Fs also inhibited LPS-induced loss of monolayer permeability, as assessed by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance. All four LJ extracts significantly prevented the inhibition of the protein levels of occludin, whereas LJE, LJE-F1, and LJE-F3 significantly attenuated the reduction in phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase compared with the LPS-treated group in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, LJE and its fermented water extracts appear to have potential gut health-promoting effects by reducing inflammation and partially regulating the tight junction-related proteins in human intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, additional studies are warranted to evaluate Laminaria japonica as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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12 pages, 3222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptional Regulation of the Equol Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Adlercreutzia equolifaciens DSM19450^T

by Ana Belén Flórez, Lucía Vázquez, Javier Rodríguez, Begoña Redruello and Baltasar Mayo

Nutrients 2019, 11(5), 993; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11050993 - 30 Apr 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4239

Abstract

Given the emerging evidence of equol’s benefit to human health, understanding its synthesis and regulation in equol-producing bacteria is of paramount importance. Adlercreutzia equolifaciens DSM19450^T is a human intestinal bacterium—for which the whole genome sequence is publicly available—that produces equol from the daidzein isoflavone. In the present work, daidzein (between 50 to 200 μM) was completely metabolized by cultures of A. equolifaciens DSM19450^T after 10 h of incubation. However, only about one third of the added isoflavone was transformed into dihydrodaidzein and then into equol. Transcriptional analysis of the ORFs and intergenic regions of the bacterium’s equol gene cluster was therefore undertaken using RT-PCR and RT-qPCR techniques with the aim of identifying the genetic elements of equol biosynthesis and its regulation mechanisms. Compared to controls cultured without daidzein, the expression of all 13 contiguous genes in the equol cluster was enhanced in the presence of the isoflavone. Depending on the gene and the amount of daidzein in the medium, overexpression varied from 0.5- to about 4-log₁₀ units. Four expression patterns of transcription were identified involving genes within the cluster. The genes dzr, ddr and tdr, which code for daidzein reductase, dihydrodaidzein reductase and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase respectively, and which have been shown involved in equol biosynthesis, were among the most strongly expressed genes in the cluster. These expression patterns correlated with the location of four putative ρ-independent terminator sequences in the cluster. All the intergenic regions were amplified by RT-PCR, indicating the operon to be transcribed as a single RNA molecule. These findings provide new knowledge on the metabolic transformation of daidzein into equol by A. equolifaciens DSM19450^T, which might help in efforts to increase the endogenous formation of this compound and/or its biotechnological production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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Review

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18 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Fiber, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Regulation—Current Status in Human Randomized Trials

by Mari C. W. Myhrstad, Hege Tunsjø, Colin Charnock and Vibeke H. Telle-Hansen

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 859; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12030859 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 152 | Viewed by 22143

Abstract

New knowledge about the gut microbiota and its interaction with the host’s metabolic regulation has emerged during the last few decades. Several factors may affect the composition of the gut microbiota, including dietary fiber. Dietary fiber is not hydrolyzed by human digestive enzymes, but it is acted upon by gut microbes, and metabolites like short-chain fatty acids are produced. The short-chain fatty acids may be absorbed into the circulation and affect metabolic regulation in the host or be a substrate for other microbes. Some studies have shown improved insulin sensitivity, weight regulation, and reduced inflammation with increases in gut-derived short-chain fatty acids, all of which may reduce the risk of developing metabolic diseases. To what extent a dietary intervention with fiber may affect the human gut microbiota and hence metabolic regulation, is however, currently not well described. The aim of the present review is to summarize recent research on human randomized, controlled intervention studies investigating the effect of dietary fiber on gut microbiota and metabolic regulation. Metabolic regulation is discussed with respect to markers relating to glycemic regulation and lipid metabolism. Taken together, the papers on which the current review is based, suggest that dietary fiber has the potential to change the gut microbiota and alter metabolic regulation. However, due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a firm conclusion describing the causal relationship between gut microbiota and metabolic regulation remains elusive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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28 pages, 905 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration

by Emily R Leeming, Abigail J Johnson, Tim D Spector and Caroline I Le Roy

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2862; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11122862 - 22 Nov 2019

Cited by 394 | Viewed by 33793

Abstract

The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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12 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Food Additives on Gut Homeostasis

by Federica Laudisi, Carmine Stolfi and Giovanni Monteleone

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2334; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11102334 - 01 Oct 2019

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 12917

Abstract

In physiological conditions, the gut is heavily infiltrated with various subsets of inflammatory cells, whose activity is tightly controlled by counter-regulatory mechanisms. Defects in such mechanisms can favour the development of chronic intestinal disorders, such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the principal forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in humans, as well as systemic disorders. Over the last years, the frequency of intestinal and systemic immune-inflammatory disorders has increased in previously low incidence areas, likely due to the Westernization of lifestyles, including dietary habits. The Western diet is characterized by high consumption of proteins, saturated fats and sweets, as well as by a broad use of food additives (e.g., emulsifiers, bulking agents), which are used to preserve and enhance food quality. Accumulating evidence suggests that food additives can perturb gut homeostasis, thereby contributing to promote tissue-damaging inflammatory responses. For instance, mice given the emulsifiers carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate 80 develop dysbiosis with overgrowth of mucus-degrading bacteria. Such an effect triggers colitis in animals deficient in either interleukin-10, a cytokine exerting anti-inflammatory and regulatory functions, or Toll-like receptor 5, a receptor recognizing the bacterial flagellin. Similarly, the polysaccharide maltodextrin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal goblet cells, thereby impairing mucus release and increasing host susceptibility to colitis. In this review, we report and discuss the current knowledge about the impact of food additives on gut homeostasis and their potential contribution to the development of inflammatory disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

38 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia with Dietary Factors

by Nobuo Fuke, Naoto Nagata, Hiroyuki Suganuma and Tsuguhito Ota

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2277; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11102277 - 23 Sep 2019

Cited by 163 | Viewed by 17503

Abstract

Metabolic endotoxemia is a condition in which blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels are elevated, regardless of the presence of obvious infection. It has been suggested to lead to chronic inflammation-related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), pancreatitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, it has attracted attention as a target for the prevention and treatment of these chronic diseases. As metabolic endotoxemia was first reported in mice that were fed a high-fat diet, research regarding its relationship with diets has been actively conducted in humans and animals. In this review, we summarize the relationship between fat intake and induction of metabolic endotoxemia, focusing on gut dysbiosis and the influx, kinetics, and metabolism of LPS. We also summarize the recent findings about dietary factors that attenuate metabolic endotoxemia, focusing on the regulation of gut microbiota. We hope that in the future, control of metabolic endotoxemia using dietary factors will help maintain human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Compounds Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Health)

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